noisy的名词-断块山
专门替中国人写的英语语法
第一章 英文语法的最基本规则
英文和我们中文
最大的不同,是在动词,我们中文的动词很简单,没有所谓的第几人称,也没有复数和单数之分,
更没有
过去式或进行式,英文可不同了,凡是用动词的时候,必须注意很多很多的规则,一旦弄错了,常常是犯了大错。 在这一章,我要将英文最基本的规则一一列下。这些规则都是我们中国人所常常不注意的。
为了不要误导读者,凡本书内错误的句子前面都有〝*〞的符号。
规则(1):两个动词是不能联在一起用的。
在中文,我们常说“我是爱你的”,翻成英文,这就变成了
* I am love
you.
滑稽的是,这句英文句子犯了大忌,因为〝am〞是动词,〝love〞也是动词,两个动
词是不能联在一起用的。这句话
的正确说法是:
I love you. 或者 I
am in love with you.
我们中国人也会说〝我喜欢看电视〞,翻成英文,这变成
* I love watch
television.
这个句子也犯了同样的错。
以下几个句子都是错的,因为这些句子中都有两个动词连在一起的情形:
* I
hate eat fish.
* I love play basketball.
* I love swim.
如果你一定要讲“我爱游泳”,怎么办呢?请看以下的规则。
规则(2):如一定要同时用
两个动词,后者的前面必须加“to”或者将后者加
入“ing”。
“我爱游泳”,因此有两种正确的译法:
I love to swim.
I
love swimming.
以下的句子都是正确的:
I hate to eat
fish.
I hate eating fish.
I love to play
basketball.
I love playing basketball
I
keep going to church.
规则(3):主词如果是第三人称,现在式及单数,动词必须加s.
我们中国人最不容易记得的规则,恐怕就是这一条了,以下的句子都是错的。
* He
write very well.
* Jack love playing the
violin.
* Mary swim every day.
正确的句子是:
He writes very well.
1
Jack
loves playing the violin.
Mary swims every
day.
规则(4):绝大多数的否定的句子,不能直接加“not”。
我们中文对否定语气,规则极为简单,我们可以说“我不爱你”,但是我们不能说
* I
not love you.
我们也不能说:
* I not saw that
movie.
* I not like swimming.
* He not
likes playing violin.
我们必须用一种助动词来完成否定的句子,以下才是正确的否定句子:
I do not
love you.
I did not see that movie.
He
does not like playing violin.
请注意,在以上的句子中,do和did都是助动词,do是现在式,did是过去式。
关于现在式和过去式,究竟是怎么一回事,以后我们会解释清楚的。
助动词不限于“do”
和它的变型,can、will、would、shall、may、must等等都是助动词,因此,以下的英
文句子又都是
对的:
He can not swim.
They will
not go to church tomorrow.
Mary should not go
to the party.
I shall not see you.
He
may not go out tonight.
He must not eat meat
any more.
规则(5):在不定词“to”的后面,必须用原形动词
英文中的动词,是会变化的,以have为例,第一人称和第三人就不同:
I have
a dog.
He has a dog.
如果是过去式,动词又要变化。have的过去式是had,不论第几人称,一概都要用had。
几乎每一个英文动词的过去式都有变化,以下是几个例子:
现在式 过去式
go went
come came
eat ate
play played
swim swam
不论那一个动词,都有一个
原形动词,一切都是从这个原形动词变出来的,像go、drink、have、walk、love、like
等
等都是原形动词。
如果我们有必要要用不定词to,就必须用原形动词,例如to
go、to drink、to have,都是正确的,*to went;*to
drank;
*to loved等等都是错的。
英文中有一个动词最为麻烦,那就是am
、are、is、was、were等等,翻译成中文,这都是,而这些动词的来源都是
be,所以我们
说这些动词都是verb to be。
以下的句子都用上了〝be〞
I want
to be a teacher.
He wants to be a good
father.
They all love to be rich.
No one
likes to be poor.
2
规则(6):英文中有所谓的助动词。必须注意
英文中有很多动词都是助词
动,在规则(4)中,我们说在绝大多数的否定语句中,必须用助动词do或did。Do是
原形动词,
did 和does都是do的变形。
除了do是助动词以外,can、may、might、wi
ll、would、must也都是助动词。
以上所提到的助动词,都有一个共同的特色,那就是这
些助动词后的动词必须是原形动词,以下的句子都是正确的:
He can swim.
He does not swim.
I do not speak English.
You must walk to work every day.
I did
not work yesterday.
You may leave now.
I
will go to Taipei tomorrow.
以下的句子都是错的:
*
I did not went.
* He does not goes to work.
* You must walked to work.
除了以上的助动词以外,还有一
个非常特殊的助动词,那就是have,在这个助动词的后面,动词绝对不能用原形动词,
以下是用这个
助动词的例子:
I have been to England.
I have
slept all day.
I have studied English since I
was a child.
been、slept 和studied都是过去分词(past p
articiple),以下的句子也都是现在完成式,我们后讨论完成式的时候,
会将这些解释清楚的
。
规则(7):英文问句要有助动词
我们先看看以下的英文句子,这些都是错的:
* How many books you wrote?
* How many
sons you have?
正确的句子是:
Why do you drink
so much water?
How many books did you write?
How many sons do you have?
绝大多数的英文问句子是一定要有助动词,以下全是正确的英文问句,你可以看出每一句的助动词吗?
Do you love me?
Did you go to school
yesterday?
How many books do you have?
How much money does he have?
Why don’t
you go back home?
Do you like to swim?
Can you play violin?
Will you go home
tomorrow?
Would you give me a call?
当然啦,一旦动词是verb to be,我们又不需要助动词了,以下都是正确的英文问句:
Are you a teacher?
Is he a student?
Is Mr. Chang your father?
Were your
mother and father in England last year?
3
规则(8):特殊动词随主词的变化
英文中,有些动词因主词不同而改变,verb to
be是其中之一,因此,我们必须记得以下的规则:
第一人称 第二人称
第三人称
现在式
单数 I am You are
(He,She,It)is
复数 We are You are They are
过去式
单数 I was You were (He,She,It)was
复数 We were You were They were
Verb to
have也有类似的变化:
第一人称 第二人称 第三人称
现在式
单数 I have You have (He,She,It)has
复数
We have You have They have
过去式
单数 I
had You had (He,She,It)had
复数 We had You
had They had
【练习一】
以下的句子都有错,请将正确的句子写出来:
1.* I am like my parent.
2.* He is loves
his teacher.
3.* He keeps swim every day.
4.* He wants drink a glass of water.
5.*
He likes play violin.
6.* Jack do not love
mathematics.
7.* Mary hate singing.
8.*
My mother cook very good food.
9.* He want me
to see him tomorrow.
10.* He not knows my
name.
11.* I not like you.
12.* He not
like swimming.
13.* You not went home.
14.* I not like swimming.
15.* I wanted
to went to my mother’s home.
16.* I do not
like to swimming.
17.* I did not ate dinner.
18.* I will not went home.
19.* He did
not went home.
20.* You may leaving now.
21.* He can swimming.
22.* He does not
goes to work.
4
第二章
现在式和现在进行式
2§1 现在式
英文中,现在式(present
tense)好像是最容易的,其实现在式都是我们常常用错的时式。
首先,我们不妨举一个例子来
说明我们对现在式惯有的误解,假设我们要说〝我在吃午饭〞,这总该用现在式了吧。
很多人将这句话翻
成
I eat lunch.
这就错了,因为〝I eat lunch.〞的意
思并不是〝我在吃午饭〞,而是〝我有吃午饭的习惯〞,意思是说,有人中午
不吃午饭(可能是在减肥)
,我可是每天中午都会吃午饭的。
〝我在吃午饭〞,应该要用现在进行式,这是我们以后会谈的。
现在式不是指任何一个行为,而是一种状况。
举例来说,以下几句话都应该用现在式:
我是一个学生 I am a student.
他是一个老师 He is a
teacher.
他每天游泳 He swims every day.
汤姆勤奋工作 Tom works hard
他早起 He gets up
early.
玛莉喜欢看电影 Mary loves watching movies.
这里常常下雨 It rains often here.
我每天喝一杯牛奶 I
drink a glass of milk every day.
我是中国人 I am
a Chinese.
他会讲英文 He speaks English.
他有喝茶的习惯 He drinks tea.
我骑脚踏车上学 I ride a
bicycle to school.
他搭乘公车上班 He rides a bus to
go to work.
我不喜欢你 I do not like you.
他爱他的太太 He loves his wife.
他守法 He obeys
the law.
我不喜欢莎士比亚 I do not like Shakespeare.
他不抽烟 He does not smoke.
他喝酒 He drinks.
他唱歌唱得很好 He sings well.
他跳舞跳得很好 He
dances well.
他不会游泳 He can not swim.
他不是一个好学生 He is not a good student.
他们都很懒
They are all very lazy.
凡是真理,自然界的现象,数学里的定理,都要用现在式:
太阳从东方升起 The
sun rises in the east.
地球是圆的 The earth is
round.
月亮是地球的一个卫星 The moon is a satellite of
the earth.
美国是一个大的国家 America is a large
country.
在北极的夏天,太阳永不落下 The sun never sets at
the North Pole in summer.
树叶吸收二氧化碳 Tree
leaves absorb CO2 .
计算机的基本原理是布尔代数 The basic
principle of computers is Boolean algebra
二点决定一线 Two points define a line.
三点决定一平面
Three points define a plane.
三基本颜色是红、黄、蓝
Three of the basic colors are red, yellow and
blue.
【练习二】
将以下中文句子翻成英文,都用现在式。
1.他是一个好学生。
2.我的哥哥17岁。
3.我弟弟每天游泳。
4.他们都喜欢音乐。
5.他们现在在日本。
6.喜玛拉雅山是全世界最高的山。
7.亚马孙河是全世界最长的。
5
8.他的爸爸是位老师。
9.我们都喜欢中国菜。
10.他不喜欢冰淇淋。
11.我爱你。
12.每个人都怕蛇。
13.每个人都喜欢狗。
14.今天真冷。
2§2 现在进行式
假如我们正在做一件事,是不能用现在式的,而必须用现在进行式,
现在进行式的形态是: verb to be + present
participle(现在分词)
verb to be
大家都懂,什么叫做现在分词呢?现在分词就是:动词+ing
以下是现在分词的例子
动词 现在分词
work working
go going
read reading
run running
play
playing
swim swimming
sing singing
write writing
eat eating
walk
walking
come coming
love loving
like liking
watch watching
smoke
smoking
如果我们说
I am watching a
movie.
那是指我现在正在看电影,这和
I watch movies.
意义上截然不同的,I watch movies是说我有看电影的习惯。
因此有些动词是没有现在进行式的,举例来说
I am loving you. 是不通的,因为严格说起来,love是一种状态,而不是一个动作。现在进行式,都是指动作,很少指状态
的。
以下是现在进行式的例子:
I am calling my father.
He is swimming now.
He is playing
basketball.
They are all eating now.
He
is walking in the woods now.
He is reading a
detective novel.
Mr. Brown is driving to
work.
Mrs. Brown is cooking.
It is
raining now.
【练习三】
将以下句子译成英文,都用现在进行式:
1.他在看电影。
2.我在游泳。
3.她在和她妈妈打电话。
4.他的哥哥在散步。
5.我现在正在吃饭。
6.我们在唱歌。
7.他在弹钢琴。
6
8.他在看一本小说。
9.我在写一封信。
10.他在跑步。
【练习四】
将下列句子译成英文,有的用现在式,有的用现在进行式:
1.我爱你。
2.我正在吃饭。
3.他不是一个学生。
4.我是一个老师。
5.他正在唱歌。
6.他在游泳。
7.他喜欢游泳。
8.他会唱歌。
9.他正在唱歌。
10.他的爸爸是一个医生。
11.他的爸爸在美国。
12.我正在洗澡。
13.他正在睡觉。
14.你的姊姊在骑脚踏车。
15.你的姊姊每天骑脚踏车上学。
第三章 过去式和过去进行式
3§1
过去式
过去式是指过去所发生的事。举例来说,假如我昨天去看了一场电影,我就可以说
I went to see a movie yesterday.
以下全部是正确的句子:
I saw your father last night.
I met your son last month.
I ate three
apples this morning.
He went to church to
pray last night.
可是,我们必须非常小心,因为一不小心,我们就可能犯了大错,我们如果要向情侣表示爱情,当然说
I love you.
如果我们说
I loved you.
事情就可能闹大了,因为这表示我过去曾经爱过你,可是现在已经不爱了。〝I loved
you〞等于是〝I loved you
before. But I do not
love you now.〞
假如我们看过一个小男孩然后我们说
He was
a good boy.
那就是说他现在已不是一个好男孩了,变成了一个不乖的孩子,或者他已经死了。
英文里的过去式常常是侦探用来破案的线索。
有一次,有一个母亲,向警察报案,说她的女儿失踪了,她在记者面前,声泪俱下地说
She was such a nice girl.
警察马上觉得这位母亲有问题,因
为她不该用过去式的,用了过去式,表示女儿已经死了,可是母亲不是说她失踪了
吗?为什么她用过去式
,极有可能因为她知道她女儿已经死了,才脱口而出,用了过去式。警察因此怀疑母亲本人就
是凶手,事
实也果真如此:这位母亲打自己的女儿,出手太重,将女儿打死了,谎报女儿失踪,她用了过去式,使警
察知道她有问题。整个案子的侦破,就在于过去式。
我们因此不能轻易用过去式,但我们也千万要注
意,该用过去式的时候,一定要用过去式,以下句子都是错的:
*I go to school
yesterday.
*I see a movie last night.
*My mother comes to see me last month.
*I
eat three apples this morning.
*He is happy
yesterday.
以上句子的正确写法是:
I went to school
yesterday.
I saw a movie last night.
7
My mother came to see me last month.
I ate three apples this morning.
He was
happy yesterday.
【练习五】
将以下中文句子翻成英文,全部用过去式:
1.我昨天参加了一个舞会。
2.他的哥哥昨天打电话给我。
3.我去年到美国去。
4.昨夜我遇到你的姊姊。
5.我写了一封信给你。
6.我今晨吃了一个蛋。
7.他昨夜整夜跳舞。
8.我们昨天跑了五千公尺。
9.他昨夜非常疲倦。
10.他昨夜去台北探访他的爸爸。
【练习六】
将下列的句子译成英文句子,有的用现在式,有的用过去式:
1.他是一个强壮的男孩。
2.他昨天生病了。
3.他每天吃一个苹果。
4.他昨天吃了三个苹果。
5.我喜欢看电影。
6.我是个快乐的人。
7.昨天我看了两场电影。
8.他昨天寄了一封信给你。
9.他常常抽烟。
10.我每天读圣经。
11.他昨天没有念圣经。
12.他昨天没有游泳。
【练习七】
将以下句子译成英文,用现在式,现在进行式或过去式:
1.他在打篮球。
2.他喜欢打篮球。
3.他昨天打篮球。
4.他每天骑脚踏车上学。
5.他昨天骑脚踏车到乡下去。
6.我喜欢唱歌。
7.他正在唱歌。
8.你的爸爸昨天来看我。
9.他的哥哥每天步行二公里。
10.他的弟弟是个好孩子。
11.他去年非常虚弱。
12.他正在打电话。
13.他每天都努力工作(work hard)。
14.你的弟弟喜欢游泳。
15.他过去是个好学生。
3§2 过去进行式
过去进行式和现在进行式有点类似,只是verb to be要用过去式的。可是有一点不同,过去进
行式,很少单独用的,
而常和另一句子一齐用。举例来说以下的中文句子:
我昨天去看你的时候,你正在打篮球,如译成中文,就是
You were
playing basketball when I went to see you
yesterday.
