日语四级真题-制片人是什么意思
2018年12月大学英语六级考试真题(第1套)
Part I
Writing (30 minutes)
Directions: For
this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an
essay on how to balance work and leisure. You
should
write at least 150 words but no more
than 200 words.
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Part II
Listening Comprehension (30 minutes)
Section A
Directions: In this section, you
will hear two long conversations At the end of
each conversation, you will hear four
questions. Both the conversation and the
questions will be spoken only once. After you hear
a question, you must choose the
best answer
from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D).
Then mark the corresponding letter on
Answer
Sheet 1
with
a single line through the
centre.
Questions1 to 4 are based on the
conversation you have just heard.
1. A) It can
benefit professionals and non-professionals alike.
B) It lists the various challenges physicists
are confronting.
C) It describes how some
mysteries of physics were solved.
D) It is one
of the most fascinating physics books ever
written.
2. A) Physicists’ contribution to
humanity.
B) Stories about some female
physicists.
C) Historical evolution of modern
physics.
D) Women’s changing attitudes to
physics.
3. A) By exposing a lot of myths in
physics.
B) By describing her own life
experiences.
C) By including lots of
fascinating knowledge.
D) By telling anecdotes
about famous professors.
4. A) It avoids
detailing abstract concepts of physics.
B) It
contains a lot of thought-provoking questions.
C) It demonstrates how they can become
physicists.
D) It provides experiments they
can do themselves.
Questions 5 to 8 are based
on the conversation you have just heard.
5. A)
He is too busy to finish his assignment in time.
B) He does not know what kind of topic to
write on.
C) He does not understand the
professor’s instructions.
D) He has no idea
how to proceed with his dissertation.
6. A) It
is too broad. B) It is a bit outdated.
C) It
is challenging. D) It is interesting.
7. A)
Biography. B) Nature. C) Philosophy.
D) Beauty.
8. A) Improve his cumulative grade.
B) Develop his reading ability.
C) Stick to
the topic assigned. D) List the parameters first.
Section B
Directions: In this
section, you will hear two passages. At the end of
each passage, you will hear three or four
questions.
Both the passage and the questions
will be spoken only once. After you hear a
question, you must choose the best answer
1
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from the four choices marked
A), B), C)and D). Then mark the corresponding
letter on
Answer Sheet 1
with a single
line
through the centre.
Questions 9 to 11
are based on the passage you have just heard.
9. A) The unprecedented high temperature in
Greenland.
B) The collapse of ice on the
northern tip of Greenland.
C) The unusual cold
spell in the Arctic area in October.
D) The
rapid change of Arctic temperature within a day.
10. A) It has created a totally new climate
pattern.
B) It will pose a serious threat to
many species.
C) It typically appears about
once every ten years.
D) It has puzzled the
climate scientists for decades.
11. A)
Extinction of Arctic wildlife.
B) Iceless
summers in the Arctic.
C) Emigration of
indigenous people.
D) Better understanding of
ecosystems.
Questions 12 to 15 are based
on the passage you have just heard.
12. A) A
good start.
B) A detailed plan.
C) A
strong determination.
D) A scientific
approach.
13. A) Most people get energized
after a sufficient rest.
B) Most people tend
to have a finite source of energy.
C) It is
vital to take breaks between demanding mental
tasks.
D) It is most important to have
confidence in one’s willpower.
14. A) They
could keep on working longer.
B) They could do
more challenging tasks.
C) They found it
easier to focus on work at hand.
D) They held
more positive attitudes toward life.
15. A)
They are part of their nature.
B) They are
subject to change.
C) They are related to
culture.
D) They are beyond control.
Section C
Directions: In this section, you
will hear three recordings of lectures or talks
followed by three or four questions. The
recordings will be played only once. After you
hear a question, you must choose the best answer
from the four choices
marked A), B), C)and
D).Then mark the corresponding letter on
Answer Sheet 1
with a single line through
the centre.
Questions 16 to 18 are based on
the recording you have just heard.
16. A)
About half of current jobs might be automated.
B) The jobs of doctors and lawyers would be
threatened.
C) The job market is becoming
somewhat unpredictable.
D) Machine learning
would prove disruptive by 2013.
17. A) They
are widely applicable for massive open online
courses.
B) They are now being used by
numerous high school teachers.
C) They could
read as many as 10,000 essays in a single minute.
D) They could grade high-school essays just
like human teachers.
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18. A) It needs instructions throughout
the process.
B) It does poorly on frequent,
high-volume tasks.
C) It has to rely on huge
amounts of previous data.
D) It is slow when
it comes to tracking novel things.
Questions 19 to 21 are based on the recording
you have just heard.
