大学英语语法(英语专业必看)

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Identify the uncountable nouns
? 1. Nouns that have no distinct, separate parts, we look as the whole (气、液、固体)
? 2. Nouns that have parts that are too small or insignificant to count (sand grass hair)
? 3. Nouns that are classes or categories of things (food, clothing, money) P49
? 4. Nouns that are abstraction (life, work, music)
? 5. Subjects of study (history, math)
不可数变可数三大规律
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1. 物质名词(总称名词) 若表示不同的种类，或者表示特定的意思，或者是液体名词
表示“几杯”或“几瓶”这样的数量时。
2. 抽象名词若是具体化，则可数。与此相反，可数转化为不可数。
3. 当一个名词表示抽象、总称的概念，则为不可数，当一个名词表示具体、特定的
事物，则为可数。
物质名词总称名词变可数
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1. 总称名词具体化
A: Would you like a cake?
B: No. I don’t like cake.
2. 物质名词变意思
I need some paper. I bought a paper.
3. 液体物质名词表数量
? Two beers and three coffees, please.
抽象名词变可数
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Art (an art) beauty (a beauty) youth (a youth)
Eg. 1. Youth is not a time of life. It is a state of mind.
2. When as a child I laughed and wept– time crept.
When as a youth I dreamed and talked-time walked.
2Articles
Specific reference--the
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1. 特指是针对交际双方来说的
2. 特指就是根据说话者和听话者共有的知识，或根据上下文，可以识别的事物。
3. 说话者用the是 想要听话者找到双方心中都知道的所知，而听话者一方“断定”或
“还原”所指对象的方法有多种。
1. Situationalcultural reference
Eg. Albert Einstein, the famous physicist.
2. textual co-reference—
anaphoric reference (前指） &
cataphoric reference （后指
1. general knowledge (the sun, the moon, the North Pole, the Equator, the universe, the
Renaissance, the Pope 罗马教皇）
2. specific knowledge local use (let’s go to the library)
3. immediate situation (The roses are very beautiful. Can you find the page?）

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不定冠词泛指与非泛指
aan +uncountable noun
? A washing powder I’ve found to be extremely good is “Tide”. （种类）
? I like a beer please. （一杯）
? A glass an iron （意变）
Conditions when “one” is better
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1. 强调数量“一”时用 one (one only),
C: when will they be ready? A: they take a week. C: One week, right, thanks.
2. 用于准确的对照数字
Two kilos of flour and one litter of water.
3. 讲故事中用one, 强调人或事作为将要讲到的话题
? There is one place we go to which is a Mexican restaurant, and they had a happy
? hour between 5:30 and 7:30.
Conditions when “aan” is better
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1. 类指意义的”aan”不能换”one”
A shotgun is no good.
2. 表示度量的”aan”不能换”one”
The rent is $$100 a week.
3. 表示数量的固定搭配”aan”不能换”one”
? A few, a great many, a large number of
用不用冠词的意义区别
? 1. 家具生活类：at (the) table, in (the) bed
? 2. 处所、建筑物或社会机构：go to (the) prison, inat (the)church, in (the) hospital
? 3. 关于上学：class, school, college, university, desk
? 4. 关于sea: go to at by (the) sea
? 5. 抽象总称意义与具体特指意义: time, red, day, place, question, etc
使用冠词的场合
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1. 形容词或副词的最高级、序数词以及only用作形容词加名词连用时，一般用the.
The only best way to cope with the problem.
2. 乐器、乐团、合唱团及流行音乐团体前加the
The Beatles Philadelphia Orchestra piano
3. the 与姓氏连用
? The Smiths, the Bushes
其他不用冠词的场合
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1. 关于职业、身份或头衔
2. 关于球类、棋类运动 (不加冠词）
3. 特殊名词 (nature, society, history, man, space)
4. 关于星期
5. 关于四季
6. 关于昼夜各阶段(by, at, after, before)
7. 关于进餐 (有adj 则加the）
8. 关于交通工具 （by后不加，其他时候要加）
9. 关于通讯工具 （by后不加，其他时候要加）
10. 平行结构

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关于职业、身份或头衔1. 独一无二头衔在表语 位置
John is (the) captain of the team
2.独一无二头衔在主语补足语 位置
He was elected President the second time.
3.独一无二头衔在宾语补足语 位置
We elected Henry chairman.
4.独一无二头衔在同位语位置
? Elizabeth II, Queen of England
特殊名词
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If you destroy nature you’ll suffer from it. (泛指自然界)
Society turns people into criminals. (社会)
Man has taken his first step into space. (泛指星球之间的空间)
Man can conquer nature, (泛指人类)
History may repeat it self. (泛指人类整个 历史)