含风的四字词语-frie
Chapter 2 Word
Collocations（词汇搭配）
and Sentence Members（句子成分）
I. Word Collocations（词汇搭配）
1. Set
phrases（固定词组）—in a word, take place, as usual, as
a matter of fact, …
2. Habitual
collocations（习惯搭配）
(1) Some nouns must go
with definite verbs.
质量
improve the quality
效率 raise
[increase] the efficiency
提高 能力
increase [improve] the ability
认识
deepen one’s understanding
警惕
enhance [heighten] the vigilance
成就[进步] make achievements [progress]
一致意见 reach complete agreement of views
取得
教训 draw lessons
成功 achieve
success
同意 obtain consent
作一分析[比较；研究]
make an
analysis [a comparison; a study]
作一介绍[描述；说明]
give an introduction [a description;
an explanation]
（2）Some verbs, adjectives,
and nouns must go with definite prepositions.
Laser beams are sent at the moon.
send
point
aim rush [冲向]
(vt.)
shoot … at ～ (vi.) fire at ～ [向…开火]
emit shout [朝…欢呼]
throw
(be) representative of = represent
(be) descriptive of = describe
(be)
characteristic of = characterize
(be)
indicative of = indicate
(be) symptomatic
of = symptomize [symptomatize]
Emphasis
should be laid on the collocation of a noun with a
preposition, which may present much difficulty to
the Chinese students, especially in writing.
① A fixed preposition goes before or after a
noun.
ⅰ. Before a noun
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无线电波向四面八方传播。
Radio waves travel in all directions.
为此目的，大学生必须至少掌握一门外语。
For this purpose [To this
end], college students must have a good command
[mastery] of at least one foreign
language.
At this temperature, the
metal melts.
on a large scale（大规模地）
to a great [large] extent [point,
degree]（在很大程度上）
in (a) great [large]
measure（在很大程度上）
at a rate（以某一速率）
at a point（在某一点上；在某一时刻）
●at a conference
[meeting]（在会上）
ⅱ. After a noun
他们在参加移动通讯国际会议。
They are attending an
international conference on mobile communications.
王教授是雷达专家。
Professor Wang is an
expert in [on] radar.
the answer [key]
to [for](a problem)
the solution to
[of, for] (a problem)
the preface to (a
book)
an exception to (a rule)
the research on [into; with; for] image processing
the current through (a component)
the voltage across (a component)
a
tangent to …
a correction for [to; of]
increase [decrease; rise; fall
reduction; variation] in [of]…
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condition [requirement;
algorithm, technique, method; language; skill,
equation; expression] for …
② An
important format of word collocation★ (which has
fixed patterns of its translation into Chinese)
Format: noun of A preposition B
[A
and B here are also nouns.]
which can be
further classified as the following three sub-
classes:
ⅰ. The “noun” is an ordinary
abstract noun.
Translation pattern:
“A。。。B的～”
“月球离地球中心的距离为二十四万英里。”
The distance of the moon from the
center of the earth is 240,000 miles.
“温度对半导体电阻的影响必须考虑进去。”
The effect of temperature on [upon] the resistance
of semiconductors must be taken into account.
“本节论述AC与DC相比的一些优点(advantage)。”
This section deals
with the advantages of AC over DC.
“月亮对地球的吸引力(attraction)引起了潮汐(tide)。”
The attraction of
the moon for the earth causes the tides.
the ratio of A to B
the effect of A
on [upon] B
the superiority of A to
B
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the relationship
of A to B
the attraction（引力）of A
for B
the susceptibility of A to B
the sensitivity of A to B
the applicability of A to B
perpendicularity of A to B
the
immunity of A to [from] B
familiarity of A with B
ⅱ. The “noun”
comes from an intransitive verb, in which case “A”
is the logical subject of the logical action
expressed by the “noun.”
Translation
pattern: “A。。。B的～”
This curve shows
the dependence of the output on [upon] the input.
The control engineer is usually interested
in the response of a control system to unit
step（单位阶跃）, ramp
（斜波）, and
parabolic（抛物）functions.
The interaction of
the ball with the ground is called friction.
●
This section deals with the action of an acid（酸）on
metal.
● Consider first the collision of
a single molecule with
the piston（活塞）.
“图1画出了电流随阻抗的变化情况。”
Fig. 1 shows the
variation of current with impedance.
as a function of impedance
against impedance
versus[vs.] impedance.
the passage of A through B
the
motion of A round [around] B
the
departure of A from B
the deviation
of A from B
the reaction of A to B
the interaction of A with B
*** A special case:
rise
fall
the increase in [of] A with
B“A随B的～”
decrease
reduction
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A gradual increase in
resistance with speed is characteristic of
friction between the boat’s bottom and the
water.
ⅲ. The “noun” comes from a
transitive verb, in which case “A” is the logical
object of the action expressed by
the “noun.”
Translation technique: The “noun” is put into
a transitive verb so that the “V-O” pattern is
used.
In solving the problem, the
resolution（分解）of this force into x- and
y-components（分量）is necessary.
The
definition（定义）of electric current as a flow of
charge is familiar to all of us.
The
separation（分开）of aluminum（铝）from its ore（矿）was
very difficult at that time.
