芳菲的意思-金缕衣意思
英 语 语 法 大 全
对于任何英语句子,要分析其结构,这样才能找到英语语言的规律。 每
种语言都有它的难点,
汉语的难点在于汉语不是拼读语言,汉字很难写,
而且有四种声调。其实,许多接触过多种外语的人都认
为,英语的语法比
法语、德语、俄语、日语等都简单,是最容易学的。著名语言学家乔姆斯
基说
过,语法是内生的、也就是随着语言的诞生而诞生的。因此,学习语
法和学习语言是相辅相成的。
一、 英语动词的时态
(一)英汉两种语言在时态表达方式上的差异:
英语的
词类与汉语的不同。汉语词类形态稳定,比如“书”这个字,“一
本书”、“三本书”都一样,没有词形
变化。英语就不同了,book, books
仅从词形上就能知道是单数还是复数。
动词
是英语中变化最多、最复杂的词类。有人说,学好英语就是学好
动词,此言甚是。同一个动作或状态分别
在不同时间发生或存在,表达这
个动作或状态的动词就要用不同的形式,这就是时态。
(二)英语动词的形式:
英语的时态是通过动词的变化来体现的。因此,了解动词的形式及
其
变化规律非常重要。英语的实义动词有以下五种形式:
(1) 动词原形:动词原形在句
子中形式不变。主要用于主语为非第三
人称单数的一般现在时,情态动词之后,或根据语法规定必须用动
词原形
的其他情况。
(2)
一般现在时第三人称单数形式(简称现单三):主要用于主语为第
三人称单数的一般现在时。
(3) 过去式:主要用于一般过去时。
(4)
现在分词:主要用于进行时态,或语法规定的其他情况。
(5)
过去分词:主要用于完成时态,或语法规定的其他情况。
1
动词一般现在时第三人称单数(现单三)的构成,见下表:
词尾变化(规律与名词变复数
相同,读音也与名词复数相同)
一般加-s
在ch, sh, s, x 或元音字母o
后面加-es
以辅音字母加y结尾的词,变
y为i再加-es
举例
Help---
helps; read---reads
Do, fix, pass, push,
teach
---does, fixes, passes, pushes,
teaches
Try, study --- tries, stuides
与名词变复数形式相同,读音也相同。
动词过去式和过去分词,大多数是动词原形+ ed
构成,这是规则动词。
规则动词的拼写和读音规则如下表:
词尾变化 举例
Help---helped
Work---worked
Watch---
watched
动词后面加-ed Want---wanted
need---
needed
Turn---turned
play--played
以不发音的“e”结尾的词,
加-d
结尾是辅音字母+y时,y变i,
再加-ed
结尾只有一个辅音字母的重
读闭音节词,双写辅音字母再加
-ed
Love---loved
Serve---served
Study---
studied
Try---tried
Stop---stopped
Drop---dropped
清辅音之
后读[t]
元音和浊
辅音([d]除外)
之后读[d]
词尾读音
清辅音之
后读[t]
[t] ,[d]之
后读[t]
2
不规则动词的过去式和过去分词有其特殊变化形式,需要个别记忆,
同时也要善于发现不规则中的规则,即某些字母组合的不规则动词有一定
的规律。如:weep
→wept, sleep→slept, sweep→swept
现在分词一律由动词原形加-
ing构成,规则如下表:
词尾变化
一般加-ing
以不发音的e结尾的词,去掉
e,再加-ing
以一个辅音字母(x除外)词
辅音字母,再加-ing
以-ie结尾的词,变ie为y,
再加-ing
举例
Look---
looking, try---trying
Write---writing,
dance---dancing
Begin---beginning,
Run---running, sit---sitting
Die---dying,
lie---lying
尾的重读闭音节词,先双写词尾的swim---swimming,
为了学习的方便,人们把时间分为四个阶段:“现在、过去、将来、过
去将来”。英语动词所表
示的动作在以上每个时间段中分别有四种状态:一
般、进行、完成和完成进行。因此我们便有了四四一十
六个时态。
不同的时态有不同的变化形式。以do 为例,列表如下:
时态
现在
时
过去
时
将来
时
过去
将来
时
一般
Does; do
Did
进行
Amisare+
doing
Waswere+
doing
完成
Hashave
+done
Had done
完成进行
Hashave+been
doing
Had been doing
Shallwill+have
been doing
Wouldshould
+have been doing
Shallwill be
Shallwill have
Shallwill+do
+ done
+doing
Shouldwould
+do
Wouldshould+
be doing
Shouldwould
+ have done
3
“时
态”就是通过动词的形态变化,来表达动作发生的时间(现在、
过去、将来、过去将来)及所处的状态(
一般、进行、完成、完成进行)。
比如在“They are doing their
exercises.”这个句子中,动词由原形
do 变成are doing
的形态,说明这个事情是发生在现在、并处于正在进
行的状态当中,所以叫现在进行时;
在“They have done their exercises.”这句中,动词由原形do
变
成have
done的形态,说明这个事情是发生在现在、并处于完成的状态,
所以叫现在完成时;
在“They always do their exercises.”中,动词用原形do
的形态,
说明这个事情是发生在现在、并且是一般情况下永远如此,所以叫一般现
在时。
在这三句话中,动词do
虽然用了不同的形态,其意义没有变化,而
是事情发生的时间和状态变了。其余类推。
(三)时态详解
16个时态中,常用的有12个:一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来
时、过去将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、将来进行时、现在完成时、
过去完成时、将来完成时、现
在完成进行时和过去完成进行时。其他时态
很少单独使用。
下面把各种时态的构成和用法做一个全面的介绍。
1、一般现在时
通常以动词原形表示。主语为第三人称单数时,用现单三形式。
动词be和have(表示“拥有”)各人称的单数形式为:
Have
Be
第一人称单
数
Have
Am
数
Have
Are
第二人称单
数
Has
is
第三人称单
一般现在时的否定式、疑问式和简单回答形式如下:
4
动词be 与 have(表示“拥有”):否定式直接把not放
在动词之后,
疑问式直接把动词放在主语之前,见下表:
否定式
Be
I am not (I’m
not)…
You are not
(aren’t)…
He is not (isn’
t)…
否定疑问式
Am I not (aren’t i)…?
Are you
not (aren’t
you)…?
Is he not (isn’t he)…?
Have
I have not
(haven’t)…
You
have not
(haven’t)…
He has not
(hasn’t)…
肯定回答
Yes, you are.
Yes, I am.
Yes, he is.
疑问式
Be
Am i…?
Have
Have i…?
Are you…?
Have you…?
Is he …? Has he …?
动词be
的否定疑问式和简单回答:
否定回答
No, you aren’t
No, I’m not.
No, he isn’t
动词be 与 hav
e(表示“拥有”):否定式直接把not放在动词之后,
疑问式直接把动词放在主语之前,见下表:
否定式
Be
I am not
(I’m not)…
You are not
(aren’t)…
He is not
(isn’t)…
疑问式
Have
I have not
(haven’t)…
You have not
(haven’t)…
He has not
(hasn’t)…
5
Be
Am
i…?
Are you …?
Is he …?
Have
Have I …?
Have you…?
Has he …?
动词have(表示“拥有”) 的否定疑问式和简单回答:
否定疑问式
Have I not
(haven’t i)…?
Have you not
(haven’t you)…?
Has he
not
(hasn’t he)…?
肯定回答
Yes, you
have.
Yes, I have.
Yes, he has.
t.
No, I haven’t.
No, he hasn’t.
否定回答
No, you haven’
注意:have
作为行为动词则只能按照行为动词的规则变化。
行为动词(以study为例)一般现在时的否定式
、疑问式和简单回答
(注意要加助动词dodoes)
否定式
I do
not (don’t) study
You do not (don’t) study
He does not (doesn’t) study
否定疑问句式
Do I not (Don’t I) study…?
Do you not
(Don’t you)
study…?
Does he not (Doesn’t
he)
study…?
2、现在进行时
由助动词be +
现在分词构成。其中be有人称和数的变化,有三种
形式:第一人称单数用am,
第三人称单数用is, 其他用are。
现在进行时的否定式是:直接在助动词be后面加上not;疑问式是:
6
疑问式
Do I study
Do you study
Does he
study
简单回答(肯定否定)
Yes, I do. No, I don’t.
Yes, you do. No, you don’t.
Yes, he does.
No, he doesn’
t.
把助动词be提到主语之前。以study 为例:
否定式
I am not
studying
You are not studying,
He is not
studying.
5、一般过去时
一般过去时通常由动词过去式表示。一般过去时的
否定式、疑问式和
简单回答形式要用助动词do 的过去式did,
同时注意实义动词要用原形。
以study 为例,其否定式、疑问式和简单回答形式如下:
否定式
I did not (didn’t) study….
You
did not (didn’t) study….
He did not (didn’t)
study….
否定疑问式
Did I not (Didn’t I)
study…?
Di you not (Didn’t you)
study…?
Did he not (Didn’t he)
study…?
6、过去进行时
由助动词be 的过去式 +
现在分词构成。其中be有人称和数的变化,
第一、第三人称单数用was,其他用were. 1)过去进行时动词主要表示在过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行
或持续进行的动作。过去进行
时经常与过去时配合使用。例如:
7
疑问式
Am I
studying?
Are you studying?
Is he
studying?
疑问式
Did I study…?
Did you
study…?
Did he study…?
简单回答 (肯定否定)
Yes, you did. No, you didn’
t.
Yes, I
did. No, I didn’t.
Yes, he did. No, he
didn’t.
This time yesterday,
we were having an English lesson.
昨天这个
时候,我们正在上英语课。
The teacher was giving
us a lesson when Tom walked into the
room.
老师在给我们上课时,汤姆走进教室。
While we were having
supper, all the lights went out. 我们吃饭的
时候,灯灭了。
He was reading while she was setting the
table. 她摆桌子时,他
在读书。
It was getting dark.
The wind was rising. 天渐渐黑下来了。风势增
强了。
2)过去进行时动词常用always, continually, frequently
等词连用,
表示过去经常发生的行为。这种用法表明带有的感情色彩。例如:
The
two brothers were frequently quarreling when they
were
young. 两兄弟小时候常吵架。
In Qing Dynasty,
China was always making concessions to
western
powers. 清朝时,中国总是对西方列强妥协。
7、过去完成时
一律用had
+ 过去分词构成。
用法:
1)表示发生在过去某一时间或动作之前的事情,即“过去
的过去”。
用过去完成时,必须有一个过去的时间或动作来作参照,说明在此之前某
事已发生。
如果两个动作都是在过去发生的,先发生的用过去完成时,后
发生的用一般过去时。例如:
She told me she had been there three times
before. 她告诉我她
以前到过那里三次。(“去过”发生在“告诉”之前)
How
long had he taught here by the end of last term?
到上学期
末为止,他在这里教学多长时间啦? (“教学”发生在上学期末结束之前)
8
When we arrived, the football
match had already begun. 我们到
的时候,足球赛已经开始了。
She had visited China twice before she came
this year. 她今年来
中国之前已访问过中国两次了。
2)过去完成时动词可以
表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作或呈现的状
态,这一动作一直持续到过去这一时刻或将继续下去。例如
:
By the middle of last month, I had lived in
Beijing for five years.
到上月中旬,我已在北京住了五年了。
By six o’clock they had worked for eight
hours. 到六点为止,他
们已工作八小时了。
When I came to
Shanghai, he had been there for a long time.
我
到上海时,他在那里很长时间了。
3)过去完成时动词常用于间接引语和虚拟语气,我们以后会详细讲述。
4)此外,过去完成时常用于 no sooner…than… 和
hardly(scarcely) …when…
这两个句型,前面部分用过去完成时,后面部
分用一般过去时。例如:
No sooner
had he stolen the purse than he was caught
red-handed. = He had no sooner stolen the
purse than he was
caught red-handed.
他刚偷到钱包就被当场抓获。
Saddam had hardly realized what
was happening when he was
captured. = Hardly
had Saddam realized what was happening when
he
was captured. 萨达姆还没有意识到在发生什么事情就被抓获了。
8、过去完成进行时
had been + 动词的现在分词。
用法:表示一
直持续到过去某个时间的行为动作,此行为动作或刚结
束、或还没结束(可以从上下文看出)。这一时态
经常与一般过去时一起使
用。例如:
9
When he came in, I had been trying to repair
the TV for a couple
of hours.
他进来的时候,我一直在努力修理电视机好几个小时了
The roads were
dangerous. It had been raining for two whole
days. 道路很危险。雨一直下了两整天。
They were tired
because they had been digging since dawn.
他
们累了,因为从天亮开始他们就一直在挖。
The boy was
delighted with the new mountain bike. He had
been hoping for one for a long time.
那男孩得到一辆新山地自行车很
高兴。很长时间来他一直希望有一辆。
9、一般将来时
一般将来时动词表示将来发生的动作或情况。主要有以下几种表现形
式:
(1)shallwill + 动词原形
表示单纯的将来,不涉及主语的主观意愿。第一人称I, we用shall
或
will,其余用will. 其否定式、疑问式和简单回答形式如下:
否定式
I shallwill not study….
You will not
study….
He will not study….
否定疑问式
Shall I not (shan’t i) study…?
Will you
not (Won’t you) study…?
疑问式
Shall I
study…?
Will you study…?
Will he study…?
简单回答(肯定否定)
Yes, you will. No, you won’t.
Yes, I shallwill. No, I shan’
Yes, he will.
No, he won’t.
twon’t.
Will he not (Won’t
he) study….?
例如:
10
I shall be twenty years old next year. 我明年二十岁。
The sky is black. I think it will rain.
天黑下来了。我想可能会下雨。
You will meet him at the
station this afternoon. 你下午会在车站
碰到他。
The
train will arrive soon. 火车快要到了。
When shall we
see you next time? 我们下次什么时候能看见你
呢?
He
probably won’t go with us. 他大概不能和我们一起去。
注意:
1)shall, will的缩写形式为’ll, 如I’ll, you’ll, he’ll
和she’ll
等。
2)will 用于第一人称时,可以表示将来的意愿、决心、允诺、
命令等;
shall用于第二、三人称时,可以表示说话人的将来的意愿。例如:
I
will give you a new pen for your birthday.
我将送你一支新钢笔
作为生日礼物。(允诺)
I will take the
college entrance examination. 我将参加大学入学考
试。(决心)
Shall I open the window? 我打开窗户好吗?(征求允诺)
You shall have the book as soon as I get it.
我一拿到书就给你。(说
话人的允诺)
The enemy shall not
pass. 决不让敌人通过。(说话人的保证)
I will do my best to
help you. 我愿意尽力帮助你。(意愿)
Nobody shall be late
for the meeting. 任何人开会都不能迟到。(说
话人的命令)
(2)be going + 动词不定式
1)这种结构表示主体现在打算在最近或将来要做某事。这种打算往往
是事先考虑好的。例如:
11
My brother is going to
learn English next year. 我哥哥准备明年学
英语。
I
am going to meet Tom at the station at six.
我六点钟要到火车站
去接汤姆。
She is not going to be
there. 她不会到那儿去的。
When are you going to
finish your work? 你的工作什么时候做
完?
He is
going to stay a week. 他准备呆一星期。
We are going
to call a meeting to discuss it. 我们准备开个会来讨
论一下。
2)这种结构还可以表示说话人根据已有的迹象认为非常可能即将发生
某事。例如:
Look at these black clouds?it is going to
rain. 看这些乌云?要下
雨了。
I think it is going to
snow. 我看要下雪。
I am afraid I am going to have a
bad cold. 恐怕我要得重感冒。
10、将来进行时
shallwill
be + 现在分词
用法:将来进行时动词表示在将来某一段时间内将会发生的动作。
This time next week we shall be working in
that factory. 下星期
这时候,我们将在那个工厂劳动。
When I
get up tomorrow morning, my mother will be getting
breakfast for me. 当我明天早晨起床时,我妈妈将在为我准备早饭。
I will be seeing him next month. 我下个月将要见他。
Tomorrow we will be going to the village fair.
我们明天去赶集。
We will be taking our holiday at the
seaside in July. 七月份我们
要去海边度假。
12
一般将来时与将来进行时都表示将来,那么如何区别一般将来时和将
来进行时呢?将来进行时不表示个人意愿,强调主观上感觉某事即将发生,
并对这一事情有着期
待,感情色彩较浓,强调动作。一般将来时主要是对
某一事情即将发生做一个事实性的说明或陈述,强调
事实或意愿。
11、过去将来时
(1)由shouldwould +
动词原形构成。第一人称用should;
第二、
三人称用would。美国英语所有人称一律用would. shouldwould
的简
略形式为’d, 如I’d, you’d; would not 和should
not的简略形式分
别为wouldn’t 和shouldn’t.
(2)过去将来时表
示从过去某时间看将要发生的事情,多用在宾语从
句中。还可以表示过去的倾向或过去经常发生的事情。
如:
They asked me if I would go to Guangzhou
soon. 他们问我是否
很快要去广州。
She told me she would
come again next week. 她和我说她下周还
来。
I told
him to leave immediately, but he wouldn’t.