以下是典型的过去进行式用法
I was taking a
bath when you called.
I was watching TV when
you came to see me.
They were dancing when
the teacher came in.
They were singing in the
station when the train arrived.
8
Mr. Brown was cleaning his house when
his son came home.
总而言之,过去进行式通常牵涉到几件事,这两件事同时发
生,其中一件事用过去式,另一件事用过去进行式
【练习八】
将以下句子译成英文,其中一部份使用过去进行式:
1.他昨天到学校去的时候,天在下雨。
2.当火车停下的时候,他在看报(read
newspaper)。
3.当火车进站的时候,他们在唱歌。
4.我昨天去他家的时候,他在和他爸爸打电话。
5.昨天晚上八点钟,我在家看电视。
6.当我爸爸昨晚打电话给我的时候,我正在刷牙(brush my teeth)。
7.当我昨晚打电话给他时,他在游泳。
8.当这猫走进来的时候,那只狗在睡觉。
9.当他弟弟回家的时候,他在拉小提琴。
10.当我爸爸回家的时候,我妈妈在烧饭。
【练习九】
填充
1. I (be) a
Christian.
2. He (be) a Catholic when
he was a child.
3. I (go) to see my
mother yesterday.
4. I (like) to play
piano.
5. He (eat) now.
6. It
(rain) now.
7. He (walk) to school
every day.
8. He (walk) now.
9.
He (be) a good boy.
10. He
(swim) when I called him.
11. He (go)
to see his mother yesterday.
12. I
(take) a bath when my mother called me.
13. I
(like) to swim.
14. I (like) to swim
when I was young. Now, I don’t because I am too
old.
15. It (rain) now.
16. It
(rain) when I drove to work yesterday.
17. It
(rain) last night.
18. It (rain)very
often here.
19. He (read) a book
when I went to see him yesterday.
20. I
(be) a student when I was young. Now I am a
teacher.
【练习十】
改正以下句子的错误
1. *They
are driving when I went to see them yesterday.
2. *It rained here very often in Taipei.
3. *He gives his book to his brother last
month.
4. *He go to work every morning.
5. *He likes to told stories.
6. *I
like to went to church.
7. *The sun sets
now.
8. *They are play the piano now.
9. *I am love you.
10. *He were a good
student before.
11. *He goes to church last
Sunday.
12. *It rains last night.
13. *I
am playing when you called.
14. *It is
raining when I drove to work last night.
15.
*He do not know me.
16. *I were swimming when
my mother came.
17. *They is singing now.
18. *He do not like to swim.
19. *He
always wear a black coat.
20. *He is watch TV
now.
9
第四章 完成式(Perfect
Tense)
4§1 现在完成式(Present Perfect Tense)
完成式的形式是 verb to have + past
participle,每一个动词,都有过去式和过去分词,以下就是一些例子:
原式 过去式
go went
come came
see saw
do
did
watch watched
get got
have
had
use used
buy bought
listen
listened
draw drew
paint painted
leave left
arrive arrived
dance
danced
kill killed
write wrote
run ran
swim swam
snow snowed
eat ate
love loved
fly flew
spread spread
hit hit
drink drank
take took
grow grew
sell sold
ride rode
steal stole
break broke
walk walked
read read
sing sang
work worked
以下的句子都是用了现在完成式:
I have
read this book.
I have seen the movie.
I
have lived here since 1973.
I have studied
English for a long time.
He has washed his
hands.
He has left.
He has already
completed the report.
The storm has arrived.
I have taken the job.
I have written the
letters.
I have not seen him since 1975.
I have never seen this man before.
什么情况之下要用现在完成式呢?
过去分词(past participle)
gone
come
seen
done
watched
gotten(或got)
had
used
bought
listened
drawn
painted
left
arrived
danced
killed
written
run
swum
snowed
eaten
loved
flown
spread
hit
drunk
taken
grown
sold
ridden
stolen
broken
walked
read
sung
worked
10
1. 首先假设我们有一件事,发生在过去,而一直延续到现在,就要用现在完成式,这
种句子后面常有since或for。
以下是这种情形的例子:
(1)自从1963年,我一直在念英文。
I have studied English
since 1963.
(2)自从1975年以后,我就住在这里。
I have
lived here since 1975.
(3)自从我是一个小孩子,我就喜欢摇滚乐。
I have loved rock and roll music since I was a
child.
(4)自从去年,我就从来没有见过他。
Since last
year, I have never seen him.
(5)自从1950年以后,他就一直在此工作。
He has worked here
since 1950.
(6)我认识他已经很久了。
I have known
him for a long time.
(7)他练习网球已经四年了。
He
has already practiced tennis for (the past) four
years.
(8)我穿这件夹克很久了。
I have worn this
jacket for a very long time.
(9)我开这辆汽车很久了。
I have driven this car for a long time.
(10)好久没有下雨了。
It has not rained for a long
time.
2. 使用现在完成式的另一情况是强调已经完成的事,比方说,你说〝我已经写了那封
信〞,就可以用现在完成式,
或者,你说〝他已经完成了工作〞。以下是这类的例子:
(1)我已经写了这封信。
I have already written the
letter.
(2)他已经完成了工作。
He has already
completed the work.
(3)我已经测试了这个程序。
I have
already tested the program.
(4)我已经收到了你的信。
I have already received your letter.
(5)他已搬到了一个较大的房子。
He has already moved to a
bigger house.
(6)虽然他很年轻,但他已写了三本小说。
Although he is young, he has already written
three novels.
(7)我打了二次电话给他,他都没有回答。
I
called him twice, he has never answered.
3. 现
在完成式用来表示一种经验,举例来说,〝我曾经到过美国〞、〝我曾见过李总统〞、〝我有生以来没有跳过舞〞,这些都应该用现在完成式,例如:
(1) 我曾经到过美国。
I have
been to America.
(2) 我曾见过李总统。
I have
seen President Lee.
(3) 我有生以来没有跳过舞。
I
have never danced in my life.
(4) 我看过〝双城记〞。
I have read The Tale of Two Cities.
(5)
他曾吃过这种冰淇淋。
He has tasted this kind of ice
cream.
(6) 我未曾见过雪。
I have never seen
snow.
(7) 你曾见过雪吗?
Have you ever seen
snow?
(8) 你登过玉山吗?
Have you ever climbed
Jade Mountain?
4. 现在完成式可以用来表示一件过去常发生的事:
(1) 今年我国已有二次台风。
We have already had two
typhoons so far this year.
11
(2)
他今年已发表了三篇论文。
He has already published three
papers this year.
(3) 过去一年,我看了三次〝铁达尼号〞。
In the past year, I have seen The Titanic
three times.
对读者而言,最重要的是〝现在完成式〞和〝过去式〞不同究竟在那里?
最重要的不同在于,一旦在句子中讲一件过
去发生的事,而且指定特定的时间,就一定要用〝过去式〞,
而不能用〝现在完成式〞。比方说,〝我曾经看过「铁
达尼号」〞,可以用现在完成式,因为这句话没有
指明任何特定的时间,假如说,〝我昨天晚上去看「铁达尼号」〞,
就一定用过去式,读者不妨看看以下
的比较:
(a)I went to America last year.
I
have been to America.
(b)I saw The Titanic
last year.
I have seen The Titanic twice.
(c)I finished my homework late last night.
I have finally finished my homework.
(d)I
studied English when I was a small child.
I
have studied English since I was a child.
(e)I went to church yesterday.
I have
never been to church.
以下的句子是错的,请特别注意:
*(1)I have seen the movie last year.
*(2)I have never been to America last year.
*(3)He has never finished his work last night.
现在完成式常和since、for、already、never、ever等字一起使用,以下都是
这类的例子:
(1)I have already had dinner.
(2)Since this summer began, we have already
had two storms.
(3)It has not rained for a
long time.
(4)I have never talked to this man
before.
(5)I have never met your father.
(6)Have you ever been to America?
(7)He
has already won three awards.
(8)I have
stayed here since June.
Never 和 ever
也常是我们弄不清楚如何使用的字,一般说来, never
有否定的意思,ever则只有在问句中才会出现。
【练习十一】
将以下句子译成英文,全部用现在完成式:
1.自从1980年,我就每天早上游泳。
2.我已收到了你的信。
3.我从未去过美国。
4.从他是一个小孩开始,他就是一个基督徒(Christian)。
5.我见过你的祖父。
6.你的弟弟一直住在这里。
7.他学钢琴已经很久了。
8.我已写了三封信给他,他都没有回。
9.过去三年我都在开这部车。
10.自从1975年以来,他一直是一位老师。
11.他教英文很久了。
12.我曾经看过乱世佳人(Gone with the
Wind)。
13.我已吃过饭了。
14.今年我去过海滩三次。
15.我终其一生都爱你的。
【练习十二】
将以下句子译成英文,有的用过去式,有的用现在完成式
1.昨天我去看〝乱世佳人〞(Gone with the Wind)。
2.我从未看过〝乱世佳人〞。
3.去年,我住在美国。
4.自从1985年,我就一直住在美国。
5.他从未去过英国。
6.他已经完成了报告。
7.我昨天晚上完成了报告。
8.昨夜,我见到了你的父亲。
9.我已经见过你的父亲好几次了。
12
10.我终生都住在台中。
【练习十三】
填充
1. I (become) a Christian when I was
a child.
2. I (be) a Christian all
my life.
3. He (live) here since
1939.
4. Stop eating now. You (eat)
too much.
5. It (rain) last night.
6. John is a writer. He (written)
thirteen novels.
7. Last night, I
(see) your father for the first time in my life.
8. I (talk) to my father last night.
9. Since 1961, I (be) a teacher.
Before that, I (be) a student.
10. I
(read) many novels written by Charles Dickens.
4§2现在完成进行式(Present Perfect Progressive Tense)
在上一节,我们知道,如果有一个行动,从过去发生后,就一直延续到现在,我们可以用现在完成式。举
例来说,以
下的例子都应该用现在完成式:
(1)
自从1974年,我就在学校学英文。
Since 1974, I have studied
English at school.
(2) 自从我大学毕业以后,我就在这里工作。
Since I graduated from college, I have worked
here.
以第一句话为例,假如我们要强调我一直在练习游泳,而且没有间断,我们可以用现在完
成进行式(present perfect
progressive tense)。
所谓现在完成进行式,形式:verb to have + been + present
participle
verb to have 是为了完成式,been 和
present participle 都是为了进行式。
以下是现在完成进行式的例子:
I have been studying English since 1974.
I have been working here since I graduated
from college.
I have been living here since I
was a child.
He has been acting like a fool
lately.(他最近一直在做傻事)
They have been dancing
since seven o’clock.
It has been snowing
since yesterday.
I have been taking music
lessons since last year.
He has been drinking
heavily since last year.(他去年起,就一直在酗酒)
【练习十四】
将以下的句子译成英文,全部用现在完成进行式:
1.
自从我们是小孩子起,我们就一直努力工作。
2. 从去年起,他就在念英文。
3.
从昨天起,就一直在下雨。
4. 从五时起,他就在做功课(do homework)。
5. 从三岁起,我就一直住在台中。
4§3 过去完成进行式(Past
Perfect Progressive Tense)
过去完成式的形式:had +
past participle
过去完成式是不能单独用的。我们用的时候,必须有另一个事件。也就是说,假如我们有两件事 A 和
B,两件事都
发生在过去,但 A 发生在 B 以前,A 应该用过去完成式,B
则用过去式。以下是几个例子:
(1) 他到台湾以前,曾学过中文。
He had
studied Chinese before he came to Taiwan.
(2)
他念大学以前,曾前工作过。
He had worked before he decided
to go to college.
(3) 我写这篇有关爱尔兰的小说以前,曾去过爱尔兰。
I had been to Ireland before I wrote this book
about Ireland's people.
(4) 我在上大学以前,已经学过微积分。
I had studied calculus before I got into
college.
13
(5) 周一以前,已经下过雪了。
It had already snowed before Monday.
如果我们要强调较早发生事件的连续性,我们可以用过去完成进行式。
过去完成进行式和现在进行式惟一不同的地方是 verb to have 的地方一定要用had
。
以下是一些过去完成进行式的例子:
1. I had been
watching TV before you called me.
2. I had
been working hard in a company for many years
before I went to college.
3. He had been
studying before he went to class.
4. He had
been driving all day before he went to sleep.
【练习十五】
将以下中文句子译成英文,每一句都要用过去式和过去完成式:
1.我十四岁以前,就曾见过你的母亲。
2.我1974年以前,曾去过美国。
3.六年前,他曾念过圣经(the Bible)。
4.我念大学以前,曾经是个工程师(engineer)。
5.你来以前,我曾打电话给你。
6.在我昨天晚上吃饭以前,曾和李先生见过面。
7.在他辞职(resign)以前,他是个好校长(president)。
8.在他去世(die),他是个好医生。
9.在他到教堂以前,他一直在练习唱歌。
10.在今天早上八时以前,天一直在下雨。
【练习十六】
将以下的中文句子译成英文,选适宜的时态。
1.他昨天去看你的时候,你在唱歌。
2.他从前是个好孩子。
3.他们都喜欢打篮球。
4.我们正在看电视。
5.你在台湾住了很久了。
6.我已经看完了这本书。
7.他们一直都住在这里。
8.我来以前,曾去过教堂。
9.他喜欢看日出。
10.他喜欢游泳。
11.他自从六岁起,就一直在学钢琴(piano)。
12.他过去是个强壮的孩子。
13.在他生病以前,他曾是个非常健康(healthy)的人。
14.当火车进站时,人们在跳舞。
15.在战争爆发(break
out)以前,他曾是个音乐家(musician)。
16.我曾见过你。
17.我去年见过你。
18.我已经将信写好了。
19.自从1974年以来,我就是一个军人(soldier)。
20.我读了很多英文书。
【练习十七】
将正确的动词填入以下各句的空白:(有的地方可能有多种答案)
1. He
(love) his country.
