自考现代英语语法学习笔记第十四章 一致1

第十四章 一致 Concord
14.0 Introduction
一致（Concord）是指句子成分之间或者词语之间要在人称，性，数等方面保持协调的关系，在英
中，最主要的一致关系是主语和谓语动词之间的数的一致。
14.1 Principle of Concord
语法一致（Grammatical Principle）:
主语和谓语动词在语法上取得一致，主语单—谓语动词单， 主语复数—谓语动词复数。
The verb matches its subject both in person and in number.
E.g. everybody was happy with the decision.
意义一致（Notional Principle）:
动词采用单数或者复数是根据主语的意义而不是形式上来看的。
The notional principle is concerned with the subject-verb concord on the semantic basis.
(a group of people as a whole or as individuals)
E.g.
The average family is
smaller than it used to be. (Singular, refer to “family” this group.)
His family
were
at variance with him in
their
opinions about his plan to join the army.
就近一致（Proximity Principle）: (Informal Use)
谓语动词的人称和数与最近的词保持一致。
Agreement of the verb with a closely preceding noun phrase in preference to agreement with
the head of the noun phrase that functioned as subject.
E.g. Neither my wife nor
I am
coming to the ceremony,
There is a bed
, a desk, two bookcases and two chairs in the bed room.
主语与动词间隔越大，动词的数越受临近词的影响。
- Dr. Black together with his crew
are
going to stay here.
14.2 Subject- verb Concord
14.2.1 Collective Nouns as Subject 集体名词做主语
Collective Nouns -- inanimate
objects -Singular
表示无生命物体的集体名词-单数形式
1. Cutlery, foliage, furniture,
jewelry, machinery,
merchandise…
单数形式+定冠词 =Singular
the public, the youth, the
aristocracy(贵族)
Jewelry is no longer a mark of
wealth.
少数集体名词=Plural
police, vermin..
集体=Singular+Plural
（指组织的专有名词,
the + adj (the poor)
share the rule）
到底是用单数呢还是用复 数形式取决于是把名词集体当作一个密不可分的单独集体或是当作
个体组成的集合。
单数形式强调整个集体：Non personal collective of the group.
复数形式强调集体中的每个人： personal individuality within the group.
*Army, audience, brood, cast, college, committee, community, company, council, crew,
data, department, enemy, family, flock, gang, government, group, herd, jury, majority,
The church, the clergy, the elite, Cattle，militia，people, 具体见下 *
Collective Nouns -- animate beings-3 types
表示有生命的生物-分三类

media, minority, navy, nobility, opposition, staff, team…

1)

The public

holds
a very negative attitude towards this newspaper.
The aristocracy does not
enjoy much privilege as it used to.
2)
The British police have very limited powers.
3)
I’d like to know what
the enemy is
thinking.
The enemy were
going to attack soo,

14.2.2 Coordinated Noun Phrase as Subject
1) 主语是两个平行的分句，各指不同的事情
2) 主语包括2或3个分句，指同一件事情
3) 主语包括2或3个分句，指同一件事，并列关系
语法一致（Grammatical Principle）
?If Coordinator is “and”;
Conjoined items refer to different
things
Peter and Bob
are
deadly rivals.
His opinion and mine
are
the same.
Can go without Coordinator
Her camera, passport, money
were
all
left in the hotel.
?If linked by quasi coordinator( as
well as, rather than, together with,
along with)
意义一致（Notional Principle）
?If refer to different components of
就近一致（Proximity Principle）
?If Coordinator is : or, either or,
the same object, Or actually refer to the neither nor, not only…but also
same thing, same object, same concept.
Neither fans nor air conditioner is of
Bread and milk has been my breakfast for
years.
Her lawyer and lifelong friend was going
to betray her.
?If pre-modified by each, every
Each man and woman was asked to
complete a form.
much use here because of constant
power cut.
Either you or your husband is
responsible for your daughter’s drug
abuse.
?
为避免语法尴尬可以插入助动词。Either
you or your husband should be
responsible for your daughter’s drug
abuse.
The President, as well as
his advisor,
was aware of the risk of the mission.
The head coach, together with
his
team, was overjoyed when they won.
*也可以+复数形式动词
14.2.3 Expression of quantity as subject
语法一致（Grammatical Principle）
?If modify animate noun
take the test.
?If with indefinite determiner as
“all, any, half, no, some”
意义一致（Notional Principle）
?If modify lifeless object whose
exist at all.
就近一致（Proximity Principle）
?If with indefinite determiner as “all,
any, half, no, some” functioned as
pronoun, both countable and
uncountable.
Some (money) was stolen yesterday.
One third of the people
were willing to
individual can be ignore or may not
Twenty years
is a very long time.
Three-forth of the surface of the earth
is
sea.
? “one” usually used with singular form.
One of five was defective. One in ten was killed in the war.
?Both Singular & Plural are suitable for addition, but singular is generally used with subtraction(-), multiplication(×),
division()
4+8=12 Four andplus eight isare twelve. 4*3=12 four times three is twelve
12-8=4 Twelve minus eight is four 123=4 twelve divide three is four.

?No可以修饰单数复数。None 是no的代词形式，一般情况下+动词单数形式。
There are no words that can describe the scene.
There was no end to our trouble.
None of his money is mine.
?Neither，either 一般接动词单数形式，但是如果后面接介词词组并有复数补语的时候，可以接动词的复数形式。
Neither statement is true.
Neither of them is are trustworthy.
14.2.4 Nominal clause as subject
语法一致（Grammatical Principle）

意义一致（Notional Principle）

就近一致（Proximity Principle）
只有一个分句并且主语是复数。
What she wanted from him were
just
promises.
What I need for the spring cleaning are
a
pair of rubber shoes.
One clause subject – Singular two clause subject—Plural
That she is still alive is sheer luck.
What he did and what he said are totally different.
14.2.5 Concord in the existential sentence 存在句中的一致
语法一致（Grammatical Principle）

意义一致（Notional Principle）
Generally applied. The verb agrees with
the notional subject.
就近一致（Proximity Principle）
Resolve dilemma
There is a sofa and two chairs in the
room.
14.2.6 Concord in the relative clause
语法一致（Grammatical Principle）
Generally applied.
意义一致（Notional Principle）

就近一致（Proximity Principle）
If the antecedent is “one of + Plural
noun”,复数名词后的动词可以用复数形
式，与one用法不同。
She is one of these girls who have
trouble making up their mind.
如果one前面有only修饰，只能用单数形
式了。
She is the only one of her family who has
trouble making up her mind.
14.3 Pronoun Concord 代词一致
语法一致（Grammatical Principle）
Generally applied when pronoun
co- reference in question
Did you see yourself in the mirror?
未免表示歧义或者用法过于累赘，可用复数第三人称。
No one voiced his opinion.(性别歧视) No one voiced his or her opinion.(繁琐) Non one voiced their opinion （OK）

意义一致（Notional Principle）

就近一致（Proximity Principle）