我告诉他马上
离开,但他不。
He’d play the violin when
he was in low spirits. 他情绪低落的时
候,就拉小提琴。
When I was in college, I would find a part-
time job during the
summer holidays every year
to earn my tuition. 我上大学的时候,每
年暑假都找份临时工挣学费。
(3)其他表示过去将来时的结构:
12、将来完成时
shallwill
+ have + 过去分词
用法:将来完成时动词主要表示在将来的某一时刻或将来的某一时刻<
br>之前完成的动作,这一动作也可能继续进行。例如:
13
By seven o’clock this afternoon we shall have
got to Shanghai if
the train keeps good line.
如果火车运行正常,我们今天下午七点就到上
海了。
Before bedtime
Xiao Ming will have completed his work.
到上床
睡觉的时候,小明会做完他的工作(或作业)。
By February next
year this foreign expert will have been here on
this job for five years.
到明年二月,这个外国专家在这儿做这项工作就满
五年了。
By Sept. 2008
Beijing will have heldhosted the Olympic Games.
到2008年9月,北京将举行完了奥运会。
二、被动语态
(一)简介
在英语中,语态是动词的一种形式,表示主语和谓语的关系。英语动
词
有两种语态,即主动语态和被动语态。主动语态(active voice)
表示主语
是动作的执行者;被动语态(passive
voice)表示主语是动作的承受者。
如:
Saddam is being
tried. 萨达姆正在接受审判。
The Iraqi government is
trying Saddam. 伊拉克政府正在审判萨达
姆。
More and
more people use computers now.(主动语态)
Computers are more and more widely used
now.(被动语态)
English is spoken all over the
world. (被动语态)
(二)英汉两种语言在表达被动方式上的差异
汉语表达被
动语态非常简单明了,用“被”“遭”“受”等词来表示,
如“被捕”、“被杀”、“受到凌辱”等。而
英语表达被动的方式也不复杂,
用“助动词be+动词的过去分词”表示。其中助动词be有人称、数量
和时
14
态的变化,而这正是英语被动语态的难点。
(三)被动语态的构成
被动语态由“be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。这里要强调一定是
及
物动词的过去分词,因为不及物动词不能带宾语,也就不可能有被动语态。
英语主动语态有1
6个时态;被动语态常用的有8个,以give为例说明如
下:
时态
一般现在时
一般过去时
一般将来时
现在进行时
过去进行时
过去将来时
现在完成时
过去完成时
动词形式
Amisare given
Waswere given
Shallwill be given
Amisare being given
Waswere being given
Shouldwould be given
Hashave been given
Had been given
被动
语态的疑问句是将第一个助动词移到主语之前、句末用问号;否
定式是在第一个助动词后加not或ne
ver等其他否定词、句末用句号。如:
“During the interview,
were you asked questions in English?”
“No, I
wasn’t asked questions in English.”
“面试的时候,用英语问
你问题了吗?”“没有,没有用英语问我问题。”
The
origin of the universe will probably never be
explained. 宇
宙的起源大概永远也不会被解释清楚。
Is the
restaurant being decorated? 那家餐馆正在装修吗?
The
restaurant is not being decorated. In the fact the
restaurant
has never been decorated。
那家餐馆没有在装修。实际上,那家餐馆从
来没有装修过。
15
(四)被动语态的用法
1、不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者。换个说法,有一件事情不
知
道是谁干的或者不想说出是谁干的,这时就用被动语态。例如:
I felt a
littlie nervous when I was being interviewed.
我接受面试
的时候,有点紧张。
These fighters are
imported from Russia. 这些战斗机是从俄国进
口的。
That
place has been turned into a swimming pool.
那个地方已被
变成游泳池。
2、说话或发表意见时,为了显得客观公正,也常用被动语态
He’s saidbelievedreported to be in the U. S.
A. 据说据信据
报道他在美国。
还有下列常用句型(that后面跟句子):
It is said that……. 据说
It is reported
that……. 据报道
It is hoped that……. 希望
It
is believed that……. 人们相信
It is announced
that……. 据宣布
it is (well) known that……. 众所周知
It has been decided that……. 已经决定
It is
supposed that……. 人们认为
It is suggested
that……. 有人建议
It must be remembered that…….
务必记住
It is taken for granted that……. 被视为当然
(五)主动句变被动句的注意事项
一是时态不能改变;二是变为被动语态后,谓语动词要和
被动语态的
主语在人称、数上保持一致。还要作如下变动:把主动语态的宾语变为被
16
动语态的主语;主动语态的主语放在by的后面,组成介词短语,再
把这个
介词短语放在被动语态的谓语动词之后。在动作的执行者无须说明或不必
要强调时,by
短语可以省略。例如:
They will open a new supermarket
there soon. 他们很快将在那里
开办个新超市。
A new
supermarket will be opened there soon.
一个新超市不久
将在那里开办。
The doctor gave two
lectures in English. 那位医生用英语讲了两次
课。
Two
lectures were given by the doctor in English.
由那位医生用
英语讲了两次课。
Somebody has warned us to
be careful of rats. 有人警告我们要当
心老鼠。
We have
been warned to be careful of rats.
我们受到警告,要当
心老鼠。
如果主动语态有两个宾语(直接宾语和间接宾语),变为被动
语态时,
可将其中任何一个宾语变为主语,另一个不变。但较常见的是将间接宾语
变为被动语态
的主语。
The reporters asked the president some
questions. 记者们问了
总统一些问题。
The president was
asked some questions by the reporters. (
变
间接宾语为主语)
Some questions were asked the
president by the reporters. (变
直接宾语为主语)
We
have given him a job. 我们已给了他一个工作。
He has been
given a job. (变间接宾语为主语)
A job has been given
(to) him. (变直接宾语为主语)
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(六)含有情态动词的被动语态
句中含有情态动词时,其被动语态的结构是:情态动词+be+过去分词:
The
timetable can be changed any time. 时间表随时可以改变。
This book may not be taken out of the reading
room. 这本书不
允许带出阅览室。
This dictionary must
be taken good care of. 这本词典必须保管
好。
(七)关于被动语态的几点说明
1、有些动词形式上是主动,意义上是被动。例如:
School begins in September. 学校九月份开学。
The
library doesn’t open on Sunday. 图书馆星期天不开放。
The machine runs well. 这台机器容易操作。
My pen
writes well. 我的钢笔好使。
The cloth washes well.
这料子耐洗。
The dictionary sells well. 这词典销路很好。
The book hardly sells. 这书买不出去。
The door
will not shutlock. 门关锁不上。
2、make, see,
watch, hear, notice, feel等使役动词和感官动词的宾
语后面可以接不带t
o的不定式作宾补。但在被动语态中,不定式符号to
必须补上。例如:
They
made him go. 他们让他去。
He was made to go.
他被要求去了。
I heard him say good-bye to his
friends. 我听见他向他的朋友说再
见。
He was heard to
say good-bye to his friends. 有人听到他向他的
朋友说再见。
3、除助动词be外,动词get有时也可跟过去分词构成被动语态,是
18
比较口语化的一种被动语态。这种结构中很少用by短语。例如:
I got lost in the huge market.
在那个巨大的市场中我迷失了方向。
You might get killedhurt.
你会送命受伤的。
In the end this story got translated
into English. 这故事最后被译
成了英文。
His car got
damaged in a road accident. 他的车在交通事故中被毁
了。
4、“haveget+宾语+过去分词”这个句型也表达了一种被动的意思。
如:
I’ll have the bike repaired in no time.
我一会就把自行车修好。
I had my wallet stolenlost last
Sunday when I was shopping. 上
星期天买东西的时候我的钱夹被盗。
He got his leg broken when playing football.
踢足球的时候他把
腿弄断了。
I bought these books at a
discount and had two hundred dollars
saved.
我打折买了这些书,省了两百美元。
5、在need, want,
require后面,主动的-ing形式表达被动的意思:
My watch needs
cleaning. (=…needs to be cleaned) 我的表需要
清洗。
Your garden needs watering. (=…to be watered)
你的花园需要浇
水。
Does your suit require
pressing, sir? 先生,您的衣服要烫吗?
三、虚拟语气
多数中国人对
虚拟语气的理解是:虚拟语气表示说话人的愿望,是假
设的,虚构的,与事实相反的,或者是不太可能的
。这种理解固然是对的,
但并不全面。在英语中,虚拟语气是个广义的概念,包括好几种句型和结
构。假设,意愿等只是虚拟语气的两个方面。
19
英汉两种语言表达虚拟语气的方式差异:
而在英语中,虚拟语气是通过句子中谓语
动词的特殊形式来表示的。
这又一次证明动词在英语中的核心地位,又一次证明要学好英语语法,就要学好英语动词。由于虚拟语气是通过句子中谓语动词的特殊形式来表示
的,因此,掌握虚拟语气中
所使用的各种谓语动词形式变化是掌握虚拟语
气的关键,这也是虚拟语气的难点。虚拟语气本身也是英语
语法的一个难
点。
学习虚拟语气的方法是分别弄通虚拟语气的各种句型和结构,各个击破。下面对虚拟语气在各种句式中的用法分别介绍。
(一)虚拟语气用于表示假设的条件状语从句,状语从句相当于汉语
的“假如…”
“要是…”等。
请看一个句子:
If she invites me
tomorrow, I shall go to the party.
如果她明天邀
请我参加聚会,我就去。
这是个带条件从句的主从复合句,是直接的陈述语气
,主句谓语动词
用将来时,从句谓语动词用现在时代替将来时,表示能实现的动作。这句
话说明
说话人认为邀请的可能性较大。此句的条件是“只要她邀请我”,“去”
这一动作就能实现。
请把这句话与下面虚拟语气的带条件从句的主从复合句进行比较:
1) If she
invited me, I should go to the party.
假如她邀请我参
加聚会,我就去。(说话人认为邀请的可能性较小或不可能。)
这句话主句谓语动词用过去将来时,从句谓语动词用一般过去时,其
含义是:
She will probably not invite me, so I shall
not go to the party. 她
很可能不会邀请我参加聚会,所以我不会去。
2) If she had invited me yesterday, I should
have gone to the
party. 假如她昨天邀请我参加聚会,我就去了。
20
这句话主句谓语动词用“should +
have + 过去分词”形式,从句
用过去完成时,对过去发生的事情进行虚拟假设,表示与过去
事实相反的情况,其含义是:
She didn’t invite me
yesterday, so I didn’t go to the party.
她
昨天没有邀请我参加聚会,因此我没有去。
3) If she should
invite me tomorrow, I should go to the party.
如果她明天邀请我参加聚会,我会去的。
这句话主句谓语动词用过去将来时,从句谓语动词
也用过去将来时,
表示的意思是,“邀请我”的可能性较小,对将来要发生的情况表示怀疑。
其
含义是:
It is unlikely that she will invite me
tomorrow, so I shall not go to
the party.
明天她不可能会邀请我,因此我不会去。
从以上例句可以看出:虚拟语气的条件句是用谓语动词的特
殊形式来
表示与现在、过去事实相反的情况或对将来发生的情况表示怀疑,和直陈
语气条件句的
谓语动词形式以及所表达的含义完全不同。虚拟语气条件句
中所用的谓语动词过去式、过去完成式、过去
将来式等只表示不同的虚拟
语气,与直陈语气句子的过去时、过去完成时等毫无关系,在学习时应注意加以区别,不要混淆。
现将虚拟语气在条件句中的各种具体形式和用法分述如下:
1
、对现在的虚拟,表示与现在事实相反的假设时,条件状语从句的谓
语动词用过去式(be的过去式用w
ere.而主句中的谓语动词用would
(should, could, might) +
动词原形。见下表:
条件状语从句的动词形式
If+主语+动词过去式(be的过去式were.
主句的动词形式
☆I
(we)should+动词
在口语等非正式场合中,I,he,she,it等后原形
面也可用was.但在If I were you中,一定要 ☆主语+would
用were,不能用was.
21
(might,could)十动词原形
2、对过去的虚拟,表示与过去的事实相反的假设时,条
件状语从句的
谓语动词用过去完成时,主句的谓语动词用would (should, could,
might)+过去分词。见下表:
条件状语从司的动词形式
If+主语+had+过去分词
3、表示与将来事实相反的假设,对将来表示怀
疑,或将来的动作不太
可能实现时,条件状语从句和主句的谓语动词有以下形式:(见表)
条件状语从句的动词形式(三种)
(1)if十主语+动词过去式(be的过去式用
were),通常要与一个表示将来的时间状语连用.
(2)If+主语(任何人称和数)+should+动词原形
(3)if+主语(任何人称和数)+were to+动词原形
4、当条件状
语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致
时,动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间来调整。
这与以上三种情况不同,
虚拟语气的谓语动词形式没有遵循以上规律。
5.
以上句型可以转换成以下形式:
1)条件状语从句省略if:在书面语中,如果条件状语从句的谓语中有
were, had
或should, 就可以省略if, 并将were, had 或should
放到句
首,谓语主语之前,用 “WereHadShould +
主语”的形式。这种虚拟
主句的动词形式
☆I(we)should+
动词原形
☆主语+would
(might, could)+动
词原形
主句的动词形式
☆i(we)should+have+过去分词
☆主语+could
(might,could)+have + 过去分词
22
语气在意义上与带if
的条件状语从句相同。当然,如果从句没有were, had,
或should,就不能省略if.
2)用介词短语代替条件状语从句。(可以改为条件状语从句)。例如:
Without
air, there would be no living things.
But for
your help, I couldn’t have done it.
3)用其他方式代替条件状语从句(可以改写为条件状语从句。)例如:
It would
produce bad results to do that. 用动词不定式 =If you
did thatshould do that, it would produce bad
results.
6、虚拟语气省略条件从句或主句
表示虚拟语气的条件句的主句或从句有时可以省略,而省略部分的含
义仍有所体现。
(二)虚拟语气的其他句型和用法
1、用在“wish+宾语从句”中,表示很难实现或不
能实现的愿望,可
以翻译为“但愿…”, “悔不该…”等。表示现在不能实现的愿望,从句的
谓语动词用过去式;表示将来的愿望,从句的谓语动词用“would
(could)+
动词原形”;对过去的事情表示愿望,从句的谓语动词用 “had+过去分词”
或“could + have + 过去分词”。Wish
后面的宾语从句必须用虚拟语气,
不管这个愿望是否能实现。如:
I wish it
were Spring all the year round.
I wish you
could go with us.
We wish we had arrived
there two hours earlier.
2、用在as ifas
though,或even ifeven though引导的从句中: 这
时,如果从句中表示的动
作发生在过去,则谓语动词用had+过去分词形
式;如果指的时现在的状况,则用过去式(be用we
re);指将来则用
would(should,
could)+动词原形。这里只看从句动作发生的时间,与主句
的时态没有关系。
23
3、在It is (high) time
(that)…句型中,后面的从句的谓语动词常用过
去式(be的过去式用were),
或用should+动词原形(should
不能省略)来
表示。这句话的意思是“(现在)该…”。For example:
It
is time we leftshould leave.
It is high time
that you got married.
4、在 I would rather (tha
t)…句型中,后面的从句的谓语动词用过去
式(be的过去式用were)。这句话的意思是“我宁可
…”,表示说话人的意愿。
For example:
I’d rather I
were in the rain now.
I’d rather you did not
tell him.
5、用在suppose开头的祈使句中,从句的谓语动词变化与as if后
面
的动词变化规律相同,用过去式、过去完成式、或过去将来式。意思是“假
如…”,但sup
pose 是动词,不是连词。如:
Suppose the boss walked in.
What should I do?
Suppose Saddam had not been
captured. What would the U.S.
do?
Suppose
Chen Shui-bian should declare Taiwan
independent. What would China do?
6、用在for fear that或lest引导的从句中,表示“怕…”“万一…”
等意
思。从句的谓语动词用should+动词原形,should 可以省略。如:
She
closed the windows for fear that she (should)
catch cold.
The officer forbade the use of
artillery lest the city’s industry be
damaged.
Lest the wall should collapse, they evacuated
from the building.
7.
在表示建议、要求、命令等意思的动词,如arrange, command,
demand,
desire, insist, order, propose, request, require,
suggest, beg,
move(提议)后面的宾语从句中,谓语动词用should +
动词原形,should
24
可以省略,而引导宾语从句的that 不能省略。例如:
We suggested
that we (should) have a meeting.
We insisted
that they (should) go with us.
The doctor
ordered that she (should) stay in bed for a few
days.
He demanded that we (should) start
right away.
The commander ordered that the
bridge (should) be bombed.
The villagers
requested that the old building not be pulled
down.
Now let’s do some translation:
总经理坚持该项目必须按计划执行。
The general manager
insisted that the project be carried out as
planned.
省长请求再给他一次机会。
The
governor requested that he be given another
chance.
美国要求伊朗必须无条件放弃其核武器计划。
The United
States demanded that Iran should unconditionally
give up its nuclear weapon program (program to
develop nuclear
weapons)
最高法院裁定此案必须重新审理。
The Supreme Court ruled that this case be
retried.
医生建议,即使在节假日人们也不应该熬夜。
8、使用上述表示建议、
要求、命令等意思的动词派生的名词,或在这
些动词用作名词时,名词之后的从句用虚拟语气,即从句的
谓语动词用
should+动词原形,should 可以省略。从句的引导词that
不能省略。这
与上述第7项类似。如:
He made a request that
he (should) be allowed to take 3 days
off. =
He requested that he be allowed to take 3 days
off.