2. He (love) his
country, but now he does not.
3. I
(be) a teacher since 1975.
4. I (be)
a teacher before I went to college.
5. I
(read) Shakespeare ever since I was a little girl.
6. When I went to see her yesterday, she
(watch) TV.
7. I (see) your father
before I saw you.
8. He (read) many
detective stories.
9. He (go) to
church every Sunday.
10. It (be) a
cold day yesterday.
11. It (rain)
for the last two days.
12. I (eat)
too much. I am full now.
13. You
(be) a nurse before the war broke out.
14. I
(have) never (see) you in my life.
14
15. He (be) a teacher
since 1980.
16. It (be) good to eat
vegetables every day.
17. It (be) so
nice to meet you last night.
18. She
(be) such a nice girl before she died.
19.
Peter (go) to America many times.
20. He (work) hard since last year.
He (hope) to succeed in the college
entrance examination this time.
第五章 未来式
5§1 未来式的基本规则
如果我们在句子中,有需要提到未来的事情,就可以使用未来式,举例来说,以下的句子都用未来式。
I will go to America tomorrow.
He will
dance tonight.
Peter will finish his work
next month.
如果不用〝will〞,我们可以用〝verb to be
+going to+ verb〞,如果我们如此做,以上的三个句子就变成了以下的句
子
I am going to go to America tomorrow.
He
is going to dance tonight.
Peter is going to
finish his work next month.
以下是一些未来式的例子:
1. I will call you tonight.
I am going to
call you tonight.
2. He will graduate next
June.
He is going to graduate next June.
3. Mr. Lee will teach us English soon.
Mr.
Lee is going to teach us English soon.
4. He
will help you.
He is going to help you.
5. The war will break out soon.
The war is
going to break out soon.
6. It will rain
tonight.
It is going to rain tonight.
有一个
规则必须注意,就是will是一个助动词,现在式第三人称单数的主词,仍不用在will后面加s。
不仅如此,will后面的动词必须用成原式,如果用verb to be +going to+
verb这里面的verb也必须用原式。
因为这里面的to式infinitive,infinitive里面永远要用原型动词。
以下例子都是错的
1.*He wills go to school.
2.*He will goes to school.
3.*They will
went to work tomorrow.
4.*Tom is going to saw
me tonight.
5.*Peter is going to working next
month.
未来式常和别的句子用在一起,以下是典型的例子
1. When
you come tomorrow, I will already be in Taipei.
2. After I graduate, I am going to be a good
doctor in Africa.
3. Before I leave tomorrow,
I will finish my work.
4. After the war is
over, every one will be happy.
5. I will go
to a concert after my classes are over.
6. I
will eat lunch as soon as I have time.
但千万不可写出以下错误的句子:
*When you will come
tomorrow, I will already be in Taipei.
*After
the war will be over, every one will be happy.
*I will eat lunch as soon as I will have time.
【练习十八】
将以下的中文句子翻成英文句子,用will或to be going
to:
1. 我明天要上教堂(go to church)。
15
2. 他下周一要和我见面。
3. 他明天要整理这个房间(clean
this room)。
4. 我明天吃晚饭后要去台北。
5.
我明天晚上回家以后,就打电话给你。
6. 我毕业以后会去念法律。
7.
明天你走以后,我要看电视.。
8. 明天我会去台南。
9.
今天晚上我要写一封信给你。
10. 今晚,我要等我的哥哥。
【练习十九】
填充:
1. I (be) in America next
year, after I (graduate).
2. I
(explain) this to you tonight after I
(read) the report.
3. I (see) you
tonight.
4. As soon as you (come)
to see me, I (give) you my book.
5.
When you (arrive) in New York tomorrow,
Tom (be) in the airport to meet you.
6. I (go) to church after the rain
stops.
7. I (watch) the new TV
program after you (leave).
8. When
you (get) here tomorrow, everyone
(wait) for you.
9. I (get) a job as
soon as I get out of college.
10. He________
(have) dinner very late tomorrow.
11.
I________ (quit) my present job, after I________
(find) a better one.
5§2 未来式的变形
未来式可以和进行式合起来用,以下是未来进行式的例子
I will be
watching TV tomorrow at eight.
He will be
eating a big dinner after he gets out of the
hospital.
I will be studying mathematics at
home when you come.
Two days later, I will be
driving a new car.
未来式可以和完成式合在一起用,而成为未来完成式,这种句子都是在于强调未来要完成的事。
举例来说,”我明天六点以前,我会完成这工作了”,就可以用未来完成式:
I will
have finished this work by six o’clock tomorrow.
以下是一些未来完成式的例子
By the time he arrives at
the station, the train will have left.
We
will have had three meetings before six o’clock
tonight.
He will have written six novels next
summer.
【练习二十】
填充:(用未来进行式或未来完成式)
1.
I (watch) the baseball game tomorrow
night.
2. He (finish) the report
when you arrive at his home.
3. I
(wash) my car tonight when my mother comes.
4. They (play) their violins when
the clock strikes twelve.
5. He
(complete) writing this program before ten o’clock
tonight.
6. He (be) the president
for three years next May.
7. I
(wash) my car when you come tonight.
8. I
(read) this report before six o’clock tomorrow
evening.
9. Peter (dance) in the
streets if Mr. Robertson is elected president.
10. I (drive) four hundred miles
tomorrow.
【练习二十一】
将以下中文句子译成英文
1. 彼得
生于1965年,他从小就喜欢音乐,自从1975年起,他就一直在练习小提琴。现在他是一个很好的小提琴家
。
2. 我的哥哥明天会来看我,他来的时候,我会在家里看电视。我喜欢看有关医院的节目。
3. 在我小的时候我常常喜欢打篮球,现在我不打篮球了,因为我曾有一次车祸(car
accident)。
4.
我现在在打电话给我的母亲,我的母亲现在88岁,他在台北已经住了60年。
5.
在我去美国以前,我曾经去过英国,当我在英国的时候,我碰见了一个美丽的女孩子,他后来成为我的太太。
【练习二十二】
填充
16
1. I
(watching) TV now. I (watch) TV every
day.
2. He (have) a big dinner
before we arrived last night. It (be) a
good meal. He seldom (eat) so much.
3. He (work) on this novel for a
very long time. By the time he (finish)
it, he (written) six novels.
4. I
(be) to America several times. I (go) to
America again next year.
5. I
(live) in Taipei when I was a child. When I was
six years old, I (move) to Taiwan and
(live) there ever
since.
6. He
(be) an honest person all his life. That is why so
many people (like) him.
7. It
(be) my birthday tomorrow. Yet I (have) a
test the day after tomorrow. So I (study)
in the library
tomorrow night.
8. He
(be) a strong kid when he was young. Now although
he (be) seventy years old, he
(be) still quite
healthy.
9. I
(have) this car for nine years. I (sell)
it and (buy) a new one next year.
10. He (take) a bath every morning.
Today, since he (get) up very late, he
(go) to school directly without
taking a bath.
第六章 否定句子(Negative Sentences)
6§1
否定句的基本规则
在任何语言,我们都有必要造出〝否定〞的句子,在中文,写出否定句子并非难事
,在英文,无论任何否定句子,都
必须遵行一些规定,以下是否定句子的例子
肯定句子
否定句子
I like music. I don’t like music.
He loves swimming. He does not love swimming.
They have come to work. They have not come to
work.
Mary went to see a movie yesterday.
Mary did not go to see a movie yesterday.
John is a good boy. John is not a good boy.
I will go to New York tomorrow. I will not go
to New York tomorrow.
He can sing. He can
not sing.
You may go now. You may not go
now.
He should sleep early. He should not
sleep early.
It is raining now. It is not
raining now.
It rains very often here. It
does not rain very often here.
He has a lot
of money. He does not have a lot of money.
It is exciting to see this game. It is not
exciting to see this game.
He asked me three
questions. He did not ask me three questions.
从以上的例子来看,我们可以归纳出以下的规则:
1. Verb to be
后面可以直接加not。例如:
He is not a good teacher.
Mary was not very happy when she was young.
They are not strong boys.
Peter is not
coming.
John is not going to work.
2.
助动词后面可以直接加not。例如:
He has not written any
letter.
They will not come.
He cannot
swim.
They should not cry very often.
Tom had not eaten any thing before you came.
He may never eat cakes in the future.
John has not lived here.
3.
一般句子的动词必须加入do或他的变形。
He does not smoke.
He did not go.
I do not love sports.
You do not like to eat fish.
17
They do not swim very well.
We did
not see that movie.
在英文中,我们可以用have
to来代替must,以下是have to的例子:
He has to go to
Chicago tomorrow.(他明天应该去芝加哥)
They had to buy
three tickets to go to the concert.(他们必须买三张票去听音乐会)
I have to work very hard.(我必须努力工作)
含有have
to的句子,如要改成否定句子,必须在have to前面加do或它的变形,请看以下的例子:
肯定句子 否定句子
He has to eat a lot of food.
He does not have to eat a lot of food.
He had
to leave. He did not have to leave.
I have
to write that letter. I do not have to write that
letter.
【练习二十三】
将以下的肯定句子改成否定句子:
1.
I saw your brother last night.
2. I like
apples.
3. She is a beautiful girl.
4.
They can play violin very well.
5. Mr. Chang
must answer the following questions.
6. He
went to see his brother last night.
7. He
could sing many songs.
8. He will buy this
car.
9. It rained heavily last night.
10. I have lived here for three years.
11. He has to see his mother.
12. He had
to stay here yesterday.
6§2 No, Never和Any的用法
要达成否定的意思,有时我们也可以用no和never这些字,no必须跟一个名词,请看下面的例子
:
1.I saw no students here.
are no
lakes in this country.
3.I have no money.
4.I had no choice.
has no friends.
以上这些例子也可以用not来表示否定的意思,如果用not,则以上的句子应该照下面的方式写;
1.I did not see any student here.
can
not find any lake in this country.
3.I do not
have any money.
4.I did not have any choice.
does not have any friends.
除以上not之外,neve
r也可以表达否定的意思,以下都是never的例子,请注意never常用在完成式的句子里:
I
have never gone there.
He has never written
any song.
They have never washed their
clothes.
【练习二十四】
用no,not和never填空在以下的句子里:
1. I have money.
2. A selfish
person does have any friends.
3.
man is entirely alone.
4. one is living
here. We can get into this house.
5.
a single person loves me.
6. one loves me.
7. The person whom I saw did come.
8. I did go to work yesterday.
9. I had work to do yesterday.
10. I can find any one in this hall.
11. I have gone to America.
12.
He has written to me.
18
第七章 问句(Questions)
7§1
答案只是〝Yes〞或〝No〞的问题
有些问题,答案只有〝Yes〞或〝No〞,以下是一些例子。
原来句子 问句
I am a boy. Am I a boy?
He has a car.
Does he have a car?
I gave him three books.
Did I give him three books?
He cannot work.
Can he work?
He has not seen me. Has he seen
me?
They like your novel. Do They like your
novel?
The sun sets in the west. Does the
sunset in the west?
They are good teachers.
Are they good teachers?
He will not go to a
concert tonight. Will he go to a concert tonight?
He is going to swim. Is he going to swim?
They must eat vegetables. Must they eat
vegetables?
They have to go. Do they have to
go?
I walked two kilometers yesterday. Did I
walk two kilometers yesterday?
It is raining
now. Is it raining now?
根据以上的例子,我们可以归纳乘以下的规则:
(1) 凡动词是verb to
be的,变成问句时,动词移到主词前面去。
例子:
原来句子 问句
You are a girl. Are you a girl?
He was a
teacher. Was he a teacher?
They were all
old. Were they all old?
This song is
beautiful. Is this song beautiful?
Peter is
a good student. Is Peter a good student?
(2)
动词不是verb to
be,也没有助动词,改成问句时,必须加助动词do或他的变形,这个助动词必须在主词的前面。
例子:
原来句子 问句
I like music. Do I
like music?
He likes sports. Does he like
sports?
Peter went to America. Did Peter go
to America?
He ate three apples last night.
Did he eat three apples last night?
Her
mother calls her every week. Does her mother call
her every week?
(3)
句子中间如已有助动词,改成问句时,只要将助动词移到主动词前面即可。
例子:
原来句子 问句
He did not eat. Did he eat?
He has gone to America. Has he gone to
America?
She can dance. Can she dance?
I will see you tonight. Will I see you
tonight?
They are going to Washington. Are
they going to Washington?
我们的问句中,当然也可已有否定的意义,比方说,我们可以问:
你不喜欢音乐吗?
他不是你的弟弟吗?
你从未见过他?
英文句子也可以如此,例如:
Don’t you like music?
Doesn’t he play
piano?
Aren’t you his brother?
Isn’t he
a good student?
Didn’t he go to school?
19
Hasn’t he lived here?
Won’t he
leave tomorrow?
注意,这时not通常和动词连在一起了。
有一件事,是我们中国人必须注意的,假如有人问你:
你不喜欢音乐吗?
而你本人的确也不喜欢音乐,你会回答说:
是,我不喜欢音乐。
也就是说,我
们中国人的回答是顺着问句的。问句说你不喜欢,我们同意他的说法,所以前面加一个〝是〞。假设我
喜
欢音乐,我会回答说:
不,我喜欢音乐。
可是,英文正好相反,英文的yes和no,
与问句的问法无关,而对应了回答的事实。举例来说,我们的问句也许是:
Don’t you
like music?
你如不喜欢音乐就回答说:
No, I don’t
like music.
你如喜欢音乐,就回答说:
Yes, I like
music.
再举一例,有人问:
Isn’t he Chinese?
他是中国人就回答:
Yes, he is.
他如不是,就回答:
No, he isn’t.
反正,英文的yes和no,都和答案的事实对应,而与如何问无关。
【练习二十五】
将以下句子翻译成英文问句:
1. 你喜欢他吗?
2.
他是美国人吗?
3. 你昨天有没有去教堂?
4. 他曾经到过日本吗?
5. 你要去台北吗?
6. 他不喜欢体育吗?
7.
你从未去过日本吗?
8. 他有一个妹妹吗?
9. 他们都是学生吗?
10. 你的哥哥昨天见过我爸爸吗?
7§2
回答不只是〝yes〞和〝no〞的问句
问句的答案当然不一定只是yes或no,以下的问句都是例子:
Where did
you buy this book?
Where did you see him?
How do you like America?
Whom do you
like?
Which cake do you want?
Whose book
is this?
What kind of method is this?
Which country were you born in?
Which do
you want, an apple or an orange?
Whom do you
like most, your brother or your sister?
Where
did you go last night?
When did you meet your
father?
When did you read this book?
Whom did you give this book to?
以上的问句中都有助动词,但以下的问句中,助动词是不存在的:
Who gave
you this car?
Who wrote this letter?
Who
took my pen away?
Who wants to go with me?
20
Who can sing this song?