In this case,
exposure（使暴露）of the body（人体）to sunlight helps to
overcome anemia（贫血）and
stimulate
（刺激）metabolism（新陈代谢）.
The
most familiar example is the attraction of iron or
steel objects to a permanent magnet.
The
relation of Eq. (7 - 21) to Eq. (7 - 22) is shown
in Fig. 8.
a comparison of A with B
the transformation of A into [to] B
the use of A as B
the
exposure of A to B
the separation of
A from [into] B
the protection of A
from B
the isolation of A from B
the transfer of A to B
the conversion of A to [into] B
One More
Pattern:
noun (from vt.) of A [logical
object] by B [logical subject]
What is the
date of the discovery of America by Columbus?
The formulation（确立）of the theory of
relativity（相对论）by Einstein was one of the most
significant events
of the 20
th
century.
Niels Bohr, in 1913, first applied
these ideas to the emission of light by atoms.
*************************************************
**
EC translation exercise in class:
1. The second and subsequent（随后的）flip-
flops（触发器）toggle（翻转）at frequencies one-half or
less that
of the first.
2. In this case
it is necessary to move the binary point（二进位点）n
places to the left.
3. If the basic
relation I
C
= ?I
B
were to hold（成立）
here, we should have I
C
= 100 mA, and
V
CE
= 10 – 100 = –
90 V, an impossible
situation.
4. It is possible to produce an
interference pattern（干涉特性图）by using two
identical（相同的）lasers,
something that cannot be
done with ordinary light sources.
5. Faraday（法拉第）was unable to calculate the
velocity of propagation（传播）of electromagnetic
waves（电
磁波）, a task which required the
mathematical precision（精度）of Maxwell（麦克斯韦）, which
Faraday entirely
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lacked（缺乏）.
6. This property justifies（使…正当）our choice
of the above constant（常数）as positive.
7. The
importance of this device in modern communications
systems is largely due to its realization（实现）as an
integrated circuit（集成电路）.
8. Addressing
modes（寻址方式）are sometimes computer specific.
II. Sentence Members
The following
points may be important.
1. Positions of an
appositive (Pay attention to its translation into
Chinese.)
(1) normal positions
①▲immediately followed by
②★set off by
a comma from
noun ③set off by a colon from
appositive
④set off by a dash from
⑤set off by an introducing word or phrase from
(namely, that is, such as, for example, ...)
The term sensitivity（灵敏度）is often used in
radio engineering.
The word “radar” comes
from RAdio Detection And Ranging.
The
rigid body（刚体）, a body with a perfectly definite
and unchanging shape, is itself an idealized
model.
Arithmetic（算术）, the science of
numbers, is the base of mathematics.
The
decibel is one tenth of a bel, a unit named after
Alexander Graham Bell.
[In the last three
examples, the appositive is often translated into
a separate sentence.]
Salt water（盐水）, a
mixture, is made up of two compounds（化合物）, salt
and water.
(2) special positions (a
summary)
① appositive, subject ～
② ～,
appositive (a noun phrase)
[The appositive
is translated into a separate sentence.]
2. Parenthetic clause “插入句”(Parenthesis with an
S-V structure)—which may appear in the main clause
and in
sub-clauses (mainly in a relative
clause)
*** A rule for its judgment: Its being
crossed out won’t affect the meaning and the
structure of the whole sentence.
(1) in the
main clause
Living things too, it now seems
certain, obey the laws
of physics and
chemistry. [≈ It now seems certain that ….]
√- 1 √- 1, it was agreed, should be
replaceable（可替换的）at will（随意地）by – 1. [≈It was
agreed that ～.]
The density（密度）of a
substance, we recall, is its mass（质量）per unit
volume（体积）.
● This band（能带）, it is important
to realize, is half-filled（半满的）.
(2) in the
sub-clause
Last year RCA demonstrated a new
technique for a wall-hung TV that it was predicted
would be on the
consumer market “close to
1990.”
The machine seems to do many tasks
which one would have thought required
intelligence.
The following table
lists（列出了）some of the ways I feel the book may be
used to teach either undergraduates
or
graduate students（本科生或研究生）.
One of the
major problems which faced me in writing this book
was “digesting”（消化）the vast literature（文
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献）on computer-based library systems and
presenting it in what I hope is a clear and
concise manner.
[Chaplin（卓别林）was
criticized for not being an American citizen and
for his political views, which some
people
thought leaned toward（倾向于）communism（共产主义）. ]
● You are required to make any simplifying
assumptions you think are justified（证明是合理的）.
[内含式定语从句]
（3）using “say = let us say” or
some type of “what-clause”
A resistor of
say 100 ohms may be connected across C
2
.
The atomic number is equal to the number of
electrons per atom or, what is equivalent, the
number of protons
per nucleus.
Now let the object and the reference axes
be rotated 90
o
clockwise or, which amounts
to the same thing, let us
consider the
gravitational forces to be rotated 90
o
counterclockwise.
which amounts to the
same thing “换句话说”
what is equivalent “换句话说”
what is more important
what is more
“而且；更有甚者”
what is the same thing
“同样的是；换个说法（也一样）”
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