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Our suggestion
is that education not be industrialized. = We
suggest that education not be industrialized.
The president’s decision is that the war
against terrorism be
launched at the right
time. =The president decided that the war
against terrorism be launched at the right
time.
9、上述动词在It is suggested that…, It is
required that…, It’s
requested that…, It’s
ordered that…, It’s arranged that…句型中,that
之后的从句用虚拟语气,即谓语动词用should+动词原形, should
可以省
略,但引导词that 不能省略。如:
It was suggested
that he attend the conference.
It was
requested that the trial be openly reported.
10、在It’s important (imperative, necessary,
essential, vital,
desirable, advisable,
better) that…句型中,that 引导的从句用虚拟语气,
即谓语动词用should
+ 动词原形,should可以省略。这个句型表示说话
人的意见、要求等。
For
example:
It is essential that there should be
enough food and clothing for
the winter.
It is desirable that your wedding be postponed
until next July.
It is imperative that the
board chairman be present at the board
meeting.
另外,在一些习惯用语中也有虚拟语气的形式。但最好把这些习惯用语作为一种句型来记住。如:
May you be happy!
May
you succeed!
Long live the People’s Republic
of China!
Everybody leave the room!
26
You had better not resign.
I would rather not tell you.
总之,虚拟语气是英语中的
一个难点,因为虚拟语气的用法和句型较
多,动词的变化比较复杂。在学习的时候要逐个过关。同时,也
要善于发
现虚拟语气的规律。根据动词的变化,大致可以把虚拟语气分为三种:
一种是动词用过去式,过去分词式,或过去将来式,这主要是用if…,
wish,
suppose的情况;
一种是动词用should+动词原形(should可以省略)
,这主要用于
表示建议、要求、命令等意思的动词或名词后面所接的从句,以及It is
important (necessary) that…后面所接的从句;
一种是动词用过去式,如It is (high) time (that)…和I would
rather
后面的从句。同学们还可以自己总结适合自己的规律,如把虚拟语气句型
可以分
为用于简单句、条件状语从句、宾语从句、主语从句、表语从句、
定语从句、同位语从句等。
Now let’s do some exercises to consolidate
what we have
learned about subjunctive mood:
四、非谓语动词
1、我喜欢做饭。“ I like
cooking. ”
本句中,“like”(喜欢)是谓语。“cooking”(做饭)是宾语
,用动名
词形式。又如:“ He likes cooking.
”在英语中。谓语动词经常随着主语
的人称、数而变化,但动名词作宾语时是不变的。
2、对我来说,学英语不容易。“ It' s not easy for me to learn
English.”
3、从太空看,地球是个蓝色的球体。 “Seen from
the space, the
earth is a blue sphere.”
27
请比较这些句子的中英文。在这几个汉语句子中,做饭、学英
语、从
太空看分别作句子的宾语、主语和状语,但是其动词形式“做”、“学”、“看”
没有变
化。而在这几句英语中,“做饭”变成了cooking, “学”变成了to
learn,“看”变成了seen. 动词形式发生了变化,而且必须发生变化,因
为这些句
子有另外的谓语动词。因此这些动词叫做“非谓语动词”,又叫“非
限定性动词”,他们没有人称和数的
变化。这是英汉动词的巨大差别,也是
中国人学英语的一个难点,同时也是在使用英语时容易犯错误的地
方。需
要特别注意的是:英语的单句一般只有而且必须有一个主谓结构,即一个
谓语,如果单句
中出现了另外的动词,这些动词就要改变形式。
以上英语句子中cooking, to
learn, seen
等具有动词特征,但是在句
子中不能作谓语的动词形式,就叫动词的非谓语形式,也叫非谓语动词。
我们再比较 “I like cooking.” 与 “He likes cooking.”这
两句话
主语不同,谓语动词like形式变了,但意义没有变化。而cooking
没有任
何变化。再看 “It is not easy for me to learn
English.” 和 “It is not
easy for him to learn
English.” “对我”for me, “对他”for him之后
的 “to learn
”没有任何变化。可以看出,非谓语动词是不随人称和数的
变化而变化的,它们不受人称和数的限定,所
以又叫“非限定动词”。
动词在句子中除了充当谓语外,还可以起名词、形容词或副词的作用,在句子中充当主语、宾语、表语、补语、定语和状语。这就是动词的非谓
语形式。当句子中需要用某
种动作作主语、宾语或作某种修饰、说明的成
分时,就要使用这种形式。
动词的非谓语形式有三种:
(1)动词不定式:to study (to +
动词原形)
(2)分词:studying (现在分词)、studied (过去分词)
(3)动名词:studying (形式与现在分词相同)
动词非谓语形式仍具有动词的一般特征,可以带有宾语、状语等构成
短语。
28
动词非谓语形式有以下几种形式变化(以write为例):
形态
一般
进行
动词不定式
完成
完成进行
一般
现在分词和
动名词
A、 动词不定式
其形式是“to+动词原形”。
to是不定式符号,无词义。其否定式是
在to前面加上not, never等否定词。
不定式可以有自己的逻辑主语,由
for引出,加在不定式短语前面。
如果不定式的逻辑主
语是表示不定式动作的承受者,则不定式用被动
语态。所谓逻辑主语,就是指非谓语动词等动作的执行者
。由于非谓语动
词等带有动词的特征,但又不是谓语动词,所以这个动作的执行者就不能
称为主
语,而在逻辑上又是这个动作的执行者,所以就称为逻辑主语。
如果不定式逻辑上的主语是这个不定
式所表示的动作的承受者,这个
不定式一般要用被动语态。疑问词(who, whom,
whose, what, which,
when, where, why,
how还包括whether)等后面加不定式构成不定式短
语,可做主语,表语,宾语等。
完成
一般
主动
To write
To be
writing
To have written
To have been
writing
Writing
Having written
To have been
written
Being
written
Having been
written
written
被动
To be written
29
(一)作主语。 在不定式短语作主语的句子中,往往用 it
作形式主
语,而不把不定式短语放在句子的后面。如:
To die like that
is a terrible thing.=It is a terrible thing to die
like
that.
象那样死去是一件可怕的事。( it
作形式主语,把真正的主语to die
like that放在后面)
To know
oneself is difficult.=It’s difficult to know
oneself.
有自知之明不容易。
To tell a lie is not
always easy.= It’s not always easy to tell a lie.
撒谎并非总是容易。
Never to offend anyone is my
principle. 永远不得罪任何人就是
我的原则。
It’s
against nature to remain single.
保持单身是违反自然的。
To see is to believe.
眼见为实。
For a dog to die like that is a
terrible thing. = It is a terrible thing
for a
dog to die like that.
一条狗象那样死去是一件可怕的事。(for a
dog是不定式的主语)
For one to know everything is
impossible.= It’s impossible for
one to know
everything.
一个人什么都知道是不可能的。
For his
brother John to go to sea seems natural.= It seems
natural for his brother John to go to sea.
他兄弟John去当水手是很
自然的事。
It’ll be a great shame
for you to forget her. 你要是把她忘了,
那可太不应该了。
It’s not proper for us not to accept the
invitation. 我们不接受邀
请不合适。(否定)
30
It has not yet been decided
when and where to discuss her
resignation.
何时何地讨论她的辞职还没定。
但是,下列形容词做表语时,不定式的逻辑主语由 of 引出:
careless粗心的,clever聪明的,cruel残忍的,foolish愚蠢的,good
好的,kind好心的
,naughty淘气的,nice好的,polite礼貌的,right
正确的,rude无礼的
,silly愚蠢的,stupid傻的,unwise不明智的,
wise明智的,wrong错误的
,等等。
为什么这些词要用 of 引出不定式呢?
因为这些形容词都是描写人的性格和特点的形容词。“It is + 形容词
+of sb
+ to do sth”这样的句型更强调某人如何如何,可以改写为:“Sb
+ be +
形容词 + to do sth.” 而“for sb to do
sth”这一结构更强调做
某事如何如何。例如:
1、 It is
difficult for me to learn English.
更强调学英语很难,不
能写成
I am difficult to
learn English. (这句话含有逻辑错误。)
2、 It is unwise
of you to go to the United States at this time.
=You are unwise to go to the United States at
this time. 强调你不明
智。
It’s very kind of you
to come to see us off. =You’re kind to
come to
see us off. 你来为我们送行太好了。
It’s unwise of him to
drink and smoke so much.=He is unwise to
drink
and smoke so much. 他喝这么多酒、抽这么多烟是不明智的。
It’s
extremely cruel of John to kill animals.
John杀害动物真是
残忍之极。
It’s rudepolite of Jack
to say this to her. Jack对她说这个,
很无礼礼貌。
(二)作宾语及宾语补语。
31
1、有些及物动词常用动词不定式作宾语。常见的这类动词有:afford
负担得起, agree同意,arrange安排,ask要求,attempt试图,beg乞求,
begi
n开始,choose选择,claim声称,consent同意,dare敢,decide
决定,
decline谢绝,desire欲想,demand要求,determine决心,expect
期待,fail失败,forget忘记,hate讨厌,help帮助,hope希望,intend
打算,learn学习,like喜欢,long渴望,manage设法,mean打算,
need需
要,offer主动提出,plan计划,prefer更喜欢,prepare准备,
pretend
假装,promise答应,refuse拒绝,remember记得,seek寻求,
seem好像
,tend倾向,threaten威胁,undertake承担,volunteer志
愿,wan
t想要,wish希望等。
I agreed to support him. 我答应支持他。
He said he wanted to be a professor. 他说他想当教授。
My daughter preferred to have eggs and milk
for breakfast
when she was in her twenties.
我女儿二十几岁时早饭喜欢吃鸡蛋和牛奶。
2、不定式可以和how, which,
what, who, whom, whose, when,
where还有whether等词
连用作宾语。常跟这种结构作宾语的动词有:ask
询问,advise建议,consider考虑,
decide决定,discover发现,discuss
讨论,explain解释,find o
ut查明,forget忘记,inquire打听,know
知道,learn学会,remembe
r记得,show演示,tell告诉,teach教,
think想,understand懂得,w
onder想知道,等等。例如:
I don’t know where to get so
much money. 我不知道去哪里搞这
么多钱。
They haven’t
decided whether to leave or stay. 他们还没决定是
走还是留。
此外,这种不定式结构还可作主语,表语,和介词宾语等。
32
How to live a happy life is a
difficult question to answer. 怎样过
幸福生活是个很难回答的问题
The question is whom to choose for the
position. 问题是这个位
置选谁。
That was a
discussion about how to increase their strength.
那
是一次关于怎样增强他们力量的讨论。
He said nothing about
what to do with her. 关于拿她怎么办,他
啥也没说。
She
asked my suggestion just now about where to go for
her
holidays. 关于去哪里度假,她刚才征求了我的意见。
3、有些动词需
要不定式作宾语补足语。这种动词常见的有:ask请求,
advise劝告,allow允许,beg
乞求,believe相信,call on号召,cause
促使,compel强迫,comman
d指挥,direct指导,enable使…能够,
encourage鼓励,expect期望,f
eel觉得,force迫使,get使得,hate
不喜欢,have使,hear听见,help帮
助,inspire鼓舞,intend 打算,invite
邀请,instruct指示,know
知道,lead引导,let让,like喜欢,listen to 听,
look
at看,make 使得, notice注意到, observe观察,order命令,permit允许,persuade说服,prefer更喜欢,press施加压力,remind提醒,
r
equest请求,teach教,tell告诉,urge敦促,want
想要,warn警告,
wish希望,等等。
I asked my mother to
buy a new bike for me. 我请求妈妈给我买
辆新自行车。
Tony knew his girl friend to be a shy college
student. 托尼知道他
的女朋友是一个害羞的大学生。
They helped
you to get on the bus, didn’t they? 他们帮你上了
汽车,
是吗?
4、有些动词要求省掉to的不定式作宾语补语。这样的动词有:feel
33
觉得,have使,hear听见,help帮助,let让,listen to 听,look
at看,
make使,notice 注意,see看见,observe 观察,watch观看
等,一
类是感官动词,一类是使役动词。
A policeman saw the
accident happen. 一位警察看见事故发生。
We listened to
her talk about her experience abroad.
我们听她
讲国外的经历。
We’d be glad to have you work
with us. 我们会很高兴有你和我
们一起工作。
上述help后面的不定式省掉
to与保留to都可以。在被动语态中,上
述动词后面的不定式要把省去的to还原。
I
heard the dog come in. 我听见那条狗进来。
=The dog
was heard to come in. 有人听见那条狗进来。
I saw her go
out by bike. 我看见她骑着自行车出去了。
=She was seen to
go out by bike. 有人看见她骑着自行车出去了。
Can I help
(to) lift this heavy box? 我可以帮着搬起这个沉重的箱
子吗?
You may as well help me (to)get things
straight. 你不妨帮我把东
西整理好。
She helped the
old woman (to) cross the street. 他帮助那位老妇
人过街
在had better(最好),would rather(宁愿),would
sooner(宁
愿),would (just) as soon(宁愿),cannot
but(不能不,不由得不),
cannot help
but(不能不,不由得不)等成语后面也跟不带to的不定式:
He would rather
listen to others than talk himself.
他宁愿听别人
也不愿自己说。
He would sooner play than
work. 他宁愿玩也不愿干活。
You had better go away
right now. 你最好立即就走。
34
I would rather take this method. 我倒愿意采取这个办法。
I’d rather walk than take a bus.
我宁可走也不愿坐公共汽车。
She’d rather die than lose the
children. 她宁可死也不愿失去孩子
们。
I’d rather not
have eggs and bacon for breakfast.
She’d
sooner stay at home.
I would as soon do it by
myself.
I would just as soon stay as go.
我宁愿住下也不愿去。
We couldn’t but weep at the sad
news.
You can’t but respect them.
Rather
than和sooner than同义,都是“宁可”,“与其…(不如)”,
“不是…(而是)”的
意思。当它们放在句首时,其后跟不带to的不定式;
在其它位置时其后的不定式可带也可不带t
Rather than risk breaking up his marriage, he
told his wife
everything.
他把一切都告诉了妻子,而不是冒离婚的危险。
Rather than cause
trouble, he left. 他宁可走开而不愿引起麻烦。
Sooner than
marry that man, she would earn her living as a
waitress. 她宁可当女招待养活自己,也不嫁给那个男人。
He
decided to write rather than telephone.
他决定写信,不打电
话。
The manager believes it is
important to invest in new machinery
rather
than to increase wages.
经理相信重要的是投资买新机器,而不是
增加工资。
Rather than John
do it, I’d prefer to do the job myself.
与其让
John干这件事情,我宁可自己动手。
4、有些动词要求省掉to的不定式作宾语补语。
在Why
起首的疑问句中跟不带to的不定式:
35
Why
not come with us? 为什么不跟我们一起来呢? =Why don'
t
you come with us?
Why not go for a game of
tennis? 为什么不去打网球呢?
Why not relax yourself?
为什么不放松你自己呢?
Why not try to train your
character? 为什么不培养你的性格呢?
Why not give the $$40
to Tom? 干吗不把那40美金给汤姆呢?
For God’s sake, why
bring that up again? 看在上帝的份上,干
吗又提这事呢?
Why split hairs over the color of the dress?
干吗对连衣裙的颜色
吹毛求疵呢?
Why run this risk?
干吗冒这个险?
Why risk breaking the law? 干吗冒犯法的险呢?
5、不定式作宾语而后面还有宾语补语时,常用it来代替不定式短语,
而把真正作宾语的不定
式短语放在补足语后面。常见的动词有:consider
认为,feel觉得,find发现,mak
e使,think认为,等等。例如:
I think it best to go.
我想最好走。
Do you consider it right to send our
doctors over? 你觉得派我们
的医生去对吗?
I found it
strange for her not to come today.
我发现她今天没来是
很奇怪的。
注意:hope希望,demand要求,suggest
建议,这三个词不能跟
不定式作宾补。
错误的句子:
I hope you
to be happy. 我希望你快乐。
I suggest you to take
him seriously. 我建议你要把他当回事。
We demanded
them to give us a definite
answer.我们要求他们给
个确切的答复。
36
正确的句子:
I hope that you’ll be happy.
我希望你快乐。I suggest that you
take him seriously.
我建议你要把他当回事。
I advise you not to take him
seriously. 我建议你不要把他当回事。
We demanded that
they give us a definite answer.
我们要求他们
给个确切的答复。
(三)作定语。
不定式短语作定语时,一般放在
被修饰的词之后,有些名词的后面常
用不定式作定语。常见的有:ability能力,agreeme
nt一致,协议,ambition
抱负、野心,anxiety焦急,attempt试图,camp
aign战役,chance机
会,claim声称,courage勇气,decision决定,d
etermination决心,
drive努力,eagerness殷切的心情,effort努力
,failure失败,hope希
望,intention目的意图,motive force动力
,movement运动、协议,
need需要,opportunity机会,plan计划,pro
mise诺言,readiness乐
意,refusal拒绝,reluctance勉强不愿,re
solution决心,tendency倾
向,right权力,struggle斗争,threa
t威胁,time时候,way方法,
willingness愿意,wish希望。
与这些词相对应的形容词或动词常接动词不定式。如ability →be
able
to, refusal →refuse to 等。
作定语时不定式表示将要发生的动作。
There is not any one to save him. 没有任何能救他的人。
He’s a not a man to tell lies. 他不是那种撒谎的人。
He’s a man to be trusted 他是个可以信赖的人。
He
needs love to strengthen his broken heart.