【练习二十六】
将以下的中文问句翻译成英文问句:
1.
你在哪里买这本书的?
2. 他什么时候到美国去的?
3.
他爸爸的名字是什么?
4. 这是谁的书?
5. 你从哪里来的?
6. 你要哪一本书?
7. 这个孩子是谁?
8.
他最喜欢谁?
9. 他叫什么名字?
10. 你昨天到哪里去了?
11. 这是谁的狗?
【练习二十七】
填空
1.
did you go last night?
2. book do you
like?
3. is your brother?
4. is
his name?
5. wrote this letter?
6.
did you give this book to?
7. gave you
this book?
8. car is this?
9. dog
is this?
10. movie did you see?
11.
can speak English?
12. did you speak to?
13. kind of car is this?
14. fruit do
you like most?
15. does not swim?
第八章 被动语气(Passive Voice)
8§1 及物动词和不及物动词
任何一个英文句子必定有一个动词,请先注意以下例句的动词
1. He was a
teacher before.
2. He went to school
yesterday.
3. He hit a dog.
4. I saw
you yesterday.
5. He walks to school every
day.
6. He sent this book to me.
7.
They are good students.
8. He wrote two
novels.
9. They ate all of the apples.
10. He swims every morning.
在以上的例子中,第3、4、6、8及9句子中的动词都是及物动词(transitive verb
s)。这些动词后面都跟着一个名词,
而这个名词是动词的受词(object),其它句子的动词,都
是不及物动词,因为他们都没有任何受词。
我们将以上句子中,主词、及物动词和受词的关系分析如下:
句子 主词 及物动词
受词
He hit a dog. He hit dog
I saw you
yesterday. I saw you
He sent his book to
me. He sent his book
He wrote two novels.
He wrote two novels
They ate all of the
apples. They ate all of the apples
21
一旦动词是及物动词,我们就可以将这个句子由原来的主动语气(active
voice)改成被动语气(passive
voice)。但我
们也要警告读者,不要轻易用被动语气,因为有时被动语气的句子是不自然的。
8§2 没有助动词的被动语气
在这以前,我们的句子都是主动语气,这种句子的基本形式如下:
主词+动词+受词 <
br>所谓的被动语气,乃是将原来的受词变成主词。举例来说,主动语气中,我们说〝我看到一些狗〞,在被动
语气中,
我们说〝一些狗被我看到〞。在英文中,将主动语气改成被动语气,必须做以下的动作:
(1) 原有受词变成名词
(2) 动词变成verb to
be+过去分词(past participle)
(3)
原有主词变成在动词后面,但前面加by。
举例来说,主动语气的句子可以是
I
saw a cat.
被动语气就成了
A cat was seen by me.
最重要的是,verb to
be的时式必须和原句子的相同,以上的例子中,动词是过去式,所以verb to
be也是过去式。除
此以外,verb to be也要配合新的主词。请看以下的例子:
I saw two cats.
改成被动语气以后,句子是:
Two
cats were seen by me.
以下是主动改被动的例子,最重要的是注意verb
to be的形式:
主动语气(active voice) 被动语气(passive
voice)
Mr. Jones hit the dog. The dog was
hit by Mr. Jones.
My brother saw you
yesterday. You were seen by my brother yesterday.
He sent the book to me. The book was sent to
me by him.
Dickens wrote those two novels.
Those two novels were written by Dickens.
They ate all of the apples. All of the apples
were eaten by them.
Jane wrote that song.
That song was written by Jane.
My mother
loves me. I am loved by my mother.
【练习二十八】
将以下的句子由主动语气改成被动:
1. He saw that movie
last night.
2. He wrote that letter to me.
3. He teaches those English classes.
4.
God loves you.
5. They bought two houses.
6. I painted this room.
7. He grows
those roses.
8. He helps his students.
9. I sold the house.
10. My uncle bought
this car.
【练习二十九】
将以下的句子由被动语气改成主动语气:
1. The policeman was seen by me.
2.
Those two books were written by me.
3. These
sentences were corrected by my teacher.
4.
He was hit by a car.
5. His door was locked
by me.
6. His house was built by my father.
7. His boat was given to me by my father.
8. This bird is rarely seen by people here.
9. He is liked by every one.
10. They
were given ten dollars by their friends.
11.
This picture was taken by him.
12. Too much
wine was drunk by the young men.
13. I was
taught by Mr. Wang.
14. He was helped by his
father.
22
15. They were served
by that waiter.
16. His food was prepared by
my mother.
17. His toy was made by my sister.
18. The book was returned to me by Jim.
19. That song was written by my brother.
20. I was invited by him to a party.
8§3
有助动词肯定句子的被动语气
在上一节,我们所有的例子都只是肯定句子,句子中没有助动词,可是
有些肯定句子还是有助动词的,以下是一些例
子:
主动语气 被动语气
现在进形式 I am writing this letter. The letter
is being written by me.
现在完程序 I have written
the letter. The letter has been written by me.
过去进形式 I was writing the letter when you came.
The letter was being written by me when you
came.
过去完程序 I had written the letter
before you came. The letter had been written by
me before you
came.
未来式 I will write the
letter. The letter will be written by me.
未来完成式 I will have written this letter. This
letter will have been written by me.
未来式 I
am going to see you. You are going to be seen by
me.
以下是更多的例子:
主动语气 被动语气
I have seen
him. He has been seen by me.
He is going to
help you. You are going to be helped by him.
He will teach English. English will be taught
by him.
He has helped me all my life. I have
been helped by him all my life.
He had called
me before you came. I had been called by him
before you came.
He was calling his mother
when we went there. His mother was being called
by him when we went there.
助动词不一定和时式有关,can、should、has
to等等都是助动词,这些助动词在改成被动语气的时后,都应维持原
状,只需加入verb to
be和过去分词即可。以下是一些例子:
主动语气 被动语气
I can play
the piano. The piano can be played by me.
I
may use this room. This room may be used by me.
He must give the book to me. The book must be
given to me by him.
You should help him. He
should be helped by you.
You have to write
this letter. This letter has to be written by
you.
He ought to write this report. This
report ought to be written by him.
【练习三十】
将以下的句子改成被动语气:
1. He has written three
novels.
2. He will write that letter.
3. They will sing these songs tomorrow.
4. He will give the speech.
5. They are
painting the house.
6. I have given him
three books.
7. I can do this job.
8.
He had told me that story before we went there.
9. Teachers should help the students.
10. He is writing the report now.
11. The
students must read this book.
12. I have to
give this letter to my mother tonight.
13.
All citizens ought to obey the law.
14. He
has eaten all of the cakes.
15. The reporters
were taking pictures when the storm started.
16. He had finished the work before five
o'clock last night.
17. Peter will write that
letter.
18. John has received my letter.
23
19. Millions of people saw the
movie “Gone with the wind”.
20. He has proved
that theorem.
【练习三十一】
将以下句子改成主动语气:
1. Two books have been written by Joseph.
2. Football is being played by John.
3.
He should be given that lecture by his father.
4. That report will be written by him.
5. The letter has been received by the King.
6. This movie should be seen by every one.
7. This book ought to be read by every
student.
8. They are being helped by me.
9. The movie is going to be seen by all of
us.
10. This cake can be eaten by kids.
8§4 否定句子的被动语气
将一个否定句子或一个问句改成被动语气,其步骤如下:
(1) 将此句子改成肯定句子
(2) 将此肯定句子改成被动语气
(3) 将此被动语气的句子改成否定句子
现在举一个否定的例子:
I
did not take this picture.
对应的肯定句子是:
I
took this picture.
改成被动语气:
This picture
was taken by me.
再改成否定句子:
This picture
was not taken by me.
下面的例子都是用来解释如何将一个否定句子改成被动语气:
1. They did
not like the music.
(a). They liked the
music.
(b). The music was liked by them.
(c). The music was not liked by them.
2.
I have not written that letter.
(a). I have
written that letter.
(b). That letter has
been written by me.
(c). That letter has not
been written by me.
3. You can not eat that
cake.
(a). You can eat that cake.
(b).
That cake can be eaten by you.
(c). That cake
can not be eaten by you.
4. He does not play
music.
(a). He plays that kind of music.
(b). That kind of music is played by him.
(c). That kind of music is not played by him.
5. I am not going to see you.
(a). I am
going to see you.
(b). You are going to be
seen by me.
(c). You are not going to be seen
by me.
6. They will not see that movie.
(a). They will see that movie.
(b). That
movie will be seen by them.
(c). That movie
will not be seen by them.
7. They did not
help me.
(a). They helped me.
(b). I was
helped by them.
(c). I was not helped by
them.
24
8. I did not
tell that story.
(a). I told that story.
(b). That story was told by me.
(c). That
story was not told by me.
在下面,我们将省略中间步骤,直接写出一
个否定句子的被动语气,英文好的人应该是不需要中间步骤的:
主动语气 被动语气
They do not enjoy such music. Such music is
not enjoyed by them.
He did not tell that
story. That story was not told by him.
They
have not written that story. That story has not
been told by them.
Peter is going to see me.
I am not going to be seen by Peter.
He will
not help me. I will not be helped by him.
John will not eat that cake. That cake will
not be eaten by John.
I can not drink that
wine. That wine can not be drunk by me.
【练习三十二】
将以下的否定句子改成被动语气:
1. The
farmers here do not grow apples.
2. He did
not meet me last night.
3. I have not
written that letter.
4. John is not going to
see that movie.
5. I did not watch that
movie.
6. He does not speak English.
7.
He will not speak English.
8. You should not
eat that cake.
9. My mother does not eat
that kind of fish.
10. John has not written
that report.
【练习三十三】
将以下句子改成主动语气:
1. The book was not written by him.
2.
I am not going to be helped by you.
3. That
book has not been received by John.
4. That
song is not liked by college students.
5.
John is not loved by Mary.
6. I will not be
met by my student tomorrow.
7. Meat is not
eaten by vegetarians.
8. The door was not
opened by me.
9. That ten dollars were not
paid by me.
10. The car was not bought by me.
8§5 问句的被动语气
将问句改成被动语气,步骤类似上一节的步骤,我们先将问句变成
肯定句子,然后将这个定句子变成被动语气,最后
在将这个被动语气的句子变回,成为问句。
例如:
Do young kids enjoy classical music?
先改成肯定句子
Young kids enjoy classical music.
再改成被动语气
Music is enjoyed by young kids.
最后改成问句
Is music enjoyed by young kids?
为了使读者熟悉这些步骤,我们在下面举了很多的例子:
1. Did you eat
that cake?
(a). You ate that cake.
(b). That cake was eaten by you.
(c).
Was that cake eaten by you?
2. Do farmers in
Taiwan grow apples?
(a) Farmers in Taiwan
grow apples.
(b) Apples are grown by farmers
in Taiwan.
25
(c) Are apples
grown by farmers in Taiwan?
3. Have you
finished the report?
(a) You have
finished the report.
(b) The report
has been finished by you.
(c) Has
the report been finished by you?
4. When did
you write that letter?
(a) You wrote
that letter.
(b) That letter was
written by you.
(c) When was the
letter written by you?
5. Have you seen that
movie?
(a) You have seen that movie.
(b) That movie has been seen by you.
(c) Has the movie been seen by you?
6. When did Stevenson write that novel?
(a) Stevenson wrote that novel.
(b) That novel was written by
Stevenson.
(c) When was that novel
written by Stevenson?
8. Is he painting his
room?
(a) He is painting his room.
(b) His room is being painted by him.
(c) Is his room being painted by him?
在下面,我们将省略中间步骤,直接写出一个问句的被动语气,英文好的人应该是不需要中间步骤的:<
br>主动语气 被动语气
Does he help his students? Are
his students helped by him?
Did he tell that
story? Was that story told by him?
Has she
written that story? Has that story been written
by her?
Whom is Peter going to visit? Who is
going to be visited by Peter?
When did you
read that book? When was that book written by
you?
Does he enjoy that song? Is that song
enjoyed him?
Why do his friends avoid him?
Why is he avoided by his friends?
Whom did
you see? Who was seen by you?
Has he read
that report? Has that report been read by him?
Is he writing that letter? Is that letter
being written by him?
【练习三十四】
将以下句子改成被动语气:
1. Is he writing a book?
2. Did he write that book?
3. Did you
sign that letter?
4. Where did you see that
movie?
5. When did you see that movie?
6. Has he finished that job?
7. Did
mother give you the gift?
8. Did your mother
visit you last night?
9. Do they grow roses?
10. Do they speak English?
11. Did you
play that game of tennis?
12. Will you teach
English?
【练习三十五】
将以下句子改成主动语气:
1.
Was the cake eaten by you?
2. Is he liked by
all of us?
3. Is that kind of music loved by
every one in Japan?
4. Is fish eaten by old
people?
5. Are roses loved by most women?
6. Was he called by you?
7. Is soccer
played by John?
8. When was this music
written by Mozart?
9. When was he seen by
you?
10. Were they seen by you last night?
26
【练习三十六】
将适宜的动词填入
1. I (send) two letters yesterday.
(do) you (receive) them? Every letter
(write) by me.
Please (write) back to
me soon.
2. I (invite) to a dancing
party last week. The music (be) so noisy.
I (leave) the party as early as
I
(can).
3. Did you (write) that
report? Yes, it (write) by me.
4.
He (not like) music when he was a child.
After he (get) into college, he
(teach) by a good music
professor. Now, he
(enjoy) music very much and (listen) to
classical music every morning.
5. I
(buy) a red car yesterday. It (make) in
Japan. It will __________ (deliver) to me
tomorrow.
6. I (not go) to school
yesterday because my bicycle (steal).
I (buy) a new bike yesterday.
7.
Where (do) you go last night? I
(can) not (find) you. You (see)
by no one.
8. A: (do) he
(smoke)?
B: No, he (do not). Smoking
has never (try) by him.
9. Was the
book (write) by him?
10. I
(buy) three books lately. One (write) by
Graham Greene.
I (finish) reading it.
There (be) many interesting stories in
it.
【练习三十七】
改错:
1. *This
is a book which wrote by Dickens.
2.
*Are the music enjoyed by those elderly people?
3. *When are you visited by your
father yesterday?
4. *This book
written by John.
5. *He is invited
to come to my home by my father yesterday.
6.
*This house is built in 1913.
7.
*This letter was wrote by him.
8.
*This letter has never finished.
9.
*Was you given a book?
10. *I have
never called by my father. I always call him
first.
第九章 动词如何转换成名词
动名词(Gerund)和不定词(Infinitive)
9§1 问题的来源 对我们说中文的人而言,一个字究竟是动词,还是名词,其实是很少人知道的,对一般人而言,〝唱歌〞是动
词,但
是如果我们说,〝唱歌是有益的〞,我们又发现〝唱歌〞其实也是名词。〝我爱唱歌〞,这句话中
,〝唱歌〞也是名
词。
英文就不同了,英文里很少有一个字,又是动词,又是名词的,si
ng是动词,绝不能当名词用。怪不得有很多中国人
会说
*Sing is good
for you. 或者是 *I like sing.
