伊斯兰文化选修课论文

NANJING AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY

Report of Islam Culture




Course Name: Islam culture
Teacher Name: khuram yousaf
Class Name: 材控152班
Student Name: Gan Chundan
Student No: 33315205
Semester : 2015—2016 year & the 1 term

Islamic civilization
The Islamic Civilization is in reality an amalgam of wide variety of cultures, from North
Africa to the western periphery of the Pacific Ocean, and from Central Asia to sub-Saharan
Africa.
A Way- Too-Brief History of Islam
The traditional beginning of the Islamic civilization is associated with the Prophet
Muhammed [about AD 570-632]. In 610, Muhammad received his first relevations from God via
the angel Gabriel. By 615, a community of his followers was established inMecca in present-day
Saudi Arabia. In 622, Muhammed moved his community (the movement is called the hejirae)
to Medina (also inSaudi Arabia). There he formally established the Muslim community,
beginning the Muslim calendar in that year, renaming it Year One of the Anno Hegirae (AH).
Chronology of the Spread of Islam
Islam spread quickly over the next century and by about 725 was established in Palestine,
Iraq, Iran, Syria, Egypt, the Arabian Peninsula and most of sub-Saharan Africa.
The Qur'an
The Qur'an is the holy book of the Muslim religion, as revealed to Muhammad by the Angel
Gabriel; but it is not the only part of the Islamic faith. Contained in the Qur'an are the Five
Pillars of Islam, which included an absolute monotheism, a ritual prayer to be said five times
toward Mecca, a fast at Ramadan, a tithe consisting of 2.5-10% of one's wealth to be given to the
poor, and hajj, in which each follower must make a pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in life if
possible.
Archaeology and Islam
Archaeologically, Islamic sites can be identified using the Five Pillars. For example, the
presence of inscriptions which report on prayers and alms, or the dedications of hospitals,
mosques, and schools could be present at Islamic sites. Way-stations and other types of sites
have been identified on the roads to Mecca.
Further, mosques and residences have specific architectural layouts; and Moslem burials have set
rituals and grave goods. Dietary restrictions are in evidence at Islamic sites; and distinctive art
and calligraphy are known as well.
Cities of Islam
By definition, the cities of Islam were founded or taken over after the traditional founding of the
Meccan dynasty of the Islamic civilization. Eventually including much of the Mediterranean
region at its peak, the cities are today blends of architecture from many periods and times.
Among the best studied archaeological components of Islamic cities include Timbuktu and
Essouk-Tadmakka in Mali, Qusayr Amra in

Muhammad(PBUH)

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Mu?ammad

is the central figure of Islam and widely regarded as its founder. He is known
to Muslims as the
by God to mankind to restore Islam, which they believe to be
the unaltered originalmonotheistic faith of Adam, Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and
other prophets. He united Arabia into a single Muslim polity and ensured that his teachings,
practices, and the Quran, which Muslims believe was revealed to him by God, formed the basis
of Islamic religious belief.
Born approximately in 570 CE in the Arabian city of Mecca, Muhammad was orphaned at
an early age; he was raised under the care of his paternal uncle Abu Talib. After his childhood,
Muhammad primarily worked as a merchant. Occasionally, he would retreat to a cave
named Hira in the mountains for several nights of seclusion and prayer; later, at age 40, he
reported being visited by Gabriel in the cave and receiving his first revelation from God. Three
years after this event Muhammad started preaching these revelations publicly, proclaiming that

was a prophet and messenger of God, similar to the other prophets in Islam.
Muhammad gained few early followers, and met hostility from some Meccan tribes. To
escape persecution, Muhammadsent some followers to Abyssinia before he and his followers
migrated from Mecca to Medina (then known as Yathrib) in the year 622. This event, the Hijra,
marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar, also known as the Hijri Calendar. In Medina,
Muhammad united the tribes under the Constitution of Medina. In December 629, after eight
years of intermittent conflict with Meccan tribes, Muhammad gathered an army of 10,000
Muslim converts andmarched on the city of Mecca. The attack went largely uncontested and
Muhammad seized the city with little bloodshed. He destroyed 360 pagan idols at the Kaaba. In
632, a few months after returning from the Farewell Pilgrimage, Muhammad fell ill and died.
Before his death, most of the Arabian Peninsula had converted to Islam.
The revelations , which Muhammad reported receiving until his death, form the verses of
the Quran, regarded by Muslims as the
Besides the Quran, Muhammad's teachings and practices (sunnah), found in
the Hadith and sira literature, are also upheld by Muslims and used as sources of Islamic law.