他需要爱来给他
那破碎的心以力量。
I don’t understand his
idea to send his son to the Sahara.
我不
明白他把儿子送到撒哈拉沙漠的想法。
37
I need to buy a box to hold my CDs.
我需要买个装CD片的盒子。
This visit is a good
opportunity to learn Chinese. 这次访问是学
习中文的好机会。
No investigation, no right to speak.
没有调查就没有发言权。
Not to speak much is the best way
to avoid trouble. 不多言是避
免麻烦的最好办法。
This is
a good way to make money. 这是个赚钱的好方法。
We were
given some bread to eat. 给了我们一些面包吃。
I’ve a
lot of things to take care of in the office today.
今天我办
公室里由于很多事情要处理。
Have you got a key to
unlock this door? 你有开这个门的钥匙吗?
He needs a
place to live in. 他需要有个住的地方。
This is not a
pen to write with but to draw with.
这不是写字而是
画画用的笔。
I have not a friend to talk
with. 我没有能谈心的朋友。
作定语时,也可以给不定式加上主语。例如:
The order for the army to start has been
given. 已经发出了让部
队开始的命令。
The power for
science to serve mankind is limitless.
科学为人类
服务的力量是无穷的。
The letter for you to
answer is placed on your desk..
要你回的那
封信放在你办公桌上。
(四)作表语。放在系动词之后。
例如:
To gamble is to commit suicide, but not to get
rich. 赌博就是自
杀,而不是致富。
To criticize others
is to make enemies. 批评别人就是树敌。
38
To do everything is to do
nothing. 什么都做等于什么也做不成。
Perhaps the most
popular way of relaxing is to participate in
sports. 也许最受欢迎的放松方式就是参加体育活动。
This matter
is for you to consider. 这个问题是要你考虑的。
These
apples are for the guests to eat. 这些苹果是给客人们吃的。
My hope is for all members to come together
once a year. 我的
希望是所有成员每年聚会一次。
My advice
is for you to apologize to her. 我的建议是你向她道歉。
The question is where to go for help.
问题是到哪里求助。
To respect others is to be
respected. 尊重别人就是受到别人的尊
重。
To see her is
to love her. 见到她就会爱上她。
(五)不定式短语和疑问词连用(who,
whom, whose, what, which,
when, where,
how,还包括whether)
(1)做主语。
例如:
Who to
turn to is what she wants to know.
找谁帮忙是她想知道
的。
It’s problem what to do.
干什么还是个问题。
How to be wealthy, healthy and
happy will always remain a
question mark.
怎样才能富有,健康和幸福将永远是个问号。
(2)做表语。例如:
The
question is which to take first. 问题是先拿哪一个。
What remains for you to explain is how to put
the plan into
practice and whose help to seek.
剩下需要你解释的是怎样实施计划以
及寻求谁的帮助。
The question is
which of the methods to adopt. 问题是采取这些
39
方法中的哪一个。
(3)作宾语,常用这一结构作宾语的动词有ask, consider, decide
discuss, explain, forget, find out, guess,
inquire, know, learn,
remember,
see(=understand), show, settle(=decide),
tell(=know),
think, understand, wonder等。
I’ve found out where to buy them cheaply.
我发现了在哪里买这
些东西便宜。
Do you remember when
totch off the machine? 你记得什么时
候关掉机器吗?
I
can’t tell what to do . 我说不好怎么办。
How can you
tell which button to press? 你怎么知道按哪个按
钮?
You know very well when to say what and how to
say it. 你很清
楚什么时候说什么话以及怎样说。
He can’t
decide what time to leave or whether to leave at
all.
他不能决定何时离开或者到底是否离开。
有些双宾语及物动词,也可用这个结构做直接宾语。常用的有tell,
inform,
show, advise, ask, teach,等。如:
I showed her
how to use the remote control.
我向她演示怎
样使用遥控器。
The salesman told him
whichtch to turn on first. 售货员告诉他
先开哪个开关。
Will you advise me which to buy?
你建议我买哪个?
Please inform me where to get the
tickets. 请告诉我到哪
里去弄票。
(4)做定语。例句:
I must find a pen with which
to fill in this form(=to fill in this
40
form with). 我必须找支钢笔填表用。
He offered me some hot coffee with which to
refresh me spirit
(=to refresh me spirit
with). 他给我提供了点热咖啡提提神。
Nobel began to seek
ways in which to make the explosive safer
to
handle.诺贝尔开始寻找那种炸药操作起来更安全的方法。
(六)作状语。不定式短语作状语,表示目的、原因、结果等。位置
一般在句尾或句首。
(1)表示目的。如:
We waved flags, beat
drums and blew bugles to encourage the
players. 我们摇旗擂鼓吹号,来鼓励运动员。
They went to
the U.S.A. not to study English but to study law
and business. 他们去了美国,不是为了学英语,而是为了学法律和商务。
为了强调,有时用in order to (为了)或so as to
(以便)加动词
原形,放在句首或句尾均可。例如;
In order to
improve my English, I read China Daily every day.
为
了提高英语水平,我每天都看《中国日报》。
He took a taxi so
as not to miss the train. 为了不误火车,他坐了
出租车。
有些不定式习惯用语放在句首或句尾,作独立成分。例如:
To be
frank(with you), this is not satisfactory.
老实(和你)说,
这不令人满意。
To be fair, she is an
honest girl. 说句公道话,她是一个
诚实的姑娘。
To tell you the truth, you are wrong..
实话告诉你,你错了。
这样的短语还有to tell you the
truth实话告诉你,to conclude 最
后, to begin with首先,to
cut a long story short 简而言之,to go back
to the
point回到正题,not to make too much of it 别小题大做,to put
41
it another way 换句话说,to
hear him talk听他说话的口气,等等。
(2)表示原因。例如:
To
hear him talk in that manner, you would think him
a
foreigner. 他这样说话,你会以为他是外国人。The old father
smiled to
know his success. 知道他成功的消息,那位老父亲笑了。
不定式短语可以和表示情绪的形容词和过去分词连用,有时说明产生
这种情绪的原因,有时不是
说明原因,而是和形容词一起说明主语的情况。
常见的这类形容词和过去分词有:
able有能力的,afraid 害怕的,amazed
感到惊异的,angry生气的,
anxious 急于的,astonished 感到惊讶的,
careful小心的, certain有
把握的,clever聪明的,
comfortable舒服的,cruel残忍的,deep深的,
delighted 高兴的,
difficult有困难的, disappointed感到失望的,
determined
有决心的,eager 急于的, easy容易的,fit 合适的,foolish
愚蠢的,fortunate 幸运的,
free自由的,frightened感到害怕的,glad
高兴的,good好的,
happy幸福的,hard艰苦的,lucky 幸运的,
overjoyed 高兴的,
pleased高兴的,possible 可能的,proud 自豪的,
ready
准备好的,relieved
感到轻松的,right正确的,sad悲伤的,
shocked感到惊讶的,
sorry难过的,sure 肯定的, surprised感到惊
讶的,
unable没能力的,useless没用的,willing 愿意的,worthy
值
得的,wrong 错误的等。
例如:
He’ll be angry
to hear these words. 听到这些话他会生气的。
You’re lucky
to have me as your teacher. 有我当你们老师,你们
很幸运。
He feels proud to be on the school football
team. 作为校足球队
队员他感到很自豪。
Be careful not to
catch cold. 小心别感冒。
42
He’s anxious to go back straight to London.
他急于直接回伦敦。
They’ll be ready to leave in about
an hour. 再有大约一小时他们
就准备好了。
The new manager
is easy to get along with . 新经理很容易相处。
This
river is broad, deep and good tom in.
这条河宽且深,是游泳
的好地方。
Your sofa is comfortable
to sit in. 你的沙发坐上去很舒服。
(3)不定式做结果状语只限于下面几个词:learn得知,find 发现,
see
看见,hear 听见, to be told被告知,make 使得
等。only+不定
式常表示出乎意料的结果。例如:
He hurried to
the airport to learn that the flight had already
taken off. 他急忙赶到机场,却得知飞机已经起飞了。
He
returned home from his holiday only to find that
his house
had been broken into.
他休假回家,却发现他的房子被破门而入了。
(4) 不定式还可以与“be said, be
reported,…”等连用构成复合谓
语。这一结构可变成“It’s said, It’s
reported,…”(见被动语态部分)。
如:
An explosion is
reported to have happened, and three are
known
to have been killed.
= It’s reported that an
explosion has happened and it’s known
that
three have been killed.
据报道发生了一起爆炸,已知三人被炸死。
(七)不定式的时态。动词不定式一般有三种时态形式,即一般式、
进行式和完成式。
(1) 一般式(to+动词原形):表示与主句谓语动词动作同时(或几
乎同时)发生或在主
句谓语动词之后发生的事情。例如:
We’re happy to have you on
our side. 有你在我们这边我们很高
43
兴。
I saw him go out. 我看见他出去了。( 不定式go out
与 see同时
发生。)
They invited me to have
dinner with them. 他们邀请我和他们一
起吃晚饭。
I hope
to see you again. 我希望再见到你(to see发生在hope之
后)
(2) 进行式(to
be+现在分词):表示主句谓语的动作发生时,不定
式动作正在进行。例如:
She’s
said believed to be living nearby. 据说据信她就住在附近。
When he came in, I happened to be sleeping in
bed. 他进来时,
我碰巧正在床上睡觉。
They seemappear to
be enjoying themselves. 看上去他们似乎很
快活。
He
pretended to be doing his homework when he heard
his
father’s sound. 他听见父亲的声音,假装正在做作业。
The
president was reported to be visiting the
hospital. 据报道总
统正在访问那家医院。
(3)完成式(to
have+过去分词):表示在主句谓语的动作之前发生
的事情。
如:I’m glad
to have met your parents here.
我很高兴在这儿见
到了你父母。(已见过)
I’m sorry to have
kept him waiting for me so long. 我很抱歉让
他等了我这样久。
(已经等过了)(八)不定式的被动语态。当不定式的逻
辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时,
不定式一般要用被动形式。
不定式的被动形式有两种:
一般式:to be+过去分词
44
完成式:to have been+过去分词
例如:
You’re lucky to have been accepted .
你很幸运已经被接受了。
These criminals are to be hanged
. 这些罪犯是将被绞死的。
We’re glad to have been
invited. 受到邀请我们很高兴。
What’s to be done
next? 下一步做什么?
It is an honor for me to be
asked to speak here. 我很荣幸应邀在
这里讲话。
(八)为了避免重复,不定式可省略,但to有时保留,有时不保留。
例如:
You will make it if you try (to).
如果你努力,你会成功的。
George says he is going to leave
Shanghai, but I don’t think he
really wants
to. George 说要离开上海,但是我不认为他真的愿意走。
Some of them
retired, and others were ready to.
一些人退休了,
还有的准备退。
He always speaks faster
than he needs to. 他说话总是没必要的
快。
I’d like to
do it now, but I haven’t got the time (to).
我倒是想
现在干,但没时间。
“Would you go there with
me?” “I’m glad to.” “你愿意和
我一起去吗?”“愿意。”
“Did you pass the exam?” “No, I tried (to),
but I failed.” “你
考试及格了吗?”“没有,我努力了,但没成功。
“Do you want to sing them an English song?” “I
prefer not to.”
“你愿意为他们唱首英文歌吗?”“我不想唱。”
You’d better sing an English song if they ask
you (to) again.如
果他们再要求你,你最后唱一首英文歌。
45
后面常省略不定式而保留to的结构,还有:
used
to 常常 be going to 打算
mean to 打算
ought to 应该
plan to 计划 want to
要想
(九)两个不定式由and, or, except, but, than
连接时,第二个可
省略to,尤其是两个不定式紧密相连时。
例如:
I
intend to call on him and discuss this question
again. 我打算去
拜访他并和他谈谈这个问题。
I’d like to lie
down and go to sleep. 我想躺下睡觉。
You’re free to
talk or laugh here. 在这里你可以随便说笑。
I’m anxious
to go and ask him about it. 我急于去问问他这个事。
Do
you want to have lunch now or wait till later?
你想现在吃午
饭还是再等会儿?
We had nothing to do
except (to) look at the posters outside
the
cinema. 我们无事可做,只有看看电影院外面的招贴。
He had nothing
to do except talk nonsense. 除了胡说八道,他没
别的事干。
I would rather die than be insulted.
我宁死也不受侮辱。
B、动名词
动名词可以起名词的作用,在句子中作主语,宾
语,表语,定语。动
名词仍保留动词的一般特征,可以有自己的宾语和状语,构成动名词短语。
动名词的否定形式是在前面加上not, never等否定词。
(一)做主语和表语。动名词短语用and连起来做主语时,谓语用复
数形式。
例如:
46
Fishing in
this lake is forbidden. 这个湖里禁止钓鱼。
Going
abroad for a visit and settling down abroad are
two
different things. 出国访问和在国外定居是两件不同的事情。
It seems that reading English is easier than
speaking it.似乎读英
语比说英语容易。
My favorite
hobby is fishingcollecting stamps .
我最喜欢的爱好
是钓鱼集邮。
在It’s no use; It’s (no)
good; It’s useless It’s (not) wise; It’
s
(not) worthwhile; It’s of great (no, little)
importance 等习惯表达中,
It为形式主语,而将做主语的动名词短语放在后面。例如:
It’s no use good ringing her up now.
现在给她打电话没用了。
Is it worthwhile bargaining two
hours for two cents? 为两分钱
讲价两小时值得吗?
It’s wise trying again. 再试一次是明智的。
It is
of great importance fighting against pollution.
制止污染有
重要意义。
It is no use operating on the
sick man. He should have been
sent here early.
给这个病人做手术已经没用了。本应该早些把他送来。
It is no good
smoking; you’d better give it up.
吸烟没好处,你
最好戒掉。
(二)动名词短语作宾语。
常用的能接动名词的动词有:admit承认,appreciate 感激,avoid
避
免,advise 建议,can’t help 不禁,celebrate
庆祝,consider 考虑,
complete 完成,
contemplate沉思、打算,defer推迟,delay 延期,
deny
否认,detest 痛恨,discontinue 停止,
dislike不喜欢,dispute
不同意,endure 忍耐,enjoy 喜欢,
escape逃脱,excuse 原谅, fancy
想象,feel like 想要,
finish结束, 严禁,forgive 原谅,hinder 阻碍,
47
imagine想象,keep 保持,mention
提到,mind 在意,miss 错过,
pardon
饶恕、原谅,permit允许,postpone 推迟,practise
实践、练
习,prevent 阻止, recall 回忆, report报告,resent
怨恨, resist
抵制、阻止,risk冒险,stop 停止,suggest
建议,understand 明白、
理解,等等。
例如:
He
avoided giving me a definite answer.
他避免给我一个正确答
案。
David suggested selling your
dog and car to pay the debt. 戴维
建议卖掉你的狗和车抵债。
(我们把这句话改为虚拟语气:David suggested that you
(should)
sell your dog and car to pay the
debt. )
I couldn’t risk missing that train.
我可不敢冒误了那趟火车的险。
下列动词既可用动词不定式又可用动名词做宾语:
abhor憎恶,attempt 试图,begin 开始,cannot bear
无法忍受,
cannot
stand无法忍受,cease停止,continue,继续,,decline 拒绝,
dese
rve值得,disdain蔑视,dread害怕,endure忍耐,forget忘记,
hate
痛恨,intend打算,learn学,like 喜欢,loathe厌恶,love喜欢,
mea
n意思是、意味着,need需要,neglect疏忽,omit省略,忽略,plan
计划,pre
fer更喜欢,propose建议,regret后悔,remember记得,require
需要
,scorn蔑视、瞧不起,start开始,try尝试,努力,entail必须,involve
涉及,necessitate使成为必要,等。以上多数动词用不定式或用动名词作
宾语意思一样,个
别不同。
(三)动名词短语作介词宾语的时候最多。
尤其是在短语动词后面。如:
The children are fond of listening to pop
music. 孩子们喜欢流行
音乐。
48
Are you interested in going to the show?
你有兴趣去看演出吗?
Thomas insisted on doing it in his
own way. 托马斯坚持按他自己
的方法做这件事。
我们把这句话改为虚拟语气:Thomas insisted that he (should)
do it
in his own way.
Excuse me for
interrupting you. 请原谅我打扰你,
Since returning
from Xi’an, he has been busy. 从西安回来后,
他一直很忙。
He warned me againstmming in this lake.
他警告我不要在这个湖
里游泳。
改为不定式短语:He warned me not
tom in this lake.
We came out without being
seen. 我们出来没被人看见。
Before finishing your
homework, you’d better not go out.
做完
作业之前,你最好别出去。
改为用before 作连词:Before you
finish your homework, you’d
better not go out.
(四)动名词也可以有自己的逻辑主语,就是在动名词短语前面加上
物主代词或名词的所有格。
带逻辑主语的动名词短语可做主语,宾语,表语等。在非正式文体当
中,经常把物主代词简化为
宾格人称代词,把名词所有格简化为名词。例
如:
I insisted on his
(him) going to the cinema with me.