19. A) The engineering
problems with solar power.
B) The generation
of steam with the latest technology.
C) The
importance of exploring new energy sources.
D)
The theoretical aspects of sustainable energy.
20. A) Drive trains with solar energy.
B)
Upgrade the city’s train facilities.
C) Build
a new ten-kilometre railway line.
D) Cut down
the city’s energy consumption.
21. A) Build a
thank for keeping calcium oxide.
B) Find a new
material for storing energy.
C) Recover super-
heated steam.
D) Collect carbon dioxide gas.
Questions 22 to 25 are based on the recording
you have just heard.
22. A) The lack of
supervision by both the national and local
governments.
B) The impact of the current
economic crisis at home and abroad.
C) The
poor management of day centres and home help
services.
D) The poor relation between
national health and social care services.
23.
A) It was mainly provided by voluntary services.
B) It mainly caters to the needs of the
privileged.
C) It called for a sufficient
number of volunteers.
D) It has deteriorated
over the past sixty years.
24. A) Their longer
lifespans.
B) Fewer home helpers available.
C) Their preference for private services.
D) More of them suffering serious illnesses.
25. A) They are unable to pay for health
services.
B) They have long been discriminated
against.
C) They are vulnerable to illnesses
and diseases.
D) They have contributed a great
deal to society.
Part III Reading
Comprehension (40 minutes)
Section A
Directions: In this section, there is a
passage with ten blanks. You are required to
select one word for each blank from a list
of
choices given in a word bank following the
passage. Read the passage through carefully before
making your choices.
Each choice in the bank
is identified by a letter. Please mark the
corresponding letter for each item on
Answer
Sheet 2
with a single line through the
centre. You may not use any of the words in the
bank more than once.
Questions 26 to 35
are based on the following passage.
Just off
the coast of Southern California sits Santa Cruz
Island, where a magical creature called the island
fox 26 .
A decade ago, this island’s
ecosystem was in 27 . Wild pigs attracted
golden eagles from the mainland, and those
3
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flying 28 crashed the
fox population. So the Nature Conservancy launched
a 29 war against the pigs, complete
with
helicopters and sharp shooters.
And it worked.
Today, federal agencies are pulling the island fox
from the Endangered Species List. It’s the
fastest-ever recovery of a mammal, joining
peers like the Louisiana black bear as glowing
successes in the history of the
Endangered
Species Act.
But the recovery of Santa Cruz
Island isn’t just about the fox. The Nature
Conservancy has 30 war on a multitude
of
invasive species here, from sheep to plants to the
31 Argentine ant. “Our philosophy with the
island has always been,
‘OK, 32 the
threats and let the island go back to what it
was,’” says ecologist Christina Boser. And it
appears to be
working. Native plants are
coming back, and the fox once again bounds about
carefree.
But keeping those foxes from harm
will occupy Boser and her colleagues for years to
come. You see, humans are still
allowed on
Santa Cruz Island, and they bring dogs. So Boser
has to vaccinate her foxes against various
diseases. “We’re
obligated to keep a pulse on
the population for at least five years after the
foxes are delisted,” says Boser. That includes
tagging the foxes and 33 their numbers
to ensure nothing goes wrong.
This is the
story of the little fox that has come back, and
the people who have 34 their lives to
protecting it. This is
the story of wildlife
conservation in the age of mass 35 .
A)aggressive I)hinders
B)chaos J)mammal
C) configuration K)
monitoring
D)declared
L)predators
E)dedicated
M)remove
F)dwells N)
tempt
G)extinction
O)underlying
H) fierce
Section B
Directions: In this section, you are going to
read a passage with ten statements attached to it.
Each statement contains
information given in
one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from
which the information is derived. You may choose a
paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is
marked with a letter. Answer the questions by
marking the corresponding
letter on
Answer
Sheet 2
.
Do Parents
Invade Children’s Privacy When They Post Photos
Online?
[A] When Katlyn Burbidge’s son
was 6 years old, he was performing some ridiculous
song and dance typical of a
first-grader. But
after she snapped a photo and started using her
phone, he asked her a serious question:“Are you
going to
post that online?” She laughed and
answered, “Yes, I think I will.” What he said next
stopped her. “Can you not?”
[B] That’s when it
dawned on her: She had been posting photos of him
online without asking his permission. “We’re
big advocates of bodily autonomy and not
forcing him to hug or kiss people unless he wants
to, but it never occurred to me
that I should
ask his permission to post photos of him online,”
says Burbidge, a mom of two in Wakefield,
Massachusetts.
“Now when I post a photo of him
online, I show him the photo and get his okay.”