既然sing是动词,也没有一个
〝sing〞的名词,怎么办呢?英文解套的办法很有趣,他们用动名词(gerund)和不定
词(i
nfinitive)来将一个动词改成一个名词。
9§2 动名词(Gerund)
所谓动名词,乃是将一个动词,字尾加上ing,一夜之间,这个动词就可以当作名词用了。请看以下的例子:
I like singing.
Playing basketball is
good for you.
Do you enjoy listening to
classical music?
Is traveling around the
world meaningful to you?
Studying English is
not difficult.
27
我们不妨将动名词的用法分一下类:
1. 动名词可用作主词,如
Playing tennis is enjoyed by many people.
Taking drugs is avoided by most people.
Being kind to others is important for every
one.
Respecting your parents shows good
character.
2. 动名词可以用作动词的受词,如
I enjoy
studying English.
He does not mind walking
long distances.
I have never enjoyed being
alone in my life.
He loves swimming.
3.
动名词可以用作介系词(preposition)的受词,英文里有很多介系词,at, in,
about, of, on等等都是介系词,介系
词后面必定跟一个名词,也是它的受词,举例来说
on the table
in my home
about Hitler
of my life
on this island
各位一定注意到,每一个介系词后面都有一个名词,作为它的受词。
动名词是可以作为介系词的受词的,如:
This book is about
traveling.
He is responsible for cleaning the
kitchen.
My brother is capable of writing
programs.
You just keep on going straight. <
br>在下面,我们要给各位更多有关gerund的例子,各位不妨看看每一个句子中,那个动名词是作什么用
的。
Instead of swimming, he walks every morning.
He likes walking in the woods.
Are you
interested in playing tennis?
Loving is to be
kind to others.
Reading is important to
students.
In addition to traveling, he also
likes reading novels.
You will be happy by
helping others.
He is worried about being
late.
I finished writing the report
yesterday.
They thanked me for lending them
money.
He has never finished writing the
novel.
She is in change of teaching English
in our school.
My father objected to my going
to the summer camp.
Please stop joking about
my brother.
I look forward to seeing you.
He has never enjoyed traveling.
She was
excited about going abroad.
I consider
gambling a bad thing to do.
I have never
dreamed of flying an airplane.
He suggested
talking to our teacher.
I believe in doing
some kind of exercise every day.
Playing the
piano is no fun at all.
Nancy is accustomed
to sleeping late.
Are you tired of driving
for so long?
You should forgive others for
doing wrong things.
He insists on getting up
early every morning.
Thank you for
participating in my concert.
He is used to
studying alone.
They are not used to speaking
English.
He is accustomed to being polite to
others.
I object to seeing dirty movies.
You should take advantage of studying in such
a good place.
【练习三十八】
改正以下的错误
1.*Play tennis is fun.
28
2.*I hate swim.
3.*Stop talk about
me.
4.*In addition to read interesting books,
you should also watch TV from time to time.
5.*I am not interested in swim.
6.*He
talks about go to America.
7.*I believe in do
exercise every day.
8.*The cost of transfer a
student to another school is very high.
9.*Please forgive me for make this mistake.
10.*Swim keeps me from getting cold.
【练习三十九】
填充,每一个句子填入一个介系词和一个动名词,先举一个例子。
1. I am interested (listen)
to music.
2. Please forgive me
(be) so late.
3. In addition
(study) , you should also have some
exercises every day.
4. We talked
(build) a house next year.
5.
Thank you (help) me.
6.
He is excited (travel) to
Japan.
7. I am looking forward
(meet) you.
8. He insists
(talk) to me personally.
9. I
believe (exercise) every
day.
10. Did you participate that
(swim) match.
11. He was not used
(listen) to classic music.
12. My
mother objected (visit) my
aunt tomorrow.
13. I am not accustomed
(go) to bed so late.
14. I am
interested (swim) .
15.
Are you responsible (write)
this report?
16. He is excited
(see) me tomorrow.
17. He is looking forward
(see) that movie.
18. I am not used
(hear) that kind of noise.
19. You
should take advantage (have)
such a good family.
is in charge
(send) students to other schools.
【练习四十】
将以下中文句子译成英文句子:
1.我不喜欢跳舞。
2.你对游泳有兴趣吗?
3.打蓝球是有趣的。
4.我们昨天谈到(talk
about)教英文的事。
5.我不习惯(be not used to)抽烟。
6.我反对(object to)在公开场合哭泣(cry in public)。
7.除了游泳以外,他还应该打棒球(用in addition to)。
8.他可以(be capable of)每天跑一公里。
9.他负责(be in
charge of)找寻一个好的地方。
10.我已习惯了(be accustomed
to)早起。
9§3 不定词(Infinitives)
不定词=to+动词的原式。例如to go, to love, to
eat等等,都是不定词,不定词和动名词的用法相似,以下全是用不
定词用作名词的例子:
To love is to forgive.
To forgive your
enemies will make you happy.
I like to eat
chicken.
I asked my brother to come here.
He continued to read.
也许读者发现了不定词和动名词不同的地方:不定词不能用在介系词的后面,以下的句子都是错的:
*I am interested in to play piano.
*He is
worried about to go abroad.
*I am in charge
of to prepare for the party.
如何将不定词用成名词呢?
29
1. 不定词可以用作主词:如
To play
tennis is great fun.
To play safe in the
stock market is necessary.
To be kind to
others is important for every one.
To respect
your parents shows good character.
2.
不家词可以用成很多动词的受词:
I like to swim.
He loves
to listen to jokes.
My brother seems to be
different.
I agree to lend him money.
Do
you like to sing?
3. 不定词可以跟在代名词的后面,形式如下:
动词(verb)+代名词(pronoun)+不定词(infinitive)
例如:
I told him to work hard.
I asked my
brother to come back home.
He expects his
friends to help him.
My teacher told me to
wait for him.
I invited my sister to go to
see a movie.
4. 不定词常用在上述句子的被动语气中,例如:
He
was told to work hard.
My brother was asked
to come back home.
His friend is expected to
help me.
I was told by my teacher to wait.
My sister was invited to go to see a movie.
以下是更多的不定词例子:
To give is more meaningful
than to receive.
I love to swim in cold
weather.
He agreed to listen to my story.
He decided to go anyway.
I told him to
buy my book.
I invited him to come to my
house.
I asked him to cook for me tonight.
Students are asked to work hard.
He needs
to work hard.
I want you to send this letter
to my father.
He requires every student to
read one novel every week.
Every student is
required to read one novel every week.
读者一定会问
,是不是动名词可以和不定词互调,答案是否定的,有些动词后面可以跟动名词和不定词,但也有些动
词
,后面只能跟动名词,有些动词后面只能跟不定词。
有些动词后面可以跟动名词或不定词:love, like, hate, start,
begin,以下的动词,后面只能跟动名词:
Enjoy I enjoy eating
good food.
Appreciate I appreciate your
being kind to others.
Avoid You should avoid
making mistakes.
keep on Keep on working
hard.
keep Keep singing.
consider He
considered leaving home.
finish He finished
writing this book.
suggest May I suggest
drinking a cup of coffee?
discuss We
discussed traveling to New Zealand.
以下的动词正好相反,只能跟不定词
agree I agree to sign
this letter.
plan He plans to go away.
want They want to rent a car.
decide He
decided to work hard.
seem He seems to be
very happy.
appear He appears to be very
sad.
一个字非常特殊,必须讨论一下,那就是stop:
stop
smoking 指不再抽烟了
stop to smoke 指停下来,开始抽烟
30
9§4 动名词和不定词的被动和否定形式
将动词改成名词的时候,也可以有被动语气和否定语气,以下是一些例子:
Everyone likes to be loved.
This cup
needs to be washed.
Being trusted is
important.
I told him not to leave this
house.
He asked me not to cry.
I was
told not to fall asleep in class.
To be given
a good gift on Christmas Eve makes me happy.
Being invited to that party is a great honor
to me.
【练习四十一】
将下面的空格填入动名词或不定词
1. I
enjoy (listen) to rock and roll music.
2. I asked him (go) away.
3. He
was asked (leave).
4. I suggest
(have) some fun.
5. He seems (be) a
kind person.
6. You appear (be)
quite tired.
7. I told him (have) a
cup of wine.
8. I invited him (come)
over.
9. Every one of you is required
(work) hard.
10. Do you like (swim)?
11. I ordered him (read) my book.
12. I was expected (write) a letter
to you.
13. He asked me (read) this
letter to him.
14. Please keep
(talk) to me.
15. Stop (drive) so
fast. It is dangerous to drive too fast.
16.
I hate (smoke).
17. (pass)
the test is important.
18. (work)
hard is the key to success.
19. My wife asked
me to (bring) some flowers home.
20.
He avoided (tell) lies.
【练习四十二】
将以下中文句子译成英文句子,用gerund或infinitive。
1.我请(invite)他到我家来。
2.我教(teach)他游泳。
3.被人爱令人快乐。
4.我讨厌(hate)抽烟。
5.我们应该避免(avoid)饮烟。
6.不要再(stop)抽烟了。
7.每个人都期待(expect)他写一本好书。
8.我要求(require)他每天念英文。
31
9§5 不定词的简式
不定词中一定要有to,但在有几个动词的后面,to又要省掉,最著名的是let,我们绝不可以说
*I let him to leave.
而一定要说
I let him
leave.
我们也不能说
*I made him to work
hard.(我使他努力工作)
而一定要说
I made him work
hard.
以下的动词后面,不定词的后面都要省掉to。
动词 例句
let My mother let me watch TV tonight.
make He makes his students respect teachers.
have He had his sons clean their rooms.
see I saw him run away.
hear I heard
the birds sing.
watch I watched the kids
play.
notice I noticed her cry.
因为在这些动词
的后面,本来应该用不定词,仅仅是to被省掉了,因此我们在这些动词的后面仍然要用原式,以下
的句
子都是错的:
*He made his son ran away from home.
*I saw him walked away..
*I have never
heard him sang any song.
Help这一个动词非常特别,它后面的不定词中的to可省略也可不省,以下的句子都是对的:
I helped him wash his car.
I helped him
to wash his car.
【练习四十三】
以下的句子都有错,请改正:
1.*He lets his son to drive his car.
2.*He made me felt happy.
3.*I made my
friend to discuss his problem with me.
4.*I
had my son to get up early every morning.
5.*I helped my father painted his house.
6.*I had my brother to carry this heavy
luggage for me.
7.*I had Mary to marry me.
8.*This song makes everyone to cry.
9.*I
helped Nancy worked hard.
10.*He made us to
believe him.
11.*I saw him to play.
12.*I heard Mary sang several songs.
13.*I watched her to swim.
14.*I saw the
birds to fly away.
第十章 如何将动词改成形容词
我
们中文里,一个字有时是动词,有时却又可以用作形容词,最著名的例子是〝微笑老萧〞(萧万长院长的外号)〝
微
笑〞应该是动词,可是在这里,显然〝微笑〞是形容词。〝哭泣〞通常是动词,可是我们也可以说〝哭
泣的孩子〞。
也难怪我们常见到以下错误的英文句子:
* a smile
face
* a run boy
需知smile和cry都是动词,是不能当作形容词来用的。
可是,更糟糕的是以下句子:〝住在台湾的人很有钱〞,我们很多人会说
*
People live in Taiwan are rich.
32
以上的话为什么错呢?因为People是主词,are是动词,live in Ta
iwan形容people,可是live是一个动词,不能用作
形容词的。怎么办呢?我们可以将一个
动词用成一个形容词,我们的做法是利用分词(participle)和不定词(infinitive),<
br>而分词有两种:现在分词(present participle)和过去分词(past
participle),我们在下一节,先谈现在分词的用法。
10§1
现在分词(present participle)作为形容词
任何一个动词,都有一个现在分词(present
participle),现在分词的形式是在动词后面加上ing,如:
laughing
crying
walking
swimming
running
以下的例子中,现在分词都是形容词
a crying baby
a
smiling girl
an exciting story
running
water
a running boy
a rising star
现在分词不一定放在名词的前面,在以下的句子中,现在分词都在名词的后面
a
person walking in the woods
the young man
running very fast
people living in Taiwan
the person driving that red car
the
singer singing the national anthem(国歌)
the
boys playing in the fields
the young boy
swimming in the pool
以下句子中的现在分词,都被用作形容词。
We have a crying baby here.
Seeing is
believing.(believing是形容词,seeing是名词)
Loving is
forgiving.
He always wears a smiling face.
Running water is important for mankind.
Look at the rising sun.
The person
swimming in that cold river is quite strong.
The young man driving the red car is rich.
Those boys playing basketball are happy.
This movie is exciting.
This news is very
upsetting.
This story is troubling.
The
young boy swimming in the pool is my brother.
People living in the United States consume
more energy than other people.
The person
painting the house there is from Mexico.
She
has a loving husband.
He is a rising star.
【练习四十四】
将以下的中文句子译成英文,每句都要用现在分词
1.
这是一本有趣的故事。
2. 这门课很无聊(boring)。
3.
看那只在唱歌的鸟。
4. 那位微笑的人是我的哥哥。
5.
住在乡下的人通常很健康。
6. 我不认识那位骑脚车的男孩子。
7.
那位正在吃冰淇淋的小孩子是我的儿子。
8. 那位在问问题的学生非常聪明。
9.
你见过那位打篮球的男孩子吗?
10.那位垂死(dying)的病人是我的老师。
33
10§2 过去分词(past participle)作为形容词
在完成式中,我们要用过去分词,过去分词也可以作为形容词,以下是一些例子:
a
broken window (破碎的窗)
a fallen angel (堕落的天使)
a fallen star (已经不走红的明星)
a depressed
person (一个沮丧的人)
a much appreciated action
(为人很欣赏的动作)
究竟过去分词和现在分词何不同呢?过去分词多半有动被和已经完成的意思。
最好的例子是:开发中家叫做a
developing country,已开发国家就叫做a
developed country。
以下的例子可以解释过去分词和现在分词的不同:
1. (a)这本书很有趣。
This book is interesting.
(b)我对这本书很有兴趣。
I am interested in this
book.
2. (a)这是一部令人沮丧的电影。
This is a
depressing movie.
(b)我看了这部电影以后,感到非常沮丧。
I
felt very much depressed after seeing that movie.
3. (a)结果令人失望。
The result is frustrating.
(b)他因这个结果而非常失望。
He was frustrated because
of the result.
4. (a)这个消息真令人难过。
This
news is really upsetting.
(b)他们都很难过。
They are all upset.
5. (a)约翰的进步令人鼓舞。
John’s progress is encouraging.
(b)我因约翰的进步而感到鼓舞。
I am encouraged by
John’s progress.