我坚持要他
和我一起去看电影。
I can hardly imagine
Peter(Peter’s) sailing across the Atlantic
Ocean in five days. 我简直不能想象彼得会在五天内横渡大西洋。
Linda’s coming will do you good.(主语)
林达的到来对你有好
处。
49
What
made him angry was their (them)
laughing.(表语)使他生
气的是他们笑。
(五)动名词的完成式和被动语态:
(1)完成式表示动名词的动作发生在谓语动作之前。例如:
I apologize
for having broken my promise. 我没有遵守诺言,我
道歉。
I don’t remember having talked with him
before. 我不记得以
前曾和他谈过话。
恨不相逢未嫁时。 → I
regret not having met you before my
marriagebefore I got married.
(2)当动名词的逻辑主语是动名词动作的对象或承受者时,动名词要
用被动语态。例如:
I could no longer stand being treated like
that. 我再也不能忍受
被那样对待。
She was proud of
having been trained in the U.K. 在英国受过训,
她感到自豪。
他不喜欢嘲笑别人。 →He doesn’t like laughing at
others.
他不喜欢被人嘲笑。→He doesn’t like being
laughed at.
(六)某些动词可接不定式也可接动名词做宾语,但意义有差别。
(1)like, love, hate, prefer等表示喜爱,厌恶的动词后面,可用动名词也可用不定式作宾语,意义差别不大。但当这些词前面有should或
would时,一定要
用动词不定式作宾语。表示想要,愿意,打算。例如:
She likes dancing.
But she wouldn’t like to dance with you.
她
喜欢跳舞。(泛指)但他不喜欢和你跳。(特指)
He looked tired
and I didn’t like to disturb him.
他看上去很累,
我不想打扰他。
I don’t like reading, but
I’d like to read a magazine in bed
50
tonight.
我不喜欢看书,但是今天晚上倒想躺在床上看本杂志。
Little Jim should
love to be taken to the theatre this evening.
小
吉姆今晚喜欢被带去看戏。
The reporter would should
like to see you again. 那位记者还想
见见你。
We
don’t like talking about people behind their
backs.我们不喜
欢背后议论人。
hate to do sth
表示“真不想做某事,(但不得不做)”。如:
I hate to disturb you
now, but I have no choice. 我真不想现在打
扰你,但没有办法。
(2) forget to do sth.忘记去做某事(未做)
forget doing sth.忘记做过某事(已做)
例如:
The
light in the office is still on. She forgot to
turn it off. 办公室
的灯还在亮着。她忘记关了。(关灯的动作没做)
The light in the office is off. She turned it
off, but she forgot
turning it off.
办公室的灯没亮着。是她关的,但她忘记关过灯。(已关过
灯,她忘了)
她昨天又来还我二百元钱。她忘记上个月还我了。→She came to pay
back RMB 200 to me again yesterday. She forgot
having paid it back
to me last month.
(3)remember to do sth.记着去做某事
remember
doing sth. 记得做过某事
例如:
Do you remember
meeting me at a party last year?
你记得去年
一次宴会上见过我吗?(已见过面)
You must remember
to leave tomorrow。 你一定要记着明天离开。
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(还没离开)
(4)stop to do sth. 停下来去做另一件事
stop doing sth. 停止做某事
例如:
She
stopped to have a rest on a big rock by the side
of the path.
她停下来,在路边的一块大石头上休息。
As long
as you live, your heart never stops beating,
只要你活着,
你的心脏就永远不会停止跳动。
(5) regret to do
sth. 对尚未做的或正在做的事情表示遗憾;
regret doing sth.
对已做的事情表示后悔
例如:
I regret saying that.
我后悔说了那话。
I regret to tell you the following
truth. 我非常遗憾地告诉你下面
这个事实。
(6)try to do
sth努力去做某事
try doing sth.做某事试一试
例如:
You must try to do it again. 你必须想方设法再做一次。
Let’s try doing the work in some other way.
咱们用另一种方法
做这工作试试。
(7) mean to do sth.
打算、意欲做某事
mean doing sth.意味着做某事
例如:
If it means delaying more than a week, I’ll
not wait. 如果这意味
着拖延一个多星期,我就不等了。
I mean to
help you, and nothing else. 我想帮助你们,没别的。
我不是想伤害你,对不起。→I didn’t mean to hurt you. I’m
sorry.
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宣布台独就是对中国宣战。→Declaring Taiwan independent
means
declaring war on China.
(8) go on
to do sth.做了一件事又去做另一件
go on doing sth继续做原来的事情
例如:
After he finished his maths, he went
on to do his physics. 他作
完数学后,接着又做物理。
I
hope it won’t go on raining all day long.
我希望这雨别一天
下个没完。
C分词
分词有现在分词和过去分词两种。
作为谓语,现在分词和be
一起构成进行时;过去分词和be一起
构成被动语态,和have一起构成完成时。
例如:
I am reading a novel by Maupassant.
我正在看一本莫泊桑写的小
说。(现在分词和be 一起表示主语正在进行的动作。)
Mr. Robinson has drunk five glasses of wine
already. 鲁宾逊先生
已经喝了五杯酒了。(过去分词和have
一起表示主语已经完成的动作。)
The gold fish bowl was broken
by Xiao Tao just now. 金鱼缸刚才
被小陶打破了。(过去分词和be
一起表示主语是动作的承受者。)
作为非谓语形式,分词可用作形容词和副词,在句子中充当定语、表
语、补语和状语。但它仍保持动词的一般特征,可以有自己的宾语和状语。
分词和自己的宾语、
状语构成分词短语。
现在分词有一般式和完成式。它的一般式表示和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生的行为或存在的状态;它的完成式(having +
过去分词)表
示在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生的动作或存在的状态。
现在分词有主动语态和被动语态(being + 过去分词)。
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过去分词只有一般式,表示在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发
生的动
作。过去分词(及物动词)本身可以表示被动的含义,因而没有别的被动
形式。
例如:
Having failed three times, he didn’t
want to try again. (=As he
had failed three
times, he didn’t want to try again.)
他失败了三次,
不想再干了。(having failed 表示发生在前的动作)
Walking along the sands, Crusoe saw in the
sand the mark of a
man’s foot. (=While he was
walking along the sands, Crusoe…)
克
鲁索沿着沙滩走的时候,看见沙上有人的脚印。(walking 表示同时发生的
动作)
The question being discussed seems important.
(=The question
is being discussed. It seems
important.) 正在讨论的问题似乎很重要。
The old days are
gone. 旧时代一去不复返了。(gone 表示完成的状
态)
I had my
hair cut yesterday. 我昨天理发了。(cut
是及物动词的过
去分词,表示“被人理发”。)
分词的否定形式是在分词短语前面加上not, never等否定词构成。
例如:
Not fearing the fire, the child touched and
got a finger burnt. 小
孩儿不知道怕火,用手去摸,把手指烫了。
Not knowing how to find the subway, I asked a
policeman for
help. 我不知道怎样找到地铁,就去找警察帮忙。
(一)现在分词和过去分词的区别
(1)在语态上现在分词表示主动的意思,表示它所修饰
的人或物的行
为;及物动词的过去分词表示被动的意思,表示它所修饰的人或物是动作
的承受者
。换言之,现在分词是它修饰的成分所作出的动作,过去分词是
54
它修饰的成分所承受的动作。
例如:
convincing facts
有说服力的事实 convinced audience 被说服了
的听众
the
exploiting class 剥削阶级 the exploited class被剥削阶级
a frightening dog一条让人害怕的狗 a frightened
dog一条被吓
坏了的狗
driving gears主动齿轮 driven
gears从动齿轮
(2)在时间上,现在分词往往表示动作正在进行,过去分词表示动作
已完成。
例如:
the rising sun (正在升起的太阳) the risen
sun(升起的太阳)
the falling rain(正在下的雨) the fallen
leaves(落下的树叶)
stolen money(被盗的钱偷来的钱)ill-
gotten wealth(不义之财)
a high-flying kite(高飞的风筝)
再看一些例子:
boiling water 沸腾的水boiled water
开水developing countries
发展中国家developed
countries 发达国家an exciting story 令人激动
的故事
excited people 激动的人们
(2)在时间上,现在分词往往表示动作正在进行,过去分词表示动作
已完成。
再看一些例子:
surprising news令人惊讶的消息a surprised
man受惊吓的人an
inspiring leader具有号召力的领袖the
inspired soldiers受到鼓舞的士
兵a delighted
speech令人高兴的演说the delighted audience(感到)
高兴的听众a
moving film动人的电影the moved children受到感到的
孩子们a
box containing tea装茶叶的盒子the tea contained in a
box
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装在盒里的茶叶 falling
snow正在下的雪fallen snow box落在地上的雪
(3)做表语时的不同。现在分
词做表语表示主语所具有的特征,意思
是“令人如何”。过去分词多表示主语所处的状态,意思是“感到
如何”。
例如:
His lecture is disappointing。I’m
disappointed。他的演讲令人失
望。我感到失望。
We are
surprised to hear the news。The news is
surprising。我
们听到那消息吃了一惊。那消息令人吃惊。
The
situation is encouraging。 We’re
encouraged。形式使人鼓
舞。我们感到鼓舞。
常用的还有:amusingam
used,astonishingastonished,
disappointingdisapp
ointed
frighteningfrightened,
,excitingexcit
ed
interested
,
,interesting
movingmoved, relaxingrelaxed,satisfyingsatisf
ied,
shockingshocked,surprisingsurprised,terrif
yingterrified,
tiringtired,worryingworried等等。
(4)做状语的区别,分词短语在句中可做时间、原因、方式、伴随状
语。现在分词的动作和谓
语动作同时或几乎同时发生、意思是主动的。而
过去分词的动作在谓语动作之前发生、意思是被动的。
例如:
Seeing nobody at home,she decided to
leave them a note。看
到没人在家,她决定给他们留个条。(主动意义,几乎同时)
The secretary worked late into the
night,preparing a speech for
the
president。秘书工作到晚上很晚,给总统准备一篇演说。(主动意义,
同时)
Tired of the noise,he closed the
window。对噪音感到厌烦,所以
他把窗户关上。(被动意义,在谓语之前)
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Deeply moved,she thanked me
again and again。她深深地受了
感动,再三谢我。(被动意义,在谓语之前)
Persuade by my mother,she gladly went there
alone。在我母亲
劝说下,她才高兴地独自去那里。(被动意义,在谓语之前)
如果现在分词的动作在谓语动作之前发生,现在分词要用完成形式,
但意思仍然是主动的。
例如:
Having watered the vegetables,they
began to pick up the
Apples。=After they had
watered the vegetables,they began to pick
up
the apples。他们浇完了蔬菜之后就开始摘苹果。
Having finished
the work,he packed his tools and
left。完工后,
他收拾起工具走了。
分词做状语时,前面可用连词或介词。
例如:
After eating my dinner quickly,I went
to see Jim off。我赶快吃
过晚饭就去给吉姆送行。
Though
built before the Second World War,the engine is
still in
good
condition。尽管是在二战以前建的,这引擎仍然处于良好状态。
Unless
paying by credit card,please pay in
cash。如果不用信用
卡付款,请用现金付。
Tom will never do
this unless compelled。汤姆永远也不会干这种
事,除非被逼无奈。
She’s been quite different since coming back
from America。
从美国回来后,她大变了。
(二)用法
1.作定
语。作定语的分词通常放在被修饰的名词之前。如果被修饰的
词是something,anythin
g,everything,nothing等,则分词放在这些
57
词之后。分词短语通常放在被修饰的名词之后。
例如:
This is an
interesting book。(=This is a book。It is
interesting。)
这是一本有趣的书。
There is something
interesting in the news。(=There is
something
in the news。 It is interesting。)消息中有些有趣的事。
The man sitting by the window is our math
teacher。(=The man
who is sitting by the window
is our math teacher。)靠窗户坐着的那个
人是我们的数学老师
The machine run by the old worker is made in
Shanghai。(=The
machine that is run by the old
worker is made in Shanghai。)那位老
工人开的机器是上海造的。
Most of students singing were girls。(=Most of
the students who
were singing…)唱歌的学生多数是女生。
Many of the villagers questioned refused to
answer。(=Many of
the villagers who were
questioned…)被问的许多村里人都拒绝。
注意:(1)分词作定语与动名词作定语的区别:
分词和它所修饰的名词有逻辑上的主、谓
关系。动名词则没有这种关
系,而表示它所修饰的词的用途或有关动作。
现在分词
A sleeping child(a child who
is
sleeping)正在睡觉的孩子
A flying bird(a bird that is
flying)飞鸟
A swimming girl(a girl who
is swimming)游泳的女孩
动名词
A sleeping
car(a car for
sleeping)卧车
A flying
course(a course for
flying)飞行课程
A
swimming pool(a pool
for swimming)游泳池
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The running water(the water
that is running)流水
读。
The running
track(the track
for running)跑道
现在分词和它所修饰的
名词都要重读,动名词所修饰的名词则不必重
(2)现在分词作定语时,它表示动作正在进行或与谓语动
词所表示的
动作同时发生(或差不多同时发生)。
例如:
Who is
the boy dancing over there?在那儿跳舞的少年是谁呀?
The
girls swimming in the sea were in danger。
在海里游泳的姑
娘们有危险。
如果两个动作在时间上有先后,一般不能用现在分词作定语,而往往
用主从复合句结构。
例如:
The man who has gone to Shanghai will
be back again。到上海
去的那个人会回来的。
The teacher
wants to talk to the students who smashed the
windows。老师要找打破了窗子的那个学生谈话。
(3)be的现在分词being
不能用作定语(可用作状语或被动语态中的
助动词)。表示这种概念时,也用主从复合句结构。
例如:
He has a brother who is a
worker。他有一个当工人的兄弟。
2、作状语。分词和分词短语作状语时,可以表示时间、原
因、行为方
式等意义。表示时间和原因的分词短语相当于对应的状语从句。
例如:
Seeing the teacher entering the room,the
students stood up。
(=When the students saw the
teacher entering the room,They stood
up。)学生们看见老师走进房间,都站了起来。 (时间)
59
Heated,the Metal expands。
(=The metal expands if when it is
heated。)金属受热而膨胀。(条件、时间)
Being excited,I
couldn’t go to sleep。(=As I was excited ,I
couldn’t go to sleep。)我兴奋得睡不着觉。(原因)
Being
a student,he was interested in sports。(=As he was
a
student,he was interested in sports。)
他是个学生,所以对体育运动感兴趣。(原因)
Inspired by ’s
speech,Li Hua and his classmates decided
to
study physics harder。(=As they were inspired by ’s
speech,Li Hua and his classmates decided to
study physics
harder。)
李华和他的同学们受到杨博士讲话的鼓舞,决定更加努力学习物理。 (原因)
The children went away laughing。=The children
went away。
They laughed as they
went。孩子们笑着走开了。(行为方式)
The professor stood
there,surrounded by many students。(=The
professor stood there。He was surrounded by
many students。)教授
站在那里,许多学生围着他。(行为方式)
While reading the newspaper,father nodded from
time to time。
(=While he was reading the
newspaper,father nodded from time to
time。)看报时
,父亲不时地点头。(时间)(分词前,可加表示时间的连词
while或when。)
3、作宾语补足语。
例如:
Can you get the
machine going again?你能使机器再动起来吗?