Muslim festivals
Al-Fitr
Eid al-Fitr is an importantreligious holiday celebrated by Muslims worldwide that marks
the end of Ramadan, the Islamic holy month of fasting. The religious Eid is a single day during
which Muslims are not permitted to fast. The holiday celebrates the conclusion of the 29 or 30
days of dawn-to- sunset fasting during the entire month of Ramadan. The day of Eid, therefore,
falls on the first day of the month of Shawwal. The date for the start of any lunar Hijri month
varies based on the observation of new moon by local religious authorities, so the exact day of

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celebration varies by locality. However, in most countries, it is generally celebrated on the same
day as Saudi Arabia.
Eid al-Fitr has a particular Salat (Islamic prayer) consisting of two Rakats (units) and
generally offered in an open field or large hall. It may be performed only in congregation and has
an additional extra six Takbirs, three of them in the beginning of the first raka'ah and three of
them just before Ruku' in the second raka'ah in the Hanafi school of Sunni Islam. Other Sunni
schools usually have twelve Takbirs, seven in the first, and five at the beginning of the second
raka'ah. This Eid al-Fitr salat is, depending on which juristic opinion is followed, Fard
(obligatory), Mustahabb (strongly recommended, just short of obligatory) or mandoob
(preferable).
Muslims believe that they are commanded by Allah, as mentioned in the Quran, to continue
their fast until the last day of Ramadan

and pay the Zakat and fitra before offering the Eid
prayers.
al-Nabi
Mawlid is the observance of the birthday of the Islamic prophet
Muhammadprophet Muhammad which is celebrated often on the 12th day of Rabi' al-awwal, the
third month in the Islamic calendar. The 12th Day of Rabi' al-awwall is the most popular date
from a list of many dates that are reported as the birth date.
The origin of Mawlid observance reportedly dates back to the period of the early
four Rashidun Caliphs of Islam. The Ottomans declared it an official holiday in
term Mawlid is also used in some parts of the world, such as Egypt, as a generic term for the
birthday celebrations of other historical religious figures such as Sufi saints.
Most denominations of Islam approve of the commemoration of Muhammad's
birthday; however, some denominations including WahhabismSalafism Deobandism and
the Ahmadiyya disapprove its commemoration, considering it an unnecessary religious
innovation. Mawlid is recognized as a national holiday in most of the Muslim-majority countries
of the world except Saudi Arabia and Qatar which are officially WahhabiSalafi.
al-Adha
Eid al-Adha (
the second of two Muslim holidays celebrated worldwide each year, and considered the holiest
of the two. It honors the willingness of Ibrahim (Abraham) to sacrifice his son, as an act of
submission to God's command, before God then intervened, through his angel Jibra'il
(Gabriel) and informs him that his sacrifice has already been accepted. The meat from the
sacrificed animal is preferred to be divided into three parts. The family retains one third of the
share; another third is given to relatives, friends and neighbors; and the remaining third is given
to the poor and needy.

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In the Islamic lunar calendar, Eid al-Adha falls on the 10th day of Dhu al-Hijjah and lasts
for four days. In the international (Gregorian) calendar, the dates vary from year to year drifting
approximately 11 days earlier each year.
Eid al-Adha is the latter of the two Eid holidays, the former being Eid al-Fitr. The word

Like Eid al-Fitr, Eid al-Adha begins with a sunnah prayer of two rakats followed by a
sermon (khutbah). Eid al- Adha celebrations start after the descent of the Hujjaj, the pilgrims
performing the Hajj, from Mount Arafat , a hill east of Mecca. Eid sacrifice may take place until
sunset on the 13th day of Dhu al-Hijjah. The days of Eid have been singled out in the Hadith as

of Tashriq are from the Fajr prayer of the 9th of Dhu al-Hijjah up to the Asr prayerof the 13th of
Dhu al-Hijjah (five days and four nights). This equals 23 prayers: five on the 9th–12th, which
equals 20, and three on the 13th.


Introduction
Islamic calendar

All praise is due to Allah. We praise Him, we seek His aid, we ask for His forgiveness, and
we repent to Him. We seek refuge from the evils of ourselves and the evil consequences of our
actions. Whomsoever Allah guides, then none can misguide him and whomsoever Allah sends
astray there is no guide for him. I testify that none has the right to be worshipped except Allah
alone, having no partners, and I further testify that Muhammad ibn Abdullah (salla allahu alaihi
wa salaam) is His slave and Messenger.
Calendar Facts
A calendaris a system for naming periods of time, typically days. A lunar month is
determined by the period required for the moon to complete its full phased cycle of 29 and a half
days.A lunar calendaris a calendar whose date indicates the moon phase.
Hijrah Calendar Calculations
Muslims measure the passage of time using the Islamic (Hijrah) calendar has
twelve lunar months, the beginnings and endings of which are determined by the sighting of the
crescent moon.
The Islamic calendar is the official calendar in many Muslim countries, especially Saudi
Arabia. Other Muslim countries use the Gregorian calendar for civil purposes and only turn to
the Islamic calendar for religious purposes.
Islamic months begin at sunset, on the day when the lunar crescent is visually sighted. The
lunar year is approx. 354 days inshaAllah.
Allah Says in the Noble Qur’aan
―Verily, the number of months with Allah is twelve months (in a year), so it was ordained by
Allah on the Day when He created the heavens and the earth; of them four are sacred. That is the
right religion, so wrong not yourselves therein, and fight not against the Mushrikin idolaters
collectively as they fight against you collectively. But know that Allah is with those who have
taqwaa.‖
Imam Ahmad recorded that Abu Bakrah said that the Prophet (salla allahu alaihi wa salaam)
said in a speech during his Hajj, ―The division of time has turned to its original form which was
current when Allah created the heavens and the earth. The year is of twelve months, out of which