6. (a)水在烧。
The water is
boiling.
(b)这是烧开的水。
This is boiled
water.
7.(a)这个消息出人意外。
This news is
surprising.
(b)我对这个消息感到意外。
I was
surprised by the news.
8. (a)他的谈话令人困惑。
His words are confusing.
(b)他是一个充满困惑的人。
He is a confused person.
记住,以下的句子都是错的:
*His statements are confused to me.
*I am
interesting in music.
*He is an interested
person.
*This is indeed a surprised news.
*This news is encouraged.
正确的句子应该是:
His statements are confusing.
I am
interested in music.
He is an interesting
person.
This is indeed a surprising news.
This news is encouraging.
以下是含有过去分词的句子,每一个过去分词都用作形容词:
America is a
developed country.
I found that dog killed in
a car accident.
34
The frustrated
student needs help.
I want the report
completed before midnight.
He is totally
depressed.
They are all frustrated.
The
car driven by that young man is a Cadillac.
This book, read by almost every one, was
written by Charles Dickens.
This is still an
unrealized dream.
Are you interested in
music?
I am really surprised to meet you.
I was excited by his arrival.
The girl
dressed in white is from Japan.
A depressed
person needs love from others.
Millions got
killed in the Second World War.
He is a
troubled child who needs advice.
I have a
broken leg.
Broken glass is all over the
place.
千万注意,我们不可以轻易乱用过去分词,以下的句子都是错的:
*He
is suffered.
*This article will be appeared
in the next issue of Science.
正确的说法是:
He
suffers.
This article will appear in the next
issue of Science.
【练习四十五】
将以下的中文句子译成英文:
1. 我对音乐有兴趣。
2. 这部人人都看过的电影是在好莱坞制作的。
3. 他来自一个破碎的家庭。
4. 这个国家的法律已经崩溃(break
down)了。
5. 我因这个消息而感到兴奋。
6.
我们应该帮助那位沮丧的学生。
7. 三个人死于(get killed)这场车祸。
8. 这是一个充满了困惑的学生。
9. 他是一个很有趣的人。
【练习四十六】
填空,全部用现在分词或过去分词:
1. He is
totally (confuse).
2. I am
(interest) in seeing that movie.
3. This
movie is really (excite).
4. That is
a (break) promise.
5. He has a
(break) arm.
6. Their marriage was
(break) up.
7. Justice is still not a
(realize) dream.
8. He is a
(depress) person.
9. The bicycle
(ride) by the young kid is mine.
10. I do not
like to see any person (injure).
11.
I was very much (surprise) to hear that
news.
12. His statements are
(encourage).
13. The man (talk)
about Hitler is a professor.
14. The man
(pilot) the airplane is quite young.
15. The
company (manage) by Mr. Lee is getting
better and better.
16. Poor John now has a
(break) heart.
17. There are boys and girls
(dance) in the garden.
18. The
(steal) jacket has been found.
19. The boy
(laugh) there is not my son.
20. He has a
(smile) face.
21. This is indeed very
(excite).
22. This song, (hear) by
almost everyone, was written by me.
23. I
don't like the song (write) by the
Beatles.
24. She is a (care) woman.
35
10§3
不定词(Infinitives)作为形容词和副词
不定词可以用作名词,也可以用作形容词,以
下都是不定词用作形容词的例子,要注意的是不定词不会放在名词的前
面:
You
don't have the right to talk so loudly.
He is
to blame.
To see is to believe.(To see是名词,to
believe是形容词)
My job is to teach poor kids to
learn.
We all have the duty to serve our
country.
He has a talent to sing.
I
don't have time to play.
He is a person to be
liked by us all.
This is a book to be read by
all students.
He has no money to spend.
This is not a good place for kids to grow up
in.
This law is to protect innocent citizens.
I am glad to see you.
He is ready to
start a war.
He is rich enough to buy the
entire building.
They are afraid to die.
He has no right to kill anyone.
John is
too weak to do this job.
My mother is too old
to drive a car.
It is easy to fall behind in
school.
【练习四十七】
将以下句子改成英文:
1.
我们都有纳税的义务。
2. 我们都有保持缄默(remain silent)的权利。
3. 他有游泳的天才。
4. 我已无钱可花。
5.
我无处可去。
6. 他太累了,不能开车了。(too…..to…..)
7.
我很高兴看到你。
8. 他够聪明,可以进入大学。(enough…..to…..)
9. 我的工作是教小孩英文。
10.
我看到你,感到很意外。(surprised to…...)
11.
我们有很多可谈的事。
12. 他没有可以交谈的朋友。
第十一章 词组(Phrases)和子句(Clauses)
请看以下的句子,特别注意划线的字群:
1.
Understanding English is easy.
2.
I want you to work hard.
3. Peter,
who has been to England, speaks good English.
4. I told him that I was going
away.
Understanding English和to work
hard有一共同特色,他们都没有主词,也没有动词,这种字群,叫做词组(phrase)。
Who has been to England和I was going
away中,内部都有主词和动词,这种字群,叫子句(clause)。
由于我们已经对词组很熟悉,我们在这里不再讨论,而我们在这一章将多多介绍子句的用法。
36
11§1 问题型式的名词子句
假如我们说〝我不知道他
住在哪里〞,或者〝他究竟住在哪里仍是个谜〞,我们就可以用这种问题型式的名词子句,
每一个名词子
句都要用who, where, whether, which等来开始。以下是典型的例子:
I don't know where he came from.(我不知道他来自何处。)
Whether or not he is an American is still a
secret.(他是否是个美国人仍然是个秘密。)
I will find out
where he is living.(我要找出他住在哪里。)
I can not
remember whether he smokes or not.(我不记得他是否吸烟。)
Please let me know how old he is.(请让我知道他多大年纪。)
Kindly tell me what you really
need.(请让我知道你需要什么。)
You have to decide which
book you want to buy.(你应该决定买哪一本书。)
Do you
know where he is from?(你知道他是从哪里来的?)
Do you
know who he is?(你知道他是谁吗?)
Please ask your
brother whether he is coming or not.(请问你的兄弟他会不会来。)
When she is coming remains a
puzzle.(她何时来仍然是个谜。)
I don't know what he is
interested in.(我不知道他的兴趣何在。)
I don't
understand what he is talking about.(我不知道他在谈什么。)
Do you know whose bicycle this
is?(你知道这辆脚踏车是谁的吗?)
Do you know which country
Hawaii belongs to?(你知道夏威夷属于哪一个国家吗?)
You
should ask your mother where you were born.
(你应该问你的母亲你在哪里生的。)
虽然每一个名词都有问题的意义,我们却不能在名词
子句中用问句的型式,因为毕竟这个名词子句仅仅是一个子句而
已,它的结尾并不是〝?〞。
因此以下的句子都是错的:
*I don't know where did he
come from.
*I will find out how old is he.
*Kindly tell me what do you need.
*You
have to decide which book do you want to buy.
*When is he coming remains a puzzle.
【练习四十八】
将以下的中文句子译成英文:
1. 我不知道你是谁。
2. 请告诉我你是否是美国人。
3. 我不记得你是否喝咖啡。
4. 请问你的姊姊她去年是否去过日本。
5. 你知道他是谁吗?
6. 他从哪里来的是一个谜(puzzle)。
7.
我要找出他哥哥会不会游泳。
8. 我知道他为何如此悲伤。
9.
你知道玛丽什么时候来吗?
10. 你知道发生了什么事吗?
11.
我知道天空为什么是蓝的。
12. 请告诉我你去年去哪里工作的。
13.
你知道他在谈什么吗?
14. 我不懂他的问题是什么。
【练习四十九】
改错:
1. Please tell me why is he so
sad.
2. I do not know where is she from.
3. Please tell me how many people are
there in this house.
4. Let me know how
old are you.
5. Is he a Japanese is a
mystery.
6. Do you know who is the
president of the United States?
7. May I
ask you which kind of coffee do you like?
8.
I can not remember how old am I?
9. What
is he talking about is unclear to me.
10.
Do you know why is he coming?
37
【练习五十】
选择适当的代名词,如whether, which,
what, who, how, when, why等填入下面句子的空格(有时会有多种正确的填法):
1. I don't know book you bought.
2. Do you know he is from?
3.
Please ask him he drinks tea or not.
4. he is thinking about is well
known to all of us.
5. Let me guess
old you are.
6. May I ask you are
so sad?
7. I don't know he is.
8. Do you know house this is?
9. This is not I want.
10. I
don't care you want to say.
11§2
以that开始的名词子句
现在我们先试着翻译以下的句子:
地球是圆的是众所周知的事。
一种直接了当的翻译是:
*The earth
is round is known to everyone.
遗憾的是,以上的句子是不对,我们必须加一个that到名词子句里去,以下的翻译是正确的:
That the earth is round is known to everyone.
我们再来翻译一个中文句子:
我要求他一定要用功念书。
直接了当的翻译可能像下面的:
*I demand he must work
hard.
这是错的,我们应该加一个that在这个名词子句的前面。以下的翻译才是正确的:
I demand that he must work hard.
虽然我们常看到这
种that被省略的情形,我们仍希望大家知道,为保险起见,最好不要省掉that。以下是一些例子:
That the sun rises from the west is
wrong.(太阳从西方升起是错的)
That a lot of Jews were
killed during the Second World War is now a
historical fact.
(大批犹太人在第二次大战中被杀是历史上的事实)
I didn't know that he is such a diligent
student.(我不知道他是如此勤快的学生)
I demand that you go
away.(我要求你离开)
I suggest that you go swimming
every morning.(我建议你每天早上游泳)
That we should all
respect our parents should be taught to our kids.
(我们该教孩子们尊敬父母)
I don't think that he is a
good athlete.(我不认为他是一个好运动员)
Do you think that
she is a good actress?(你认为她是一个好的演员吗?)
That he
can speak good English helps
him.(他能说很好的文,这点对他很有帮助)
I propose that we get
married.(我建议我们结婚)
Let us always remember that
there are a lot of poor people in the world.
(我们永远记住世界上有很多穷人)
Never forget that we
should always love one another.(不要忘记我们应该互相友爱)
I am surprised to find out that he is a
Catholic.(我很惊讶地发现他是个天主教徒)
That we lost the
game made all of us frustrated.(我们输了,这件事令我们大感沮丧)
I can hardly believe that his English is so
good.(我不能相信他的英文如此之好)
【练习五十一】
请将that加到以下句子去:
1.*I told you you must
leave.
2.*I am glad you are here now.
3.*He is an American is unknown to us.
4.*Can you imagine he is Chinese?
5.*Do
you think he is a Chinese?
6.*Hitler was
defeated in the Second World War is an important
event in the history of mankind.
7.*I do not
think he is a bad student.
8.*I am surprised
to know she is from Japan.
9.*It is hard to
imagine he does not have a high school diploma.
10.*Do you believe he is innocent?
38
11.*I demand my students they work
hard.
12.*The sun rises in the east is a
fact.
【练习五十二】
将以下句子翻译成英文:(用that)
1.
我不相信他是我的哥哥。
2. 我劝(advice)他到美国去。
3.
你相信地球是圆的吗?
4. 我告诉他他一定要读这本书。
5.
我忘记了你是个小孩。
6. 你能相信我会讲英文(speak English)吗?
7. 他没有来令我生气(make me angry)。
8. 我认为他是个好人。
9. 不要忘记世界上有很多穷人。
10. 我知道他教英文。
11.
我从不知道他如此聪明。
12. 我知道他不能来。
13. 我希望他能来。
14. 你相不相信他在台湾长大的?
15. 我无法决定他该不该念大学。
16. 你告诉我他去年到美国了。
17. 这位老师不知道我的爸爸也是老师。
18. 我要问他明天会不会来我家。
19. 你知道这火车到台北吗?
20. 请告诉我你会不会说英文。
11§3 形容词子句(Adjective
Clauses)
在上二节,子句都是用作名词的。在这一节,我们要介绍一种新的子句,那就是形
容词子句。请看以的中文句子:
位在那房子里的人是我的哥哥。
我们不能直接了当地将以上的句子译成:
*The person live in
that house is my brother
第一种办法是将live in the
house改成living in the
house,也就是说,我们可以将那个中文句子译成下列的形式:
The person
living in the house is my brother.
以上的句子中,living in the
house是一个词组,我们可以将这个词组改成子句。因此,以下的翻译是正确的:
The
person who lives in the house is my brother.
在以上的句子中,who lives in the
house是一个子句,因为它有主词,也有动词。他的作用是形容The
person,所以是
一个形容词子句。
由于形容词子句永远都是在形容一个名词,因此我
们在这个子句中必需有一个代名词(pronoun),像who, when, where,
whom等。
以下是一些形容词子句的例子,读者应该弄清楚每一个形容词子句所形容的名词。
The
people who live in the country are often very
healthy.
(住在乡下的人常常很健康)
Do you like people
who always talk about themselves.
(你喜欢那些永远讲他自己的人吗?)
The house which we
bought last year is located beside a lake.
(我们去年买的房子座落在湖边)
I met your uncle who has
a red car.(我遇见了你的有红色汽车的叔叔)
Do you know the
author who wrote this novel?(你知道写这本书的作者吗?)
I
have been to the house where Charles Dickens
lived.
(我曾去过狄更司住过的房子)
I don't remember
the year when the Second World War broke out.
(我不记得二次世界大战哪一年爆发的)
Let me know the date
when you got married.(让我知道你是哪一天结婚的)
I bought
the car which Michael Johnson drove.(我下了麦克强森开的车子)
The storm which hit India last week is very
strong.
(上周袭击印度的暴风雨是很强烈的)
I thank all of
you who helped me.(我要谢谢所有帮助过我的人)
39
The girl whom you met last night works
in a library.
(你昨晚碰到的女孩子在一个图书馆里工作)
The
students whom you taught like you very
much.(那些你教过的学生很喜欢你)
I like the professor who
taught me English.(我喜欢那位教我英文的老师)
In this
country, there are a lot of students who go to
school by bus.
(这个国家有很多学生搭乘公车上学)
Have you
heard about the murder case that occurred last
night?
(你有没有听到有关昨天晚上发生的谋杀案?)
Those who
love others will be loved by others.(爱人者人恒爱之)
He is a person whom everyone is talking about
these days.(他是大家最近在讨论的人)
The party which I
went to is interesting.(我去参加的宴会很有趣)
The
professor whom I spoke to is very
friendly.(这位我和他谈话的教授很和善)
Russia, which this
island belongs to, is a big country.
(这个岛屿属于俄国,俄国是一个大的国家)
请注意以上最后的四个句子,它们有一个共同
的特性,那就是子句的最后一个字是一个介系词(preposition),我们
先看第一个句子:
He is a person whom everyone is talking about
these days.
这一句话可以分成两个句子来讲
He is a
person.
Everyone is talking about him these
days.