[C] When her 8-month-old is 3 or 4 years old,
she plans to start asking him in an age-
appropriate way, “Do you want
other people to
see this?” That’s precisely the approach that two
researchers advocated before a room of
pediatricians (儿科
医生) last week at the American
Academy of Pediatrics meeting, when they discussed
the 21st century challenge of
“sharenting,” a
new term for parents’ online sharing about their
children. “As advocates of children’s rights, we
believe that
children should have a voice
about what information is shared about them if
possible,” says Stacey Steinberg, a legal skills
professor at the University of Florida Levin
College of Law in Gainesville.
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[D] Whether it’s ensuring that your
child isn’t bullied over something you post, that
their identity isn’t digitally
“kidnapped”, or
that their photos don’t end up on a half dozen
child pornography (色情) sites, as one Australian
mom
discovered, parents and pediatricians are
increasingly aware of the importance of protecting
children’s digital presence.
Steinberg and
Bahareh Keith, an assistant professor of
pediatrics at the University of Florida College of
Medicine, say most
children will likely never
experience problems related to what their parents
share, but a tension still exists between parents’
rights to share their experiences and their
children’s rights to privacy.
[E] “We’re in no
way trying to silence parents’ voices,” Steinberg
says. “At the same time, we recognize that
children
might have an interest in entering
adulthood free to create their own digital
footprint.” They cited a study presented earlier
this year of 249 pairs of parents and their
children in which twice as many children as
parents wanted rules on what parents
could
share. “The parents said, ‘We don’t need
rules—we’re fine,’ and the children said, ‘Our
parents need rules,’” Keith
says. “The
children wanted autonomy about this issue and were
worried about their parents sharing information
about
them.”
[F] Although the American
Academy of Pediatrics offers guidelines
recommending that parents model appropriate
social media use for their children, it does
not explicitly discuss oversharing by parents. “I
think this is a very legitimate
concern, and I
appreciate their drawing our attention to it,”
David Hill, a father of five, says. He sees a role
for pediatricians
to talk with parents about
this, but believes the messaging must extend far
beyond pediatricians’ offices. “I look forward to
seeing researchers expand our understanding of
the issue so we can translate it into effective
education and policy,” he says.
[G] There’s
been little research on the topic, Steinberg wrote
in a law article about this issue. While states
could pass
laws related to sharing information
about children online, Steinberg feels parents
themselves are generally best suited to
make
these decisions for their families. “While we
didn’t want to create any unnecessary panic, we
did find some concerns
that were troublesome,
and we thought that parents or at least physicians
should be aware of those potential risks,”
Steinberg says. They include photos repurposed
for inappropriate or illegal means, identity
theft, embarrassment, bullying
by peers or
digital kidnapping.
[H] But that’s the
negative side, with risks that must be balanced
against the benefits of sharing. Steinberg pointed
out
that parental sharing on social media
helps build communities, connect spread-out
families, provide support and raise
awareness
around important social issues for which parents
might be their children’s only voice.
[I] A
C.S. Mott survey found among the 56 percent of
mothers and 34 percent of fathers who discussed
parenting on
social media, 72 percent of them
said sharing made them feel less alone, and nearly
as many said sharing helped them worry
less
and gave them advice from other parents. The most
common topics they discussed included kids’ sleep,
nutrition,
discipline, behavior problems and
day care and preschool.
[J] “There’s this
peer-to-peer nature of health care these days with
a profound opportunity for parents to learn
helpful
tips, safety and prevention efforts,
pro-vaccine messages and all kinds of other
messages from other parents in their social
communities,” says Wendy Sue Swanson, a
pediatrician and executive director of digital
health at Seattle Children’s
Hospital, where
she blogs about her own parenting journey to help
other parents. “They’re getting nurtured by people
they’ve already selected that they trust,” she
says.
[K] “How do we weigh the risks, how do
we think about the benefits, and how do we
alleviate the risks?” she says.
“Those are the
questions we need to ask ourselves, and everyone
can have a different answer.”
[L] Some parents
find the best route for them is not to share at
all. Bridget O’Hanlon and her husband, who live in
Cleveland, decided before their daughter was
born that they would not post her photos online.
When a few family members
did post pictures,
O’Hanlon and her husband made their wishes clear.
“It’s been hard not to share pictures of her
because
people always want to know how babies
and toddlers (学走路的孩子) are doing and to see
pictures, but we made the
decision to have
social media while she did not,” O’Hanlon said.
Similarly, Alison Jamison of New York decided with
her
husband that their child had a right to
their own online identity. They did use an
invitation-only photo sharing platform so
that
friends and family, including those far away,
could see the photos, but they stood firm, simply
refusing to put their
child’s photos on other
social media platforms.