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four months are sacred: Three of them are in succession Dhul-Qa’dah, Dhul-Hijjah and
Muharram, and (the fourth is) Rajab of (the tribe of) Mudar which comes between Jumada
(ath-Thaniyah) and Sha’ban.‖
Months of the Year
Muharram
Rabi’al-Awal
Jumada al- Awal
Rajab
Ramadan
Dhul-Qa'dah
Safar
Rabi’ath-Thani
Jumada ath-Thani
Sha’ban
Shawwal
Dhul-Hijjah
Names for the days of the week…
?Yaum al Ahad ?Sunday
?Yaum al-Ithnayn ?Monday
?Yaum ath-thalatha ?Tuesday
?Yaum al-Arba’a ?Wednesday
?Yaum al-khamees ?Thursday
?Yaum al-Jumuah ?Friday
?Yaum as-Sabt ?Saturday
4 Sacred Months
?Dhul-Qa'dah
?Dhul-Hijjah
?Muharram
?Rajab
The postponing (of the Sacred Months) is indeed an addition to disbelief, thereby the
disbelievers are led astray…

Islamic food
Halal is often used in reference to foods and drinks, i.e. foods that are permissible for
Muslims to eat or drink under Islamic Shari?ah (law). The criteria specify both what foods are
allowed, and how the food must be prepared. The foods addressed are mostly types of meat and
animal tissue.
The most common example of non-halal (or haraam) food is pork (pig meat). While pork is
the only meat that cannot be consumed by Muslims (the Quran forbids it Sura 16:115), other
foods not in a state of purity are also considered haraam. The criteria for non-pork items include
their source, the cause of the animal's death, and how it was processed. It also depends on the
Muslim's madhab.
Muslims must also ensure that all foods (particularly processed foods), as well as non-food
items like cosmetics and pharmaceuticals, are halal. Frequently, these products contain animal
by- products or other ingredients that are not permissible for Muslims to eat or use on their
bodies.
Other foods that are not considered halal for Muslims to consume include blood and
intoxicants such as alcoholic beverages.

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Dhabihah: method of slaughter
) is the ??
The food must come from a supplier that uses halal practices. Dhabī?ah (???
prescribed method of slaughter for all meat sources, excluding fish and other sea-life, per Islamic
law. This method of slaughtering animals consists of using a well- sharpened knife to make a
swift, deep incision that cuts the front of the throat, the carotid artery, trachea, and jugular
head of an animal that is slaughtered using halal methods is aligned with the qiblah. In
addition to the direction, permitted animals should be slaughtered upon utterance of the Islamic
prayer 'Bismillah'
The slaughter must be performed by a Muslim. Blood must be drained from the
veins. Carrion (carcasses of dead animals, such as animals who died in the wild) cannot be eaten.
Additionally, an animal that has been strangled, beaten (to death), killed by a fall, gored (to
death), savaged by a beast of prey (unless finished off by a human), or sacrificed on a stone altar
cannot be eaten.
The animal may be stunned prior to having its throat cut. The UK Food Standards Agency
figures from 2011 suggest that 84% of cattle, 81% of sheep and 88% of chickens slaughtered for
halal meat were stunned before they died. Supermarkets selling halal products also report that all
animals are stunned before they are slaughtered. Tesco, for example, says
between the halal meat it sells and other meat is that it was blessed as it was killed.e British
Veterinary Association, along with citizens who have assembled a petition with
100,000

signatures, have raised concerns regarding a proposed halalabattoir in Wales, in which
animals are not to be stunned prior to killing. Concern about slaughtering, without prior stunning,
has resulted in the religious slaughter of animals being banned in Denmark, Luxembourg, The
Netherlands, Norway, Sweden and Switzerland.
Exception if no halal is available
If there is absolutely no other halal food available and the Muslim is forced by necessity,
then a Muslim is allowed to eat non-halal food in order to prevent death due to starvation.
Halal food certification
Globally, halal food certification has been criticised by anti-Halal lobby groups and
individuals using social media. These critics argue that the practice results in added costs, a
requirement to officially certify intrinsically-halal foods, leads to consumers subsidising a
particular religious belief. Australian Federation of Islamic Councils spokesman Keysar
Trad told a journalist in July 2014 that this was an attempt to exploit anti-Muslim sentiments.


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