因此我们将这两句话合并而成为
He is a person whom
everyone is talking about these days.
在正式的英文中,我们必须说:
He is a person about whom
everyone is talking these days.
再看下一句:
The party Which I went to is interesting.
这句话也可以分成两句来讲:
The party is interesting.
I went to the party.
因此我们将两个句子合并为一个句子:
The party which I went to is interesting.
正式的讲法应该是
The party to which I went is
interesting.
同理,在正式英文中,其它二个名词子句中的介系词,也应该放到前面去:
The
professor to whom I spoke is very friendly.
Russia, to which this island belongs, is a big
country.
我们还有一点必须在此指出,请看以下错误的句子:
*I like
the book which you gave it to me.
以上句子中的it是多余的,因为gave的受词是which,不需要加it。
以下的句子都是错的:
*He is the person whom
everyone loves him.
*He is not the person
whom you saw him.
【练习五十三】
将以下句子译成英文:(用形容词子句)
1. 我见到那位开快车的孩子。
2. 我们在讨论那些有问题的学生。
3. 每天游泳的人一定很强壮。
4.
开车送我去火车站的人是我的学生。
5. 你所看到的女孩子是我的妹妹。
6.
我喜欢你所写的诗。
7. 你们谈到的那位教授是我的哥哥。
8.
你们所听到的音乐是蓝调韵律(R & B)。
9. 我喜欢那些有图画的书。
10.
我不知道林肯在哪一个城市出生的。
11. 我很喜欢你送我的CD。
12.
我昨晚看的电影很无聊(boring)。
【练习五十四】
改错:
1.*I saw the man who you talked about.
40
2.*He is not the man who we met.
3.*Those cry very often are usually not liked.
4.*I like to talk to people which are
friendly.
5.*I enjoy reading the book which
you gave it to me.
6.*Do you know the person
which every one knows?
7.*Peter is a good
singer practices singing everyday.
8.*Do you
know Peter who we talked about?
9.*Did you
see the person who I spoke to?
10.*I have
seen the person whom we talked about him.
【练习五十五】
将代名词如when, where, which等填入空格:
1. He is the man is very good in
English.
2. I don't know the person
you talked to.
3. This is not the house
the president lives.
4. I do not like any one
cries frequently.
5. Did you read the book
you bought last month?
6. Do you know the
year the Second World War ended?
7. Do you know that student I
taught?
8. I have no idea about the person
you are talking about.
9. Do you know
he is talking about?
10. Do you know
dress it is?
第十二章 冠词(Articles)
假设我们要翻译以下的中文句子:
他是聪明的孩子
也许我们会将以上的句子翻译成以下的句子:
* He is clever
baby.
这种翻译是错的,boy的前面,必须有一个冠词,英文冠词只有两个:a和the,在
这个例子,我们应该加a,因此正
确的翻译是:
He is a clever boy.
我们现在再看以下的中文句子:
他是昨天来看我的孩子。
以下的翻译是错的:
* He is boy who came to see me yesterday.
为什么错呢?仍然是在于boy前面没有冠词,这次我们必须加the,正确的翻译是:
He is the boy who came to see me yesterday.
一般来说,英文句子的单数名词前面都会有冠词,没有冠词是例外,以下的句子都是错的:
* He saw cat.
* Swimming is
good exercise.
* Java is computer
language.
* King of England died last
night.
* He is professor who taught me
English.
正确的句子是:
He saw a cat.
Swimming is a good exercise.
Java is a
computer language.
The King of England died
last night.
He is the professor who taught me
English.
我们知道大多数的名词前面要加冠词,但究竟要加a,还是the呢?我们在下一节讨论。
41
12§1 a和the之不同用法
a和the最大的不同,在于a后
面的名词不是指定的,而the后面的名词是有所指的。我们不妨看以下的两个句子,
他们都是正确的,
但意义却不同。
John is a boy.
John is the boy.
〝John is a boy.〞的意思是〝约翰是一个男孩〞,而〝John is the bo
y.〞的意思就完不同了,我们一定曾经提到过某一
个男孩子,而约翰就是那个男孩子。可能的情形是:
There is a boy who is very good in mathematics.
John is the boy.
我们就以〝国王〞为例,如果我们泛指一般的国王,我们可以用
复数,也可以用单数,但必须用a,以下是一些例子:
Kings are also human
beings.
Even a king will die sooner or later.
Have you ever met a king ?
I do not like
to be a king.
He is an ordinary person, not a
king.
如果我们的国王是指某一个特定的国王,就必须用the,举一个例子;如果我们说〝国
王万岁〞,我们当然是指我们
的国王,因此〝国王万岁〞的翻译就是
Long live
the King.
以下的例子都是正确
Here comes the King.
The King is a popular person in our country.
Even the King of England can not come in.
读者应该了解,同类型的句子,可以用a,也可以用the,但意义是完全不同的,请看以下的句子:
He is not a boy who would cheat others.
意思是:
他不是那种会欺骗别人的男孩子。
再看以下的句子:
He is not the boy who cheated in an
examination yesterday.
他不是昨天在考试中舞弊的男孩。
再看以下的句子:
He is a King.
意思是〝他是一个国王〞。
如果说
He is the King.
意思就完全不同了,这句话的意思是〝他是我们国家的国王〞。
请注意,世界上国王有好多个,如果我们仅仅说他是一个国王,当然没有指定哪一个国家的国王,就用a
king,如果
我们用the
King意思当然指我们共识中的国王。这时的King中的K必须大写,以示尊敬。
我们再举一个例子:
Please open a window.
是指请开一扇窗子,随便哪一扇都可以。
Please open the
window.
就不同了,说这句话的人和听这句话的人一定有一个共识,〝the window
〞一定是指某一扇特定的窗子,也许这间房
子里只有一扇窗,也可能他们谈话中曾经提到某一扇窗,〝t
he window〞就是指那一扇窗。
我们可以再举一个例,假如我们说,〝我们需要一场大雨〞,我们说
We need a
heavy rain.
如果我们说,〝这场雨好大〞,我们说
The rain
is really heavy.
有了这个基本观念以后,我们就很容易了解以下句子中,为什么要用the:
I am
going to the train station.
The post office
is quite near.
Where is the library?
根据这种原则,当我们提到地球,月亮这种独一无二的东西,就必须用the。
the
earth
the sun
the moon
the universe
除此以外,the还有一个特殊的用途,我们可以在the的后面加一个形容词,使这两个字变成了一个
名词,举例来说:
the rich=富人
the poor=穷人
42
the weak=弱者
the deaf=聋人
the blind=盲人
请注意,以上的名词是复数:
The rich
always get richer.
The poor are getting
poorer.
The blind are often very sensitive to
sounds.
以下是一些用a和the的例子,读者应设法了解句子中为何有时用a,有时用the。
He is a student.
He is the student who
can swim very well.
I like to be a teacher.
He is the teacher who taught me English.
The president of the United States in an
important person in the world.
I have a son
and a daughter.
I have two sons. This is the
son who will be a doctor.
I want to be a
teacher who is loved by students.
He is not
the person whom we talked about.
There is a
boat in the river.
This is the boat which we
can use.
The rain is going to stop tomorrow.
We need a good rain.
The weather is
really bad.
Is there a train station near us?
Where is the station?
Do you know where
the post office is?
There is a post office
inside that building.
The library looks so
good.
The rich should pay more taxes.
We
should pay more attentions to the poor.
The
blind can also study computer science now.
The earth is round.
The sun never sets in
the British Empire.
Do you think we can reach
the moon?
How large is the universe?
【练习五十六】
将下列中文句子译成英文:
1. 他是一个好学生。
2. 他是那位老师都喜欢的学生。
3. 我要做总统。
4.
这是总统。
5. 请打开一扇窗。
6.
中华民国的总统将于明年访问美国。
7. 我要做一个好的工程师。
8.
他是那位我们常常谈到的老师。
9. Java是一个新的计算器语言。
10.
我有一只狗。
11. 他是获大奖的教授。
12. 火车站在哪里?
13. 请告诉我邮局的地址。
14. 这里有邮局吗?
15.
富人常住在城里。
16. 盲人可以用计算机。
17. 太阳在东边升起。
18. 宇宙是非常大的。
19. 为什么我们白天不能看到月亮?
20. 总统几岁?
【练习五十七】
将适当的冠词填入下列的空白:
1. He is student who went to see you.
43
2. There is river in
this area.
3. I don't want to be
teacher.
4. He wants to become
doctor.
5. No one wants to be
beggar.
6. Please open door which
opens to the hall.
7. UNIX is
computer operating system.
8. WINDOW is
only operating system invested by Microsoft.
9. I have dog and two cats.
10.
She is teacher who got many prizes.
11. earth is not flat.
12. Is
there hotel around here?
13. Where
is train station.
14. I really like
library.
15. Please give me glass of
water.
16. wind is getting stronger
and stronger.
17. He is friend of
mine.
18. It is hard for poor to go
to colleges.
19. He is swimmer who
swam across the English Channel.
20.
weather is getting colder and colder.
21.
This is book which I bought yesterday.
22. I don't like to be professor.
23. I am going to take vacation next
month.
24. John will become
basketball player.
25. I ride
bicycle to work every morning.
12§2 a和an的用法
在英文里,a有时必须用an代替,凡是一个字一开始的发音是元音的话,那么前面就不能用a,而必须
用an。例子:
an apple
an answer
an egg
an eye
an island
an idea
an old
lady
an odd case
an umbrella
请注意,用a
n与否并不是完全和字母有关,而是和发音有关。举例来说,u虽然是一个元音字母,但是我们却说a
unit,
而不能用*an unit,因为unit的一开始发音并非元音。
其它类似的例子有:
a useful car
a university
a uniform
a one-sided opinion
反过来说,有些字并不以元音开始,但是却必须用an,因为这些字的第一音节是元音发音,例子:
an honest person
an hour
【练习五十八】
填入a或an
1. He is English
Professor.
2. This is easy job.
3. He is just ordinary person.
4. friend in need is friend
indeed.
5. Give me hint.
6. I
have American friend.
7. I will
become engineer.
8. Is he
honest boy?
9. hour later, he went
away.
44
10. Is this
university library?
12§3 冠词使用时的例外
在以上的两节
,我们好像说冠词的使用是有一定规则的,其实不然,例外也不少。在很多情形之下,冠词是要省略的,
更麻烦的是,连省略冠词的规则都有例外,应该省的却又不省了。
第一个有关冠词的特殊用法是这样的,假设我们要说〝男生通常不喜欢弹钢琴〞,我们不能说
Boy does not like to play the piano.
而要说
Boys do not like to play the piano.
这时,Bo
ys的前面,是没有冠词的,理由很简单,我们不能加a,因为boys是复数,我们也不能加the,因为bo
ys
并没有指定哪一个男孩,也没有指定哪一种男孩。类似的例子有:
Girls are
more diligent than boys.
When spring comes,
flowers start to bloom.
Dogs are often close
to their masters.
Cats are often quite lazy.
Men eat more than women.
Professors are
all very smart.
第二个规则有关所谓不可数名词,很多名词是可以数的如:
a cup, two cups
a boy, three boys
a
teacher
a student
a boat
an
airplane
a glass of water
a cup of tea
可是很多名词是不可数的,以下这些名词都是抽象的,因此不可数
time
love
hatred
pain
joy
sadness
kindness
wisdom
hope
patience
这些抽象名词的前面是不要加冠词的,例子如下:
Time
flies.(时间过得很快)
We can not live without love.
Let there be no hatred.
We must be able
to endure pain.
Loving others creates joy.
There is sadness in his voice.
Can you
feel his kindness?
He has wisdom.
There
is hope among us.
I am losing patience.
以上的例子,乃是泛指的事物,如果特定的抽象名词,仍要加冠词。例如:
This is
the time to cry.
Do you feel the pain?
There is a hatred towards was in our society.
Everyone can feel the joy of being loved.
We just can not avoid the sadness of losing
some loved ones.
He does have the patience to
listen to long talks.
It is a virtue not to
steal.
还有一些不可数的名词,是所谓的物质名词,像
45
water
fire
air
metal
tea
coffee
bread
butter
如果这些物质名词泛指一般的东西,前面是不要加冠词的,例如
Drinking
water is important.
Don't play with fire.
We need air to breath.
There is metal in
this device.
I don't drink tea.
I like
coffee.
Father brings bread and butter home
every day.
一旦物质名词指特定的东西,前面就要加冠词,例如:
The
water in this city is polluted.
There was a
fire near our home last night.
The air in
this town is getting worse and worse.
Copper
is a metal.
The tea from India is very
popular in England.
专有名词,一般说来都不要加冠词的:
Mary is from Canada.
John got married
last month.
Taiwan is an island.
England
is in Europe.
France is a nice country to
visit.
Russia is a large country.
Park
Street is the main street in this city.
Go to
Taipei first.
Sun Moon Lake is a beautiful
lake.
January is often very cold here.
Sunday is a day for resting.
Spring is
the best season.
Mt. Everest is in Europe.
President Kennedy died when he was young.
King George was considered a mad king.
Queen Elizabeth visited Australia recently. <
br>可惜的是,英文中专有名词仍有要加the的,我们将试着将这些例外写成规则,但这种规则一定挂一漏万
,读者如要
知道何种情况要加冠词,何种情况不加冠词,惟一的办法是多读英文的文章,慢慢地就会了解
什么情形该用冠词,什
么情形不用冠词。
哪些专门名词前面仍要加冠词the呢?
(1) 河流,海洋,沙漠,海峡,海湾等等专有名词的前面都要加the。
the
Hudson River (赫德森河)
the Rhine River (莱茵河)
the Yellow River (黄河)
the River Thames
(泰唔士河)
the Amazon River (亚马孙河)
the
Pacific Ocean (太平洋)
the Red Sea (红海)
the
Mediterranean Sea (地中海)
the Baltic Sea (波罗的海)
the Atlantic Ocean (大西洋)
the Sahara
Desert (撒哈拉大沙漠)
the Gobi Desert (戈壁大沙漠)
the Taiwan Straits (台湾海峡)
the English
Channel (英吉利海峡)
the Manila Bay (马尼拉海湾)
the Bay of Tokyo (东京湾)
46
the
Persian Gulf (波斯湾)
(2) 国家的名词中如有of时,要加the
the United States of America
the Union of
Soviet Socialist Republics
the Republic of
China
(3) 非常言式的名称,也要加the
the World Bank
(世界银行)
the United Nations (联合国)
the Red
Cross (红十字会)
the Catholic Church (天主教会)
(4) 帝国,朝代,时代等等专有名词的前面,要加the
the British
Empire (大英帝国)
the Ottoman Empire (奥图门帝国)
the United Kingdom (联合王国)
the Byzantine
Era (拜占庭时代)
the Chin Dynasty (秦朝)
the
Victoria Era (维多利亚时代)
the Hanover Dynasty
(汉诺威王朝)
The Renaissance Era (文艺复兴时代)
the
Dark Ages (黑暗时代)
(5) 如果提到〝全体〞,就要加the
the
Wangs (王家)
the Kennedys (肯尼迪家族)
请注意,Wang和Kennedy都是姓,如果要指全家人,必须在姓氏的后面加s,前面加the。
the Chinese (中国人)
the Americans (美国人)
the Africans (非洲人)
我们说过,一般的专有名词是不要加冠词的,但是
有很多其它的名词前面也不要加冠词,以下是一些规则:
(1) 学科一概不加冠词
I do not like mathematics.