You should
have your hair cut。你该理发了。
I saw him coming
last night。我昨天晚上看见他来了。
4、作表语。
例如:
60
The film is very
moving。这部影片很感人。
Your homework is well
done。你的作业做得好。
The visitors looked
surprised.参观者看上去很惊讶。
The boys were seen
walking on the grass。有人看见孩子们在草地
上散步。
5、作句子独立成分(分词有自己的逻辑主语时,称为独立主格结构。)
例如:
Flags flying,the army men marched in the
streets。旗帜飘扬,
军队在街上行进。
All his ribs
broken,he lay half dead。他的肋骨全部折断,半死不
活地躺着。
分词(短语)作状语时,其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语一致。如果不一致,
必须用独立主格结构来表示
,也就是在分词前面加上它的逻辑主语。
My wife had a long talk
with Sally, explaining why she didn’t
want the
children to play together我妻子与莎莉谈了很长时间,解释她
为什么不想
让孩子们在一起玩。(现在分词explaining是句子主语my
wife
做的动作,它们之间是主动关系)
Given more
attention,the trees could have grown better。如果
对这些树多关心一些,它们本来会长得更好。(过去分词given表示的动作
是句子主语the
trees承受的动作,它们之间是被动关系)
We explored the
caves,Peter acting as guide。我们到那山洞探险,
彼得做向导。
(独立主格)
The train having gone,we had to wait
another day。分词短语做
状语时,前面可以加上连词或介词,但是分词短语和句子之间不能
用并列
连词(如but,and),因为并列连词接的是两个并列成分,而分词短语只是
全句的
一个状语部分。分词和主句之间可用逗号。
例如:
61
误:Having been told many times,but he still
couldn’t
understand it。
正:He was told
many times, but he still couldn’t understand it。
注意:(1)分词作状语时,逻辑主语即句子的主语;否则要用从句或独
立主格结构来表示。
例如:
Looking out of the window,I saw lots
of people there。(=When
I looked out of the
window,I saw lots of people there。)
我往窗外一看,看见那儿有许多人。 (looking out of the
window的
逻辑主语,就是句子的主语I。)
(2)在see,hear,watch
,notice等动词后,用动词不定式作宾语
补语,通常表示(强调)动作从开始到结束的全过程。如
果用现在分词作宾语
补语,则通常表示动作正在进行。
例如:
We sat
two hours and watched the teacher make the
experiment。我们坐了两个小时,看老师做实验。(两小时一直在看老师做
实验)
We passed by the classroom and saw the teacher
making the
experiment。我们走过教室,看见老师在做实验。(只是在走过教宰
的一刹
那间,看见老师正存做实验)
I saw him enter the
room, unlock a drawer, take out a document,
photograph it and put it back。我看见他走进房间,打开抽屉,拿出
一
份文件,拍了照又放回去(表示一个接一个的一系列动作的全过程时,用动
词不定式。
I noticed them sitting in the corner and
talking about
something
secret。我注意到他们坐在角落里在谈论什么秘密事儿。
(表
示几个同时正在进行的动作,用现在分词)
62
(3)在“have+宾语+分词”的结构中,用现在分词或过去分词表示
的意义不同。在“h
ave+宾语+现在分词”的结构中,现在分词所表示的动
作往往是主体让(叫、使、听任、允许)客体
做的,或使客体保持或处于某种
状态。
例如:
He had the
fire burning day and night。他让火日夜燃烧着。
Father
had me swimming the whole summer
vacation。父亲让我
整个署假天天游泳。
在“have(get)+宾语+过去分
词”的结构中,过去分词所表示的动作
往往是别人做的或与主体的意志无关。
例如:
Mary had her dress
washed。玛丽叫别人洗了她的衣服。(衣服是被
洗)
had his legs
broken。他的腿骨折断了。(表示与主体意志无关的客观
遭遇)
I had my
watch stolen yesterday。昨天我的表被人偷了。(表是被偷)
They
had Jack beaten。他们叫人打了杰克。(Jack是被打)
(4)分词作表语时,
现在分词有“主动”、“进行”、“使”等意义;过
去分词有“被动”、“完成”“受”、“感到…”等
意义。
例如:
The story is
interesting。这个故事很有意思。(故事使人感兴趣)
He is
interested in dancing。他对舞蹈感兴趣。
(5)谓语动词的现在进行时和作
表语的现在分词形式相同;被动语态
动词谓语和作表语的过去分词形式相同,但两者的意思不一样。
试比较:
They are moving their bed.他们正在搬床。
(are moving是谓语,
表示主体的动作)
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The story is very moving.这个故事很感人。
(moving是表语,表示
主体的特征)
Her homework was done
by her sister.她的作业是她姐姐做
的。 (was done是谓语动词被动语态)
Her homework is well done.她的作业做得很好。( done是表语)
(6)generally speaking(一般地说),roughly
speaking(粗略地
说),strictly
speaking(严格地说)等现在分词结构都是习惯用语,在句
子中作插入语。
例如:
Generally speaking,a footballer of 20 is
better than one of 40。
一般地说,二十岁的足球队员比四十岁的强。
(7)分词短语的逻辑主语就是句子的主语,而独立结构的逻辑主语和
句子的主语是不同的。
例如:
The last bus having gone,we had to
walk home.
末班公共汽车已开走了,我们只好走路回家。
(三)分词的时态和语态
过去分词可以表示“被动”和“完成”等意义,因此没有时态和语
态
方面的形式变化。下面谈一下现在分词的时态和语态。
1.现在分词的完成式(havi
ng+过去分词)表示的动作发生在谓语动词
所表示的动作之前或两个动作在时间上有一定的间隔。
例如:
Having written the letter,John went
to the post office.
(=After he had written
the letter,John went to the post office.
约翰写完信后,就去邮局了。
Having lived in Beijing for
years,Lao Wang knows the city quite
well.
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(=As he has lived in
Beijing for years,Lao Wang knows the city
quite well.)
老王在北京住了多年,所以对这个城市很熟悉。
Having drunk two glasses of water, Xiao Ma
felt a little better.
(=After he had drunk
two glasses of water Xiao Ma felt a little
better.)
小马喝了两杯水,感觉好一些了
一般式和完成式现在分词都
可以表示先后接连发生的动作。在可能引
起误解的场合应该用完成式现在分词表示先发生的动作。
例如:
Opening the drawer,he took out his
wallet.
(=He opened the drawer and took out
his wallet.)
他打开抽屉,拿出钱包。
Coming into the
room,he put down his bag.
(=he came into the
room and put down his bag.)
他走进房间,放下提包。
Having brushed his teeth,Mr. Brown came
downstairs for
breakfast.
布朗先生刷过牙,就下楼来吃早饭。
(此句如写成:Brushing his
teeth, Mr. Brown came downstairs for
breakfast.可能指“边刷牙,边下楼’。)
2.现在分词的被动语态(being +过去分词)通常表示“正在被…”的意
思。如强调现
在分词表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前时,可
用现在分词被动语态的完成式(having
+ been +过去分词)。
例如:
The bridge being
built will be completed next
month.正在修建的
那座桥将于下月完成。
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Having been kept out of the room about half an
hour for his
returning late,Tom was let
in.汤姆回来晚了,所以被关在门外半小时左
右才让他进去。
五、独立主格结构
独立主格结构由名词或代词加上其他成分(分词、不定式、名词、代词、
形容词、副词或介词短语)构
成。
独立主格结构没有主语和谓语,所以在语法上不是句子。但多有名词
或代词表示的逻辑
主语,分词或不定式表示的逻辑谓语,有时还有其他修
饰成分。(判断一个结构是否是句子的标准就是看
看这个结构是否有谓语动
词。)这种结构通常在句子中起方式、时间、原因、条件等状语或状语从句的作用,主要用于书面语。使用动词非谓语形式的独立主格结构可以改为
句子形式(从句):独立主
格结构加上连词,非谓语动词改为谓语动词形式,
这样就成为从句了。
例如:
Today being Sunday, the library isn' t
open.今天星期天,图书馆
不开放。
(原因)改为从句:
As
(Since) today is Sunday, the library isn' t open.
例如:
There being no buses,we had to take a
taxi. 没有汽车了,我们
只好坐出租车了。
Because there were
no buses, we had to take a taxi.
The signal
given,the bus started.信号发出后,公共汽车就启动了。
(时间)改为从句:
After the signal was given, the
bus started.
The boy followed that man
here,and climbed in,sword in
hand.
少年跟那个人到这里,并爬了进来,手里拿着剑。
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The boy followed that man
here,and climbed in,and had a
sword in his
hand.
The mid-term examination is over, the
end-of-term examination
to come two months
later.期中考试结束了,两个月之后进行期末考试.
The mid-term
examination is over, and the end-of-term
examination is to come two months later.
Weather permitting, we' 11 visit the Great
Wall.如果天气允许的
话,我们就去参观长城。
If weather
permits, we' 11 visit the Great Wall.
The boy
followed that man here, and climbed in, sword in
hand.
少年跟那个人到这里,并爬了进来,手里拿着剑。(伴随状语)
上文例句中sword in hand是由“名词+介词短语”构成,表示伴随
的情况。这种
表示伴随情的独立主格结构,有时可以用with
引出,二者的意思是一样的,with结构更加口语话,更加常用。
She left
the office with tears in her
eyes.她眼里含着泪水,离开了
办公室。
The teacher walked
into the classroom, with a ruler under his
arm
and some books in his
hand.老师胳膊底下挟着一把尺子,手里拿着
几本书,走进了教室。
The
teacher walked into the classroom. He was holding
a ruler
under his arm and some books in his
hand.
Tian' anmen Square looks magnificent
with all the lights on.华
灯齐放,天安门广场显得美丽动人。
With the boy leading the way, we found his
house with no
difficulty.由这孩子领路,我们毫不费劲地找到他的家。
With him to give us a lead, our team is bound
to turn out well.
有他给我们带头,我们对一定能搞好。
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1、指出下列句子中的独立主格结构:
1) My
work having been finished, I went home.
---My
work having been finished
2)The woman sat
smiling, surrounded by her flowers, a faraway
look in her eyes.
---A faraway look
in her eyes
3) My watch having been lost, I
didn' t know what time it was.
---My
watch having been lost
4) He came into the
room, his face red with cold.
--- his
face red with cold
5) There an elderly
patient was sitting in her wheelchair alone,
head bowed, her back to most of the others.
--- Head bowed. her back to mast of the
others
6) A man came in, his face hidden by
an upturned coat collar
and a cap pulled law
over his brow.
--- His face hidden by
an upturned…….
2、 用独立主格结构改正下列句子:
1)
Being cold, he put on his overcoat.
---It
being cold, …
2) Being no bus, we had to walk
home.
--- There being no bus, ...
3)
Getting colder, same birds are flying away to the
south.
--- It getting colder, ...
4)
Being ill, Mr. Li taught the lesson in place of
Mr. Wang.
--- Mr. Wang being ill, Mr. Li
taught..
5) Asia is the largest continent,
being about 43 million square
kilometer.
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---…,its size (area)
being about 43….
3、 用独立主格结构将括号内的汉语译成英语填空:
1)Bing Bing entered the room, _____
(手里拿着一个大苹果).
---- (with) a big apple in his
hand.
2) _____(下课了),the children ran out of
the class room.
---The class
being over
3) The little girl waited at the
bus stop for a long time, _____(鼻
子冻得通红).
---her nose red with cold
4) Here comes the
Shanghai train, _____ (从福州来的火车)
---the Fuzhou train to come half an hour later.
5) He was doing his homework._____ (他的父亲坐在旁边)
6) ____(谁也没有什么可说的), the meeting was closed.
-----Nobody having any more to
say.
六、一致关系
英语的一致有三种:主谓一致,代词一致,肯定与否定一致
(一)主语与谓语的一致
英语语法要求,主语如果是单数,谓语动词也要用单数形式;主语
若是
复数,谓语动词也要用复数形式
例如:
She likes to
eat well.她好吃
We all like good food.我们都喜欢好饭菜。
Everybody was happy with the decision.
人人都对这个决定感到
高兴。
I am a doctor.我是个医生。
(二)概念一致
1. And连接的两个或多个单数名词作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式
69
His opinion and mine
are different他的观点和我的是不同的。
Bob and Peter are
deadly rivals. Bob和peter是死对头。
What she says
and what she does are totally different.
她说的和
做的完全不同。
但是如果and连接的是指一个单一概念时,谓语动词用单数。
Bread and milk has been my breakfast for
years. 牛奶面包多年来
一直是我的早餐。
Her lawyer and old
friend is going to marry her.她的律师和老朋友
要娶她。
All this effort and sacrifice has come to
nothing. 所有这些努力和
牺牲都白费了。
由and连接的单数主语分别有many a,ever
y,each,no修饰时,
动词用单数。
如:During the
holidays, every train and every plane was
crowded.假期期间每列火车及每架飞机都非常拥挤。
No boy and no
girl has the right to refuse education.
男孩和女孩
都没有拒绝教育的权利。
Man a man and man a
woman was moved b this picture。许多男
男女女都被这幅画感动。
2.如果主语是一个抽象概念(如不定式、动名词、主语从句等)谓语动词
用单数形式。如果主
语是用and连接的两个或多个抽象概念,谓语动词用
复数形式。
如:Swimming
jogging and cycling are all goad farms of sports
exercises.游泳、慢跑和骑自行车都是很好的运动形式。
To live to
eat is not a very goad attitude toward life.
活着就是为
了吃不是好的生活态度。
To live to eat and to
eat to live are very different attitudes
70
toward life.
以what,who,why,haw, whether等wh一词引起的从句做主语
时,谓
语动词通常用单数;由and连接的两个主句如果指两件事,动词用复
数。
例如:What
he is doing is not clear yet他在干什么还不清楚
What he
is doing and whether I know him are two different
things.他在干什么和我是否认识他是两件不同的事。
What she told
me is none of your business. 她和我说的什么用不
着你管。
What she told me and what she told you are
totally different
things.
以what从句为主语的“主一系
一表SVC句型中,如果主句的表语是
复数,主句谓语动词用复数形式;what从句本身是复数意义,
主句谓语动词
也可用复数。
如:What I need buy now are
four tea cups and a pair of sports
shoes.
我需要买的是四只茶杯和一双运动鞋。
What were thought to be
five dogs were actually five sheep.
被认为是五条狗的东西实际上是五只羊。
3.集体名词family,class,crew(全体船员或机组人员),crowd,
group, committee, audience, government,
public, team, staff,
population等做主语时,若作为一个整体看待,后面谓语动词用单数;
如
就其中每一个成员来考虑时,则用复数。
例如: My family is a
big one.我家人多。
My family are all music lovers.
我全家人都爱好音乐。
Eighty percent of China' s
population are peasants. 百分之八十
的中国人口是农民。
71
China has a huge
population. 中国有众多的人口。
The population of
China is the largest in the world.
中国的人
口是世界上最多的。
People, police, cattle,(牛),
militia(民兵),poultry(家禽),vermin(害
出)等作主语时,后面的动词要
用复数。
4.不定代词either,neither,ever y,each,one,the
other, another
以及所有的复合不定代词作主语时,谓语动词只用单数,包括
“
everyeachno……and everyeachno……”作主语时。
如:EveryEach plane and everyeach pilot is ready to
take off.
每架飞机和每个飞行员都已准备好起飞。
No plane
and no pilot is ready to take off.
没有一架飞机、没有一个飞行员已准备好起飞。
Here are two books.
Either of them is worth reading.
这有两本书,都值得一读。
Neither of these two dictionaries contains
this ward.
这两本词典都没收入这个字
Everyone is
here. No one is absent. 大家都到了,没有人缺席。
Somebody
is using the phone. 有人在用电话。
I have two
sisters. One is here, and the other is not here.
我有两个姐妹,一个在这儿,一个不在这儿。
Each day is better
than the one before. 一天比一天好。
Either day is
OK. 两天中哪一天都行。
5. what,who,which,any,mare,some
,half,mast,all,
none.等代词可以是单数,也可以是复数,主要靠意思决定。但指
不可数名
词时作单数看待。
6.表示时间、重量、长度、价值等的单位名词,尽管是复数形式
,如
果作整体看待,动词都用单数形式。如果看作组成该数量的一个一个的个
72
体,则动词用复数。
如:Twenty miles
is a long way to walk. 走二十英里可是很长的一
段路。
Ten years is a long time。十年很长。
Eight
minutes is enough. 八分钟够了。
Twelve
dollars is too dear. 十二美圆太贵了。
There
are six silver dollars in each of the stacking.
每只袜子
里有六个一美元的银币。
7.
“the+形容词”表示一类人时,谓语动词用复数。表示抽象概念或
指个别事物时谓语动词用单数。
如:The old are well taken care of. 老人得到很好的照顾。
The beautiful is laved by all. 人人都爱美。
8. 如果主语由名
词”组成,不管名词是单数还是复数,动词通常用单数。
如:This kind of man annoys me. =This kind of
men annoys me.
这种人让我烦。
This kind
of apple is very expensive. = This kind of apples
is…这种苹果很贵。
类似的还有:a portion of(一部分),a
series of(一系列),a pile of(一
堆),a panel of
(一个小组委员会),
如:A series of accidents has
happened here. 这里发生过一系列
事故。
9.
Means作“方法、手段”讲时,单复数同形,其前面有each, every,
neither, either,等单数a念的定语时,谓语动词用单数;若有all,
both,
these等复数概念的定语时谓语动词用复数。
“None of the
means”作主语时,谓语动词通常用单数。
如:There isare no means
of learning what is happening. 没法
73
知道正在发生什么事。
No means
is are left untried. 没有没试过的方法了。
Every means
is to an end. 每一种手段都能达到一种目的。
A bicycle is a
means of transport. 自行车是一种交通手段。
All possible
means haveEvery possible means has been
tried.
所有的方法都试过了。
(三)就近一致
1.当主语由either...... or. neither...... nor , not
only ...... but(also)
或or连接时,谓语动词通常和最临近的那个主语一致。
例如:Either
you or he is to do the work. 不是你就是他来做这
件事。
Not only you but also Tom often
comes late to class. 不光
是你,汤姆上课也迟到。
Neither the children nor the teacher knows
anything
about it.
孩子们和老师都不知道这件事。
2.当there be结构后面有并列主语时,谓语也和最临近的那个一致。
如:There is a dictionary and many books on the
table.
桌子上有一本词典和许多本书。
There' re
ten chairs and a table in the house.
屋子里有十把椅子和一张桌子。
Here is a pen, a few
envelopes and same paper far you.
这儿有一支笔,几个信封和一些纸给你。
这种就近一致的情况在非正式文体中越来越普遍。但在下列情况不提
倡模访。
如:Where is your mother and sisters?
你妈妈和你姐妹到哪儿去了?
74
Is
your sister and her husband coming to see you?
你姐姐和姐夫要来看你吗?
One in ten are
expected to take part in the contest.