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[M] “For most families, it’s a journey.
Sometimes it goes wrong, but most of the time it
doesn’t,” says Swanson, who
recommends
starting to ask children permission to post
narratives or photos around ages 6 to 8. “We’ll
learn more and more
what our tolerance is. We
can ask our kids to help us learn as a society
what’s okay and what’s not.”
[N] Indeed, that
learning process goes both ways. Bria Dunham, a
mother in Somerville, Massachusetts, was so
excited
to watch a moment of brotherly bonding
while her first-grader and baby took a bath
together that she snapped a few photos.
But
when she considered posting them online, she took
the perspective of her son: How would he feel if
his classmates’
parents saw photos of him
chest-up in the bathtub? “It made me think about
how I’m teaching him to have ownership of his
own body and how what is shared today endures
into the future,” Dunham says. “So I kept the
pictures to myself and
accepted this as one
more step in supporting his increasing autonomy.”
36. Steinberg argued parental sharing
online can be beneficial.
37. According to
an expert, when children reach school age, they
can help their parents learn what can and cannot
be
done.
38. One mother refrained from
posting her son’s photos online when she
considered the matter from her son’s
perspective.
39. According to a study,
more children than parents think there should be
rules on parents’ sharing.
40. Katlyn
Burbidge had never realized she had to ask her
son’s approval to put his photos online.
41.
A mother decided not to post her son’s photo
online when he asked her not to.
42. A woman
pediatrician tries to help other parents by
sharing her own parenting experience.
43.
There are people who decide simply not to share
their children’s photos online.
44. Parents
and physicians should realize sharing information
online about children may involve risks.
45.
Parents who share their parenting experiences may
find themselves intruding into their children’s
privacy.
Section C
Directions: There
are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is
followed by some question or unfinished
statements. For
each of them there are four
choices marked A), B), C)and D). You should decide
on the best choice and mark the
corresponding
letter on
Answer Sheet 2
with a single
line through the centre.
Passage One
Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following
passage.
Perhaps it is time for farmers to put
their feet up now that robots are used to inspect
crops, dig up weeds, and even have
become
shepherds, too. Commercial growing fields are
astronomically huge and take thousands of man-
hours to operate.
One prime example is one of
Australia’s most isolated cattle stations,
Suplejack Downs in the Northern Territory,
extending
across 4,000 square kilometers,
taking over 13 hours to reach by car from the
nearest major town—Alice Springs.
The extreme
isolation of these massive farms leaves them often
unattended, and monitored only once or twice a
year,
which means if the livestock falls ill
or requires assistance, it can be a long time for
farmers to discover.
However, robots are
coming to the rescue.
Robots are currently
under a two-year trial in Wales which will train
“farmbots” to herd, monitor the health of
livestock,
and make sure there is enough
pasture for them to graze on. The robots are
equipped with many sensors to identify
conditions of the environment, cattle and
food, using thermal and vision sensors that detect
changes in body temperature.
“You’ve also got
color, texture and shape sensors looking down at
the ground to check pasture quality,” says Salah
Sukkarieh of the University of Sydney, who
will carry out trials on several farms in central
New South Wales.
During the trials, the robot
algorithms (算法) and mechanics will be fine-tuned
to make it better suited to ailing
livestock
and ensure it safely navigates around potential
hazards including trees, mud, swamps, and hills.
“We want to improve the quality of animal
health and make it easier for farmers to maintain
large landscapes where
animals roam free,”
says Sukkarieh.
The robots are not limited to
herding and monitoring livestock. They have been
created to count individual fruit,
inspect
crops, and even pull weeds.
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Many robots are equipped with high-tech
sensors and complex learning algorithms to avoid
injuring humans as they
work side by side. The
robots also learn the most efficient and safest
passages, and allow engineers and farmers to
analyze
and better optimize the attributes and
tasks of the robot, as well as provide a live
stream giving real-time feedback on
exactly
what is happening on the farms.
Of course,
some worry lies in replacing agricultural workers.
However, it is farmers that are pushing for the
advancements due to ever-increasing labor
vacancies, making it difficult to maintain large-
scale operations.
The robots have provided
major benefits to farmers in various ways, from
hunting and pulling weeds to monitoring the
condition of every single fruit. Future farms
will likely experience a greater deal of autonomy
as robots take up more and
more farm work
efficiently.
46. What may farmers be able
to do with robots appearing on the farming scene?
A)Upgrade farm produce
B) Enjoy more
leisure hours.
C) Modify the genes of crops.
D) Cut down farming costs.