预计每十个人就有一个要来参加这次比赛。
3.做主语的名词或代词后接with,together with,along with,as
well
as等短语时,谓语动词一般和前面名词或代词一致。这些短语前后可
用可不用逗号。
如:A woman with a baby is coming to the
hospital
一个妇女抱着个婴儿正向医院走来。
The
girl, as well as the bays , has learned to drive a
car.
这个姑娘和那些那孩子一样也学会了开汽车。
(四)代词一致
代词一致是指句子中代词应在数、性、人称等方面彼此保持一致,
如:One must
do one' s best to increase production.
Everybody talked at the tap of histheir voice.
If anyone calls, tell him I' 11 be back in a
moment. (him也可用
him or her代替)
在写作中,如果表示不定的人,可以用you, we,
one等,需要注意的
是:同一篇文章中,只用同一个不定代词,而且所有格要与其一致。
(五)肯定与否定一致
下列形容词、副词、代词从肯定句变成否定句时,须作相应的变化:
肯定句
We've had some money.
I was
talking to someone
They sometimes visit us.
否定句
We haven't had any money.
I
wasn't talking to anyone.
They rarely (never,
seldom)
visit us.
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He has arrived already.
Li is coming too.
Both of us are going.
He likes both of
them.
He hasn't arrived yet.
Li isn't
coming either.
Neither of us are going.
He doesn't like either of
them.
注意:“soneither+助动词情态动词+名词代词”结构中须用倒装语
序,
如:My wife likes classical music very much and
so do.
She doesn' t like jazz and neither
do.
七、定语从句
所谓从句,就是一个主谓结构相当于整个句子(这样的
句子叫复合句)
的一个成分,因此,从句不能单独使用。在复合句中修饰名词或代词、作
定语的
句子叫定语从句。定语从句是中国人学英语最重要的难点之一。
其实定语从句很有规律,总结如下:
在关系代词中that既可指人又可指
物、既可作主语又可作宾语,因此,除了在非限定性定语从句中,
用that
一般不会出问题。
关系副词的用法比较单一,它们从句中只起状语的作用,表示
时间的
就用who门,表示地点的就用where,而why只修饰一个词,即reason。
定语从句所修饰的词叫“先行词”,因为它总是处在定语从句的前头,
比定语从句先行一步。
引导定语从句的词叫关系词,包括关系代词和关系副词。
关系代词:
who,which,that作从句的主语
whom,which,that作从句的宾语(可省略)
whose从句中作定语
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以下情况只能用that,不能用which:
i.
先行词为不定代词all, little, none,any,
every,no,much,
anything, nothing
ii.
先行词有最高级和序数词修饰时(包括:
the only, the very, the
same, the last, the next等)
iii. 先行词既有人又有物的时候
以下情况只能用which,不能用that;
①
引导非限制性定语从句(包括代表整个主句的意思时)
② 介词+关系代词的结构中
关系副词:
when指时间,在定语从句中作时间状语
where指地点,在定语从句中作地点状语
why指原因,在定语从句中作原因状语,只修饰reason。
如果用定语从句把两个句
子合二为一:首先找出两个句子当中相同的部
分,定语从句修饰的就是这一部分。要把其中一个句子变成
定语从句,就
要把这句中相同的那个部分用一个关系词来代替;代替时,先看被代替的部
分是指
人还是指物、再看它作什么句成分。指人并作主语的,就用who。
或that;指人并作宾语的,就用
whom或that;指人并作定语的,就用whose。
指物并作主语的,就用which或that
认指物并作宾语的,还是用which
或that认是物并作定语的,就用whose或of whic
h。这样找好并替换以
后,再把这个关系代词放到要变成定语从句的那个句子的最前面(被代替的
部分不能再保留,其它的词语一律不变),这个句子就变成了定语从句。然
后,再把这个定语从句整个
放在被修饰的词后面,最后,如果还有其它句
子成分,就把它们放到定语从句的后面,就行了。
例如:
Have you found the book? You were
looking for the book
yesterday.
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在这两个句子中,the
book是相同的,定语从句修饰的就是the
book。
把后面这一句变成定语从句,找个关系词来代替the
book;在将要被变成
定语从句的名子中,the
book是物并作宾语,所以用which或that代替
它。
然后把which或that
放到本句的最前面,其它的词和语序一律不变。
这时,就成了”,再把这个
定语从句整个放在被
修饰的词后面,就成了“have you found the book
thatwhich
you were looking for yesterday?”定语从句就完成了,主句
是问句
,所以句末用问号。thatwhich代替的是原句中的宾语,原句变成
了从句,它们仍然作从句的宾
语。关系代词在从句中作宾语时可以省略,
因此上句又可变成“have you found the
book you were looking for
yesterday?”.
关系副词与此同理。只是关系副词代替的是原句中的状语。在被代替
之前,这个状语中一定要含有一个与另一句相同的成分。
例如:This is the
house甲I was barn and brought up in the
house.
在这两个句子中,in the
house是句子里的地点状语,定语从句修饰的就
是the
house。把后面这一句变成定语从句。在将要被变成定语从句的句
子中,in the house
是地点状语,所以用where来代替它。然后再把where
放到本句的最前面,其它的词和语序来代
替它。然后再把where放到本句
的最前面,其它的词和语序一律不变。这时,就成了
bro
ught up。再把这个定语从句整个放在被修饰的词后面,就成了
the house where
I was barn and brought up.”,
定语从句就完成了,主句是陈述句,
所以句末用句号。Where代替的
是原句中的状语,原句变成了从句,它就作从句的状语。
(4) The hotel is an artistic building. We' ll
stay in it.
……The hotel where we' 11 stay is
an artistic building.
……The hotel (whichthat)
we' 11 stay in is an artistic building.
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……The hotel in which we' 11
stay is an artistic building.
(5) Perhaps
they' ve heard of the place. We went there for our
holidays last time.
……Perhaps they' re
heard of the place where we went for our
holidays last time.
定语从句
请大家照上面的例子,把下面变定语从句的步骤说出来(括号里的可
以省略):
(6)They’re redecorating the room. A conference
will be held
in the room.
→They’re
redecorating the room where a conference will be
held.
→They’re redecorating the room
(which that) a conference
will be held in.
→They’re redecorating the room in which a
conference will
be held.
那么,“介词+关系代词”是怎么回事呢?原来上面这个例句,还有一
种做法:This is
the house. I was born and brought up in the
house.
在这两个句子中,the house是相同的,定语从句修饰的就是the house
。
把后面这一句变成定语从句。在将要被变成定语从句的句子中,the house
表示物而
且是介词in的宾语,所以用关系代词which或that来代替。然
后把which或that放到
本句的最前面,其它的词和语序一律不变。这时,
后面这一句就成了 “whichthat I
was born and brought up
in”。再把
这个定语从句整个放在被修饰的词后面,就成了“This is the house
whichthat I was born and brought up
in”。定语从句就完成了,主句是
陈述句,所以句末用句号。
whichthat代替的是原句中的宾语,原句变成了从句,它们就作从
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句的宾语。关系代词在从句中作宾语时可以省略,因此上句又可变成“This
is the
house I was born and brought up in.”
但是,in可以提
到关系代词的前面,不过这时不能用that,而且不能
省略。所以上句又可变为“This is
the house in which I was born and
brought
up.”这就是“介词+关系代词”的来历。
定语从句又分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。
限定性定语从
句把它的先行词限定在特定的意义之内,对先行词起限定的作用、是先行
词必不可
少的修饰语,没有它,整个句子的意思就会受到影响、就不完整。
非限定性定语从句不对先行词起限定的
作用,不是先行词必不可少的修饰
语,只对先行词起补充说明的作用,没有它,整个句子的意思不会受到
影
响、仍然完整。非限定性定语从句相当于一个分句,翻译时也是把它当作
分句处理的。非限定
性定语从句和它的先行词之间要用逗号隔开;而限定
性定语从句和它的先行词之间不能用逗号隔开。非限
定性定语从句中除了
不用that以外,其它关系词都可使用,使用方法与限定性定语从句一样。
例如:The supermarket which was opened two months
ago is
now closed down.
两个月前开的那家超市现在已经倒闭了。(限定)
The
supermarket, which was opened two months ago, is
now
closed down.
那家超市现在已经倒闭了,那家超市两个月前开的。(非限定)
The
book(which) you’re reading is mine .
你正在读的那本书是我的。(限定)
The book, which you’re
reading, is mine.
那本书是我的,你正在读那本书。(非限定)
如果以上例子的差别不十分明显,再看下面的例句:
I’ve been to
London , which is a beautiful city。
我去过伦敦,那是个美丽的城市。
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Your father, whom I respect very much, is a kind
old man.
你父亲是个很和善的老头,我很尊重他。
Nanjing, where I lived for five years, is very hot
in summer.
南京夏天非常热,我在那里生活过五年。
在以
上三例当中,定语从句不就能是限定性的。若变成限定性定语
从句,其意就成了“我去过那个是座美丽的
城市的伦敦。你那个我很尊重
的父亲是个很和善的老头。我在那里生活过五年的南京夏天非常热。”言外
之意是还有别的伦敦、父亲和南京。
通过这几个例子我们可以看出,专用名词以及世界上独
一无二的东西
都不能有限定性定语从句。因为它们的意义本身已经非常清楚,不需要对
其进行限
定。另外,非限定性定语从句的先行词还可以是整个主句所表达
的意义。
如:He did
well in the physics exam, which surprised me.
他物理考得很好,这使我很吃惊。
(学地道的英语有两个重要的练习方法:parallel writing, and
reverse translation,即平行写作和逆翻译。所谓平行写作,就是模仿英语
的句子写类似的句子。而逆翻译就是先把英语译成汉语,或根据汉语的译
文,再把汉语翻译成英语,再
把英语译文同原文比较,分析差异。这两种
方法能避免汉语式英语。)
He did
well in the physics exam, which surprised me.
他物理考得很好,这使我很吃惊。
请把这句话逆翻译。有的同学会翻译为:He did well in the physics
exam, this surprised me.
这句话错在什么地方呢?错在句法。这句话有
两个主谓结构,是两个并列的分句,但没有连词(this
是代词),这就成了
串句。
再如:He’s very particular
about wording, which I am not.
他很咬文嚼字,而我不。
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I
said nothing, which made her angry.
我什么也没说,这使她很生气。
Tom didn’t go to the
show, which was a pity.
没去看演出,这很遗憾。
注意各个关系词的用法:
1.指人的关系代词:who, whom, whose,
that 的用法:
(1)作主语(who, that )
Those who
are going to play in the match are to meet at the
gate at 1:30 after lunch.
那些参加比赛的人午饭后1:30在大门口集合。
在本句中,先行词是those
;关系代词who引导定语从句,同时代
替先行词在从句中担任动词are going to
play 的主语。
The man whothat is talking with Mr.
Wang is a famous doctor.
正在和王先生说话的那个人是一个有名的医生。
在本句中,先行词是the
man;关系代词whothat引导定语从句,
同时代替先行词在从句中担任动词is
talking的主语。
这个复合句可以还原成两个句子:The man is a
famous doctor. He is
talking with Mr. Wang.
(2)作宾语包括作介词宾语(whom, that )。此种情况下的关系代
词可以省略;
This is just the man(whomthat) I want for the
job.这正是我要的
做这份工作的人。
在本句中,先行词是the
man;关系代词whomthat 引导定语从
句,同时代替先行词在从句中担任动词want
的宾语。
Is he the manager (whomthat) you are
looking for?
他是你在找的那位经理吗?
(3)当关系代词紧跟介词作介词宾语时,不能用that,也不能省略,
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如:The book from which I got a
lot of useful information was
written by a
famous scientist.
我从中得到许多有用信息的那本书是一位著名科学家写的。
Who is the boy with whom you were talking a
moment ago.
你刚才和他说话的那个男孩是谁?
I know the
young couple from whose house the music is
coming.
但是当介词放在从句末尾时,作为介词宾语的关系代词可以用that
并
且可以省略。
如上头两句可改为:
The book (that
which) I got a lot of information from was
written by a famous scientist.
Who is the
boy (thatwhom) you were talking with a moment
ago?
2.指物的关系代词which和that的用法:
(1)作主语
This is the instruction manual whichthat tells
you how to
operate the computer.
这是那本教你如何操作计算机的说明手册。
(2)作宾语包括作介词宾馆。此种情况下的关系代词可以省略:
The chair
(which that) you broke yesterday is now being
repaired.
你昨天弄坏的那把椅子现在正在修理。
The film
(whichthat) I saw last night was about a soldier
who
fought in WWII.
我昨天晚上看的那部电影是关于一个在二战中打过仗的士兵的。
(本句有两个定语从句。)
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This is the bike for
which I paid $$ 100.
这就是我花了100美元买的那辆自行车。
The car(whichthat)he went in was a black
Cadillac.
他坐在里面走了的那辆汽车是一辆黑色的卡迪拉克。
The
accounts of the company, (whichthat) I’ve been
paying
great attention to, are in balance.
我一直非常注意的公司账目,是保持平衡的。
3.whose 和of which
指代人或事物,作定语。of which 可用
whose 代替;
The car
whose lights (of which the lightsthe lights of
which)
were all broken was my father’s.
那辆所有的灯都破了的汽车是我父亲的。
例:His house of which
the windows (the windows of which
whose
windows) were all broken was a depressing sight.
他那所有窗户都坏了的房子真是目不忍睹。
That is the
book whose cover (of which the coverthe cover of
which ) was broken.
这就是那本封皮破了的书。
4.关系代词的格应与它在从句中充当的成分一致。特别要注意插入语,
如:Peter
is the one who everybody believes will fail to
bring off
the contract. Peter
是那个人人都认为不能完成合同的人。(everybody
believes 是插入语)
At the election I voted for the man whom I
believed to be the
most suitable.
在选举的时候我投了我认为最合适的那个人的票。
5.关系代词作从句的主语时,从句的动词必须和先行词的人称和数一
致:
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例:These are the operating
instructions thatwhich are written
in English
。
这就是用英文写成的使用说明。
Are you staying
at the white house whichthat is newly
completed and which that has 15 bedrooms, 3
kitchens and 4
toilets?
你是住在那幢刚刚竣工、有15个卧室、3个病房和4个卫生间的白色
房子里吗?
So far as I know, there are many VIPs who are
going to attend
the reception.
就我所知有很多达官贵人将出席这个招待会。
6.非限定性定语从句不用that,只用who(whose,
whom)和
which代表人和物;
例:Her brothers, both of
whom work in America, ring her up
every week。
她的兄弟们??两个人都在美国工作??每个星期都给她打电话。
The
buses, most of which were already full, were
surrounded
by an angry crowd,
那些公共汽车??大多已经坐满了人??被一群愤怒的人围着。
That tower
block, which cost five million dollars to build,
has
been empty for five years.
那个塔楼空着已经5年了。建它花了500万美元。
Cricket, which I
know very little about, is a very popular sport
in England。
板球是英格兰非常流行的体育活动,我对它知之甚少。
The accounts of the company ,which I’ve
been paying great
attention to, are in
balance.
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公司的账目是保持平衡的。我一直非常注意这些账目。
7.关系副词(=介词+关系代词):
关系副词
when(=at
which)
where(=in
at which)
why=(for
which)
地点名词
只有reason
地点状语
原因状语
时间名词 时间状语
非正式文体
中,有时用that代
替关系副词
on in
during
先行词
在从句中的作用
说明
例:I
shall never forget the day when (=on which) we
first met.
我永远也不会忘记我们第一次见面的那一天。
The rain came at a time when (=at which) it was
not needed.
雨下得不是时候。
This is the
computer where (=byon which) he has stolen
top-secret documents.
这就是他用来盗窃绝密文件的计算机。
Here is the place where
(=at which) the murder took place.
这就是谋杀发生的地方。
He didn’t give any reason why
(=for which) I had been fired.
他没给任何解雇我的理由
This is the house in which
(=where) my parents used to live.
这就是我父母以前住过的房子。
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注意事项:
(1)在非正式场合,
that有时可用来代替关系副词或相当于关系副
词的“介词+which”,而且经常全部省略,
如:In all the years that (=whenduring which) I
was at collage
在我读大学的那些年里
the
reason that(=whyfor which)he is not happy
他不高兴的理由
The direction(that)(=in which
)the heavenly bodies move
can’t be changed.
天体运行的方向是不可改变的。
He is unpopular
because people don’t like the offensive way
(that)(=in which) he talks.
他不受欢迎的原因是他说话的方式让人讨厌。
(2)是用关系代词还是用关系副词:
关
系词(包括关系代词和关系副词)是学习英语定语从句的关键。用
关系代词还是用关系副词,一要看关系
词在从句当中作什么成分;二要看
关系词所代表的是人、物、时间、地点还是原因;三要看所引导的是限
定
性定语从句还是非限定性定语从句。所以同样的先行词会有不同的关系词,
这是因为关系词在
从句当中担当的作用不同而决定的。
如:This is the room wherein
which we’ll celebrate the New
Year.
这是我们将要在里面庆贺新年的房间。(充当地点状语)
This is the
room(that which)we’ll celebrate the New Year in.
这是我们将要在里面庆贺新年的房间。(充当介词宾语,可省略。)
This
is the room which that will be used for the
celebration
of the New Year.
这是那个将要被用来庆贺新年的房间。(充当主语)
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This is the room (whichthat) we’ll use for
the New Year
dinner party.