47. What will
“farmbots” be expected to do?
A)Take up many
of the farmers’ routines.
B)Provide medical
treatments for livestock.
C)Lead the trend in
farming the world over.
D)Improve the quality
of pastures for grazing.
48. What can robots
do when equipped with high-tech sensors and
complex learning algorithms?
A)Help farmers
choose the most efficient and safest passages.
B)Help farmers simplify their farming tasks
and management.
C)Allow farmers to learn
instantly what is occurring on the farm.
D)Allow farmers to give them real-time
instructions on what to do.
49. Why are
farmers pressing for robotic farming?
A)Farming costs are fast increasing.
B)Robotics technology is maturing.
C)Robotic farming is the trend.
D)Labor
short is worsening
50. What does the author
think future farms will be like?
A)More and
more automated.
B)More and more productive.
C)Larger and larger in scale.
D)Better and
better in condition.
Passage Two
Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following
passage
The public must be able to understand
the basics of science to make informed decisions.
Perhaps the most dramatic
example of the
negative consequences of poor communication
between scientists and the public is the issue of
climate
change, where a variety of factors,
not the least of which is a breakdown in the
transmission of fundamental climate data to
the general public, has contributed to
widespread mistrust and misunderstanding of
scientists and their research.
The issue of
climate change also illustrates how the public
acceptance and understanding of science (or the
lack of it)
can influence governmental
decision-making with regard to regulation, science
policy and research funding.
However, the
importance of effective communication with a
general audience is not limited to hot issues like
climate
change. It is also critical for
socially charged neuroscience issues such as the
genetic basis for a particular behavior, the
therapeutic potential of stem cell therapy for
neurodegenerative diseases, or the use of animal
models, areas where the
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public understanding of science can
also influence policy and funding decisions.
Furthermore, with continuing advances in
individual genome (基因组) sequencing and the
advent of personalized medicine, more non-
scientists will need to be
comfortable
analyzing complex scientific information to make
decisions that directly affect their quality of
life.
Science journalism is the main channel
for the popularization of scientific information
among the public. Much has
been written about
how the relationship between scientists and the
media can shape the efficient transmission of
scientific
advances to the public. Good
science journalists are specialists in making
complex topics accessible to a general audience,
while adhering to scientific accuracy.
Unfortunately, pieces of science journalism
can also oversimplify and generalize their subject
material to the point that
the basic
information conveyed is obscured or at worst,
obviously wrong. The impact of a basic discovery
on human health
can be exaggerated so that the
public thinks a miraculous cure is a few months to
years away when in reality the
significance of
the study is far more limited.
Even though
scientists play a part in transmitting information
to journalists and ultimately the public, too
often the
blame for ineffective communication
is placed on the side of the journalists. We
believe that at least part of the problem lies
in places other than the interaction between
scientists and members of the media, and exists
because for one thing we
underestimate how
difficult it is for scientists to communicate
effectively with a diversity of audiences, and for
another most
scientists do not receive formal
training in science communication.
51. What does the example of climate change
serve to show?
A)The importance of climate
data is increasingly recognized.
B)Adequate
government funding is vital to scientific
research.
C)Government regulation helps the
public understand science.
D)Common folks’
scientific knowledge can sway policy making.
52. What should non-scientists do to ensure
their quality of life?
A)Seek personalized
medical assistance from doctors.
B)Acquire a
basic understanding of medical science.
C)Have
their individual genome sequenced.
D)Make
informed use of animal models.
is it
important for scientists to build a good
relationship with the media?
A)It helps them
to effectively popularize new scientific
information.
B)It enables the public to
develop a positive attitude toward science.
C)It helps them to establish a more positive
public image.
D)It enables them to apply their
findings to public health.
does the author
say is the problem with science journalism?
A)It is keen on transmitting sensational
information.
B)It tends to oversimplify
people’s health problems.
C)It may give
inaccurate or distorted information to the public.
D)It may provide information open to different
interpretations.
should scientists do to
impart their latest findings to the public more
effectively?
A)Give training to science
journalists.
B)Stimulate public interest in
science.
C)Seek timely assistance from the
media.
D)Improve their communication skills.
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Part IV
Translation (30
minutes)
Directions: For this part, you are
allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from
Chinese into English. You should write
your
answer on
Answer Sheet 2
.
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很常见。这些博物馆必须采取措施限制参观人数。如今,展览形式越来越多样。一些大型博
物馆利用多媒
体和虚拟现实等先进技术,使展览更具吸引力。不少博物馆还举办在线展览,人们可在网上观赏珍稀
展品
。然而,现场观看展品的体验对大多数参观者还是更具吸引力。
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