这是我们将要用来举行新年晚宴的房间。(充当宾语,可省略。)
The reason
(that which) he had given was not sound enough.
他给的理由不够充分。(充当宾语,可省略)
The reason
whyfor which he had done that was not sound
enough.
他做那件事的理由不够充分。(充当原因状语)
This is the house where she lives.这是她住的房子。
【比较:This is the house (thatwhich) she has
bought. 这是她买
的房子。This is the house thatwhich
I’ve told you is extremely
expensive.这就是我和你说过极其昂贵的那幢房子。】
I met him
in the year when I was first in Xi’an.
我刚到西安的那年遇到了他。
That is the reason why he
did not come that morning.
那就是那天上午他没来的原因。
(3)定语从句中的时态。如果主句是一般将来时或过去将来时,从句
的动作与主句的同时发生
,那么该从句要用一般现在时表示一般将来时、
用一般过去时表示过去将来时。
例:Anyone whothat touches the wire will get an
electric shock.
任何碰这根电线的人将受到电击。(不用will
touch)
I would give her anything that she
asked for.
她要什么我就给她什么。(不用would ask)
The first person whothat opens the door will get a
shock.
第一个开门的人将被吓一跳。(不用will open)
There will be a special price for anybody who
orders a suit in
the next two weeks.
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任何人在下两周内定做套装都将享受优惠价格。(不用will order)
但是,如果从句和主句的动作在将来不同的时间发生,则两部分都要
用来将来时,
如:Those who will go abroad for training next
year will start
learning English tomorrow.
那些明年出国受训的人员,将从明天开始学习外语。
注:①先行词有最高级形容词修饰时,常用that,而不用which:
例:Edison was one of the greatest inventors
that ever lived.
爱迪生是曾经有过的最伟大的发明家之一。
This is the best film that I’ve ever seen.
这是我曾经看过的最好的电影。
She was the
greatest woman thatwho has ever lived.
她是曾经有过的最伟大的女人。
②先行词有the same, the very, the
first, the last, all, no, the only,
much,
little, none, any, every等时,常用that, 而不用which:
例:He was the first man that we saw in the
village.
他是我们在那个村子里看到的第一个人。
There is little that is interesting.
没什么令人感兴趣。
I still remember the first time
that we met.
我仍然记得我们第一次见面的时候。
I’ll do anything (that) I can to help you.
我将尽一切可能帮助你。
Everything that can be done has
been done.
能做的一切都做了。
God bless
this ship and all who sail in her.
愿上帝保佑此船和所有乘此船航行的人。
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All that I can say is thank you very much.
我能说的是(千言万语变成一句话):非常感谢你。
③当先行词既有人又有物时,用that,不用which,
如:We were
deeply impressed by the workers and their working
conditions that we had visited.
我们参观过的工人及他们的工作条件留下了深刻印象。
We listened to him
talk about the men and books that
interested
him。
我们听他谈论他感兴趣的人物和书籍。
④在same和such之后,定语从句用as引导,
如:Let’s discuss
only such questions as concern us.
让我们只讨论与我们有关的问题。
I’ve never heard such
stories as he tells.
我从来没听说过他讲的这种故事。
I shall be surprised if he does this in the
same way as I do.
如果他做这件事的方法和我一样,那就奇怪了。
She works in the same office as I do.
她和我在同一个办公室工作。
She wears the same kind
of clothes as her sister does.
她姐妹俩穿同样的衣服。
He’s wearing the same dress
as he wore at Mary’s wedding.
他穿着与他在Mary的婚礼上穿的一样的衣服。
This is the same watch
as I have lost.
这块表和我丢的那块一样。
I’ve never seen such kind of people as they are.
我从来没见过像他们这样的人。
I’ve never seen such
kind people as they are.
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我从来没见过象他们这样厚道的人。
I want the same
shirt as my friend’s.
我要一件跟我朋友一样的衬衫。
Such machines as are used in our workshop are
made in china.
我们车间使用的这种机器是中国制造的。
但是,如果从句和主句的动作在将来不同的时间发生,则两部分都要
用来将来时,
注:④在same和such之后,定语从句用as引导,
偶尔,the
same 后面也用that,
如:He’s wearing the same suit
that he wore at Mary’s wedding.
他穿着与他在Mary的婚礼上穿的一样的衣服。
She works in the
same office that I do.
她和我在同一个办公室工作。
This is the same watch that I have lost.
这块表和我丢的那块一样。
as 引导非限定性定语从句即可放在主句之前,也可
放在主句之后,用
来修饰整个句子。当as在从句中作主语时,后面常接下列句型。如:as is
known, as is said, as is reported as is
announced 等。
例如:As we all know, Mr. Wang is a
good teacher.
As is known to all, the
earth revolves round the sun.
He is
tired, as you can see.
As I expected,
he didn’t believe me.
As 引导非限定性定语从句时与which的区别
:当主句和从句语义一
致时,用as;反之,用which。
如:He made a
long speech, as was expected.
He made a long
speech, which was unexpected.
Tom drinks
a lot every day, which his wife doesn’t like at
all.
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(3)但是,如果从句和主句的动作在将来不同的时间发生,则两部分
都要用来将来时,
注:⑤在“介词+关系代词”的结构中,也可用复杂介词,如:by means
of
(用,依靠),as a result of (作为结果)等:
例:I have three
children, one daughter and two sons, all of
whom graduated from the same university .
我有三个孩子:一个女儿、两个儿子,他们都毕业于同一所大学。
The
police, in whom I have great confidence, are
trying to
find out who did it.
我对警察有极大的信心,他们正在努力寻找是谁做的这件事。
This is the part
of the river in which I like to swim.
(in
which=where)
我喜欢在这条河里面游泳,这就是(我喜欢游的)那个地方。
The man from whom you bought the house is
my uncle.
你从他那里买下房子的那个人是我叔叔。
This is
the desk by means of which he jumped over the
wall.
这就是他用来跳过墙去的那张桌子。
She was
running a fever, as a result of which she failed
in the
exam.
她当时正发烧,所以考试失败了。
He is the man from whose house the picture was
stolen.
他就是那个家里的画被偷了的人。
注:⑥一个先行词后面可以跟一个以上的定语从句,这种现象叫双重
关系从句:
例:Here are some words which are often used but
which are
very confusing.
这里有些常用但非常混乱的词。
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He
is the only person that I can find who is able to
solve the
problem.
他是我能找到的唯一解决这个问题的人。
八、名词性从句
在主从复合句中,从句可以充当主句的主语、表语、宾语或同位
语。
由于在多数情况下,主语、表语、宾语或同位语这四种句子成分由名词性
词类充当,所以,
我们把这些作用相当于名词的从句统称为名词性从句,
把充当主语、表语、宾语或同位语的从句分别称为
主语从句、表语从句、
宾语从句或同位语从句。也就是说充当什么成分就叫什么从句。名词性从
句由连接词(或关联词)引导。
常用的连接词有:
连接词
whether是否
that(本身无词义)
语
who,whom,whose
which哪一个
what什么,所…的
when什么时候,where什么地
方
how怎样,怎么,why为什么
语
除了起连接词作用外,还在从句
中作状语
语
在从句中分别作主语、宾语和定
在从句中分别作主语、宾语和定
作用
只起连接词作用,引导从句,在
从句中不作任何成分
在从句中分别作主语、宾语和定
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疑问词(who, whom, whose, what, which, where, why,
when,
how)可以引导主语、宾语和表语从句。
它们的特点是:1、疑问
词有本身的词义;2、疑问词在从句中担当
句子成分,如主语、宾语或状语;3、这种疑问词引导的从句
一律用陈述语
序,不能用疑问语序。
For example:
Do you know whom they are looking for?
你知道他们在找谁
吗?(宾语从句,陈述语序。不能是whom are they looking
for?)
I don’t know who did it.
我不知道这是谁干的。(宾语从句。在
从句中如果疑问词作主语,其陈述语序和疑问语序一致。)
She asked me where I had been.
她问我到哪儿去了。(宾语从句。
陈述语序,不能是where had I been.
直接引语,间接引语。注意这句话
的时态。)
Can you tell me when
the train will arrive?
你能告诉我火车什么时
候到吗?(宾语从句。陈述语序,不能是when will the
train arrive. 直接
引语,间接引语。)
I don’t
know why he hasn’t come yet.
我不知道他为什么还
没来。(宾语从句,陈述语序。不能是why hasn’t he come
yet.)
He didn’t tell me what you were
doing. 他没和我说你在干什
么。(宾语从句,陈述语序。不能是what were you
doing.)
What you have done might do harm t
other people. 你所做过的
事情有可能伤害别人。(主语从句。what
作从句的宾语。陈述语序,不能
是what have you done.
如果用疑问语序,意思发生了变化,成了“你做
了什么?”。)
I don’t
know where he is now.
我不知道他现在在哪里。(宾语
从句,陈述语序。不能是where is he now.)
Where he went for his weekend is not known.
不知道他去哪里过
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的周末。(主语从句,where 作从句的地点状语。陈述语序,不能是where
did
he go for his weekend.)
Whose fault this
is is not important. 这是谁的过错并不重要。
(主语从句,whose
作从句的定语。陈述语序,不能是whose fault is this.)
What I
want to know is where he has gone for his weekend.
我
想知道的是他到哪里度周末去了。(这句话包含两个名词性从句:what I
want
to know是主语从句,what 在从句中作宾语,从句用陈述语序,不
能是What do I
want to know. Where he has gone for his weekend
是
表语从句,where 在从句中作状语,从句用陈述语序,不能是where has
he gone for his weekend.)
下面分述主语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句和表语从句。
A主语从句
1.that 引导主语从句时,that 没有意义,但不能省略。(that
引导
宾语从句时可以省略。)
For example:
It worried her a bit that her hair was turning
gray. 她的头发正
在变白,这使她很不安。that引导主语从句,it 作形式主语,that
不能省
略。
That she is a rich woman is
known to us all. 众所周知,她是个
富有的女人。这是that
引导主语从句,that 不能省略。这句话可以改为
用it 作形式主语的句型。请同学们改写:It
is known to us all that she is
a rich woman.)
We didn’t know (that) you had sold your
house. 我们不知道
你已经把你的房子卖了。这是that引导宾语从句,that
可以省略。注意这
句话的时态。
2.从句作主语时,多数情况下由 it
作形式主语,而把主语从句放在
后面,尤其是谓语部分(包括宾语)较短的情况下。
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For example:
It
wasn’t very clear what she meant. 不清楚她是什么意思。
It is important that he should come on time.
他按时来是很重
要的。
It is true that that man
on the left is a well-known writer here.
左边那个人是本地的一位著名作家,这是真的。这里,第一个that
引导主
语从句,是单纯的连词,无词义,不作句子成分。第二个that
是指示代词,
作句子成分,是man 的定语。
3.whether
既可以引导主语从句也可以引导宾语从句,但if不能引
导主语从句。whether 后面可以加or
not, 而if 不能与or not 连用。
作介词宾语时不用if.
For
example:
Whether I knew John doesn’t
matter. = It doesn’t matter
whether I knew
John. 我是否认识约翰没有关系。
Whether or not she’ll
come isn’t clear. = Whether she’ll
come or not
isn’t clear. = It isn’t clear whether ….
她是否来还不清
楚。
It all depends on whether
we can get their cooperation. 这是
主语从句还是宾语从句?it
是形式主语吗?it 是代词,whether 引导的是
宾语从句,作介词on
的宾语,不能用if引导。请翻译这句话。这完全取
决于我们是否能得到他们的合作。
I worry about whether I hurt her feelings.
宾语从句,介词宾语,
不能用if 引导。请翻译这句话。
She asked
me whetherif you were married.
宾语从句,既可以
用whether, 又可以用if 引导。注意时态的对应。请翻译这句话。
We haven’t decided whetherif we shall give
them aid.
I’m not sure whetherif the
report is believable.
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Now let’s do some translation:
现在还很难预测谁会赢得下一届总统选举。
It is still hard to
predict who will win the next presidential
election.
对于多数公民来说,谁当选总统无关紧要。
Who will become the president doesn’t matter much
to most
citizens.
这位前总统是否会被判处死刑还有待观察。It remains to be seen
whether the ex-president will be sentenced to
death.
真可惜,王教授不能出席我们的英语晚会。
It is
a pity that Prof. Wang can’t attend our English
Evening.
我们需要的是更多的时间。
What we
need is more time.
B宾语从句
宾语从句
在
谓语动词、介词、动词不定式、分词、动名词之后都可以带有宾语
从句。某些形容词如sure,
happy, glad, certain, pleased 等之后也可以
带有宾语从句。
1.that 引导的宾语从句: that 没有意义,在口语或非正式文体中常
省略:如:
I really feel she’s making a mistake.
我的确感到她正犯错误。
James said (that) he was
feeling better. 詹姆斯说他感到好些
了。
Hearing
that his son was badly wounded, he hurried to the
hospital to see him. 听说儿子受了重伤,他急忙赶到医院去看望他。
I suggested that we should go home.
我建议我们回家去。虚拟
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语气,that
一般不能省略。
2.whetherif
(是否)引导的宾语从句:如果要突出“究竟是…还是
不…”,常在whether 后面加or
not; if 一般不与or not连用。如:
He asked me
ifwhether I knew John. 他问我是否认识约翰。
Let me
know whether you can come or not.
你能来还是不能
来,告诉我一声。
3.在think, believe,
suppose, expect 等动词的宾语从句中,否
定不用在从句中,而是将think
等词变为否定形式。
For example:
I don’t
think the film is interesting. 我觉得这部电影没什么意
思。
I don’t suppose we are going outing
tomorrow. 我认为我们
明天不会出去郊游。
4.如果从句作宾语而后面还有补语,为了保持句子的平衡,用it
作
形式宾语,而将宾语从句放在句尾。常跟这样的复合宾语的动词有:make,
find,
see, hear, feel, think, consider, regard,
take….for granted等。
如:
George made it
clear that he opposed this project.
乔治已明
确表示他反对这个项目。it 代表that 引导的句子,作宾语,clear
是宾语
补足语。
They kept it quiet that he
was dead. 对他已经死亡的消息,他们
秘而不宣。
I took it
for granted that you’d stay with us.
我想当然认为你
会和我们呆在一起。
C 同位语从句
同位语从句是对名词的内容给予具体、详细的说明。常在后面接同位
语从句的名词有fact,
news, idea, truth, hope, suggestion, question,
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problem, doubt, fear,
belief等。同位语从句常用的引导词为that,有是
也用when, where
等疑问词。如:
The news that the United States
was hit by terrorist attacks
took the whole
world by surprise. 美国受到恐怖主义分子袭击的消息令
全世界吃惊。
The idea that you can do this work well
without thinking is
quite wrong.
你认为不动脑筋就能做好这件工作的想法是完全错误的。
People used to
hold the belief that the earth was the center
of the universe. 人们曾认为地球是宇宙的中心。
The
difficulty lies in the fact that we are short of
money. 困难在
于我们缺乏资金这个事实。
They have no
idea at all where he has gone. 他们一点儿也不知
道他去哪儿了。
注意:同位语从句的that
只是引导词,没有其他语法作用,在句子中
不作句子成分,不能省略;而定语从句中的that 除了引
导定语从句外,还
是定语从句的一个成分,在定语从句中作主语或宾语,作主语时不能省略,
作
宾语时可以省略。如:
The idea that some peoples are
superior to others is sheer
nonsense.
有些民族优越于其他民族这种想法简直荒谬。(请辨别是同位语
从句还是定语从句。)(同位语从句)
The idea that he proposed at the meeting
is sheer nonsense.
他在会议上提出的这个想法简直荒谬。(请辨别是同位语从句还是定语从
句。)(定语从句)
No one is happy with the fact that he found
out. 没有人对他发现
的事实感到高兴。(请辨别是同位语从句还是定语从句。)(定语从句)
No one is happy with the fact that he will
become their boss.
没有人对他将成为他们的老板这一事实感到高兴。(请辨别是同位语从句还
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是定语从句。)(同位语从句)
D表语从句
表语从句位于主句的连系动词之后,在非正式文体中引导词that可以
省略。如:
That’s not what I want. 那不是我要的。
That’s why I have come. 那就是我为什么来了。
My
opinion is that things will improve.
我的意见是事情会好起
来的。
One advantage of solar
energy is that it will never run out.
太
阳能的一个优点是永远也不会枯竭。
The truth is that
he didn’t really try. 实际情况是他没有真正努
力。
The problem is who is to pay and when we can
start. 问题是谁
来付帐、我们又何时开始。
The fact is
that he didn’t notice the car until too late.
事实是
他注意到车时已经太晚了。
What surprised me was
that he spoke English so well.
使我感
到吃惊的是他英语讲得那么好。
All I can say is
that I have nothing to do with it.
我能说的就是
我与此事没有关系。
What I want to know
is where we shall go and whether she
will join
us. 我想知道的是我们要去什么地方以及她是否加入我们。
表语从句位于主句的连系动词之后,在非正式文体中引导词that可以
省略。如:
The fact is that he didn’t notice the car
until too late. 事实是
他注意到车时已经太晚了。
What
surprised me was that he spoke English so well.
使我感
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