He hates
geometry.
She teaches us history.
(2)
三餐一概不加冠词
Did you have lunch.
Missing
breakfast is bad for your health.
We have had
dinner already.
千万记住,如果我们的名词指定某一个特定的时候,就仍要加冠词,以下是一些例子:
I
had a happy Christmas lunch with my family.
The dinner you treated me last night was
really good.
Did you have a big breakfast?
(3) 假如我们说〝上学〞,〝去教堂〞等等,都不要加冠词,例如
I went
to church yesterday.
He goes to church every
Sunday.
She is going to college this summer.
Did you go to school last week?
但是如果我们说的是指定的教堂,学校等等,仍要加冠词,例如:
I went to
the church at the corner of Park Street yesterday.
The church which I went to when I was young is
still there.
I did not go to the college
which my father went to.
(4) 语言不要加冠词
English is easy to learn.
There are also
grammatical rules in Chinese.
Can you speech
Japanese?
但是,我们必须注意语言有另一种表示的方法,例如:
The
English language is easy to learn.
There are
grammatical rules in the Chinese language.
(5) 运动一概前面不加冠词
Do you play tennis?
I can not play basketball.
I really love
soccer.
47
(6)
动名词前面不加冠词,例如
Swimming is good for you.
I
like playing tennis.
Do you enjoy playing
piano?
【练习五十九】
以下的句子都有冠词用法的错误,请改正这些错误:
1. The Girls are often good in learning
languages.
2. The dogs always chase the
cats.
3. Do you have the time?
4. I
have not had a water for two hours.
5. There
is no life without the pain.
6. The love is
the most important thing in one's life.
7.
He has the wisdom.
8. I am losing the
patience.
9. This is not time to cry.
10. Pain due to losing a loved one is hard to
endure.
11. Joy being a father is really
great.
12. Being honest is virtue.
13.
Speaking the truth is good policy.
14. Can
you feel sadness of his?
15. We need the air
to live.
16. I do not drink the coffee. I
drink the tea.
17. We Chinese eat the rice
every day.
18. Water in this area is very
clean.
19. There was fire in the next street
last night.
20. Fire last night killed three
kids.
21. Coffee which you are drinking is
from South America.
22. Mary is from the
Canada.
23. The China is a large country.
24. Republic of China was Founded in 1911.
25. Where is the England?
26. Is the
Russian in Europe.
27. The President Lincoln
is a great person.
28. The King George was a
mad king.
29. Yellow River is a long river.
30. Have you been to Gobi Desert?
31.
Manila Bay is very beautiful.
32. It is hard
to cross Atlantic Ocean by a small boat.
33.
Can you swim across English Channel?
34.
United States of America is a large country.
35. United Nations and Red Cross often work
together.
36. When did Ottoman Empire end?
37. British Empire was large before.
38.
Catholic Church is one of the oldest organizations
in the world.
39. This cup was made in Ming
Dynasty.
40. Renaissance is a very important
era for mankind.
41. We should not go back to
Dark Ages.
42. Wangs did not invite me to
their house.
43. I do not like Kennedys.
44. Chinese pay great attention to education.
45. I do not like the physics.
46. Are
you interested in the chemistry?
47. Did you
have the lunch?
48. Let us have the dinner
together.
49. I always have a breakfast with
my family.
50. I had big dinner last night.
51. Dinner my mother cooked for me was
delicious.
52. I go to the church every
Sunday.
53. He does not like to go to the
school.
54. Did you see beautiful church in
the next street?
48
55.
The English is so hard for me.
56. Do you
speak the English?
57. Do you play the
tennis?
58. The swimming is good for you.
59. I like the walking in the woods.
60.
I practice the baseball every week.
【练习六十】
在以下的空白处加入冠词,如不需要冠词,就让它空白:
1.
boys usually do not like to sit still for long.
2. I love to have cup of coffee.
3. There is love between us.
4.
Can you feel love from you mother?
5. joy for having a new baby is
really great.
6. Do you have time
for a walk?
7. We can not live without
love.
8. I have not drunk wine for a
long time.
9. Do you have wisdom to
distinguish bad persons from good persons?
10.
This is good dinner.
11. I did not
have dinner.
12. joy being
mother is great.
13. Running is
good practice.
14. sadness due to
the death of his mother really hurts him.
15.
We need water to live.
16. We can
not live without air.
17. I do not
drink coffee.
18. fire with
occurred last night destroyed my house.
19.
coffee which you are drinking is very light.
20. Republic of China is in Asia.
21. Where is Russia?
22. Is
France in Africa?
23. President
Kennedy was liked by most American before be died.
24. Amazon River is a long one.
25. Have you ever been to Tokyo?
26. Have you ever been to Tokyo Bay?
27. There are more than one hundred countries
in United Nations.
28. This is
Ming Dynasty porcalain.
29. Wangs
invited us to a dinner party.
30. I do not
like mathematics.
31.
spring is a pleasant season.
32. I had
pleasant evening with my friends.
33.
breakfast which I had this morning was too light
for me.
34. It is not easy to study
English.
35. I did play basketball
yesterday.
36. swimming is a good
exercise.
37. There should be
chicken in every pot.
38. It is good
idea to eat lightly.
【练习六十一】
将以下的句子译成成英文:
1. 狗会叫(bark)。
2. 猫会抓老鼠。
3. 有时候(sometimes),痛苦是好的。
4. 我不喝茶。
5.
感觉到被爱是很重要的。
6. 说实话令人快乐。
7. 我们需要爱。
8. 他是一个中国人。
9. 中国人喜欢喝茶。
10.
昨夜,城里有一场火。
11. 约翰来自美国。
49
12. 法国在哪里?
13. 我喜欢林肯总统。
14.
黄河不是黄的。
15. 红十字会已经有一百年了(one hundred years
old)。
16. 明朝是一个重要的朝代。
17. 你喜爱数学吗?
18. 我今天早上没有吃早饭。
19. 我已吃过午饭。
20.
我昨天没有去教堂。
21. 我今年秋天要上大学。
22. 游泳使我强壮。
第十三章 形容词的比较级
如果我们要翻译〝他比较老〞,我们不能说
*
He is more old.
而一定要说
He is older.
为什么呢?这是因为英文里面的形容词有所谓的比较级规则。在下一节,我们讲一些最基本的规则。
13§1 最基本的规则
首先,我们要说明英文形容词有三个等级:原级、比较级和最高级
,最基本的规则是根据音节的多少来分的。
一般来说,单音节的形容词在字后面加er,就变成了比较
级,加est就变成了最高级,而双音节,或双音节以上的形
容词,比较级是在字前面加more,最高
级则是在字前面加most,举例来说,old, smart, strong, weak, high,
low等等都
是单音节的形容词,他们的变化如下:
原级 比较级 最高级
old older oldest
smart smarter
smartest
strong stronger strongest
weak weaker weakest
high higher
highest
low lower lowest
以上的形容词,都是单音节的,以下的例子都有关双音节的形容词:
原级 比较级
最高级
difficult more difficult most difficult
delicious more delicious most delicious
beautiful more beautiful most beautiful
correct more correct most correct
stupid more stupid most stupid
significant more significant most
significant
有一个规则必须注意,我们不能将more和er混在一齐用,以下的例子都是错的:
*
He is more older than I.
* He is more
taller than his brother.
正确的句子是:
He is
older than I.
He is taller than his brother.
【练习六十二】
写出以下形容词的比较级:
1. small
2. slow
3. intelligent
4. expensive
5. tall
50
6. short
7.
important
8. cheap
9. famous
10.
cold
11. fast
12. careful
13.
colorful
14. long
15. dark
16.
bright
13§2 特殊的比较级规则
在上一节,我们说明了最基本的规则,那就
是单音节形容词加er或est,双音节的形容词前面加more或most。但以
下就是这些基本规则
的例外。
(1) 单音节形容词的字是e,就直接加r或st:
原级 比较级
最高级
large larger largest
late later
latest
nice nicer nicest
wise wiser
wisest
(2)
形容词的字尾是y,而前一个子母是一个子音,则除掉y,加上ier,或iest:
原级
比较级 最高级
lucky luckier luckiest
happy
happier happiest
pretty prettier prettiest
dry drier driest
easy easier easiest
(3)
单音节形容词的字尾是子音,前一音是一个元音,则字尾必须重复一次,再加er或est:
原级
比较级 最高级
fat fatter fattest
hot
hotter hottest
wet wetter wettest
big
bigger biggest
(4) 完全不规则的变化:
英文中,有几个特殊的字,他们的比较级完全没有规则,以下是一些例子,读者必须记住:
原级 比较级 最高级
good
better best
well
bad worse worst
many
more
most
much
【练习六十三】
写下以下形容词的比较级:
1. cute
2. wide
3. early
4.
happy
5. heavy
6. thin
7. easy
8. hot
9. wise
10. large
51
11. good
12. bad
13. many
13§3 比较形的用法
大多数比较级句子里会有than,以下是一些例子:
I am older than he.
His English is better
than mine.
San Francisco is more beautiful
than New York.
His car is cheaper than your
car.
He is the most diligent student in his
class.
I like apples more than oranges.
He has more money than his brother.
He is
stronger than his brother.
必须注意的是以下的句子是错的:
* I am older than him.
* She is
smarter than me.
为什么错了呢?因为原来句子应该是:
I am
older than he (is).
She is more smart than I
(am).
习惯上的is和am都省略掉的,由以上的解释可以看出,than后面的句词应该是主
词,而非受词。
以下的错误,也请特别注意:
* My head is
larger than your.
正确的句子是:
My head is
larger than your head.
或者 My head is
larger than yours.
请看以下几个错误的句子:
*
My house is larger than your.
* The
temperature of this city is higher than San
Francisco.
* The height of Himalayas is
greater than Mt. Fuji.
* My bicycle is
older than his.
正确的句子应该是:
My house is
larger than your house.
或者 My house is
larger than yours.
The temperature of this
city is higher than the temperature of San
Francisco.
或者 The Temperature of this
city is higher than that of San Francisco.
The height of Himalayas is greater than the
height of Mt. Fuji.
或者 The height of
Himalayas is greater than that of Mt. Fuji.
请注意以下的例子,句子中没有than,但仍有比较级:
Among all the
teachers who have taught me, he is the best.
This is the best movie I have ever seen.
This food is the worst one which I have ever
eaten.
John is the stronger one.
Do we
have a better choice?
Mary is the more
diligent one.
He is the older of the two.
He is one of the best movie actors.
This
area is one of the hottest areas in the world.
He is one of the fastest swimmers of America.
This is a book which I like most.
【练习六十四】
改错:
1. *He is more old than I.
2.
*She is younger than me.
3. *This university
is more larger than that university.
4. *He
is more older than my brother.
5. *His house
is older than my.
52
6.
*The size of this city is larger than San
Francisco.
7. *She is taller than him.
8. *The height of this boy is greater than his
brother.
9. *He is the most good student in
my class.
10. *He is the more bad one.
【练习六十五】
将下列句子译成英文句子:
1. 你比他强壮。
2. 他的英文比我的好。
3. 他比他的弟弟更富有。
4.
他是世界上最富有的人。
5. 这支笔比你的贵得多。
6.
喜马拉雅山是世界上最高的山。
7. 亚马孙河是世界上最长的河。
8.
他比他的爸爸高。
9. 他是班上最好的学生。
10.
在我遇到的人中,他是最高的。
【练习六十六】
填充:
1. He is
(old)than John.
2. This problem is one of the
(difficult)problems that I have ever seen.
3.
This is one of the (good)movies that I
have ever seen.
4. Do we have a
(good)choice?
5. This place is
(hot)than San Francisco.
6. He is
(famous)than his sister.
7. She is getting
(bad)now.
8. He is feeling
(well)now.
9. He has (much)money
than his father.
10. Mary is one of
(beautiful)student in her class.
11. He is
(happy)than before.
12. Peter is getting
(thin).
13. This summer is (hot)than
last summer.
14. You have a
(bright)future now.
15. He has
(many)students than I.
16. I feel much
(well)now.
17. He is (careful)than
you.
18. Time is (important)than
money.
第十四章 总复习的例子
在这一章,我们将给很多简短的文章,每一段文
章的后面,我们都会有详细的解释,相信这些解释将有助于读者对于
文法的了解。
(1)
Dear Mother:
I arrived at the Taipei Train
Station around one o'clock in the afternoon
yesterday. My friend, Mr. Chen, greeted me in the
station. We took a taxi to go directly to the
university and checked into the dormitory. The
dormitory is a very old one. I will
live with
three other boys and I met two of them already.
Both of them are from Taichung and they are both
quite friendly.
We went to the dormitory
cafeteria for dinner. The food is not that good.
Dear Mother, I miss you and especially the food
you
cooked for me.
Your son
这封信很简单,所叙述的事情不是用简单的现在式,就是简单的过去式,当然也有一次用了未来式。
绝大多数的句子都用了简单的过去式,因为这些句子都是叙述过去所发生的事,用现在式的有以下几句:
The dormitory is a very old one.
Both of
them are from Taichung.
The food is not that
good.
I miss you and the food you cooked for
me.
为什么这几句话要用现在式呢?道理很简单,这几句话描写的是一些状态,而并非过去发生的事。
〝The dormitory is a very old one.〞
53
〝Both of them are from Taichung.〞
〝The food is not that good.〞
〝I miss you
and the food you cooked for me.〞
等四个句子都是目前存在的事实,所以要用现在式。
现在我们不妨看一下冠词的情形,我们可以看到很多地方都用了the,如:
the
Taipei Train Station
the afternoon
the
station
the university
the dormitory
cafetervia
the dormitory
the food
the food you cooked for me
各位读者一定可以注意到在the后面的名词都有所指,举例来说,the
university指那所作者要去念的大学,他的妈妈
知道他所说的是那一所大学。The
dormitory指那间他已搬进去住的宿舍。凡是有所指的名词前面,原则上都应该加the。
哪里用了〝a〞呢?注意,我们用了两次
a taxi
a very old
one
读者应该不难看出为什么这里我们不能用the,而一定要用a。
(2)
Mary:
John:
Mary:
John:
Mary:
John:
Mary:
John:
Mary:
John:
Mary:
这一篇短文主要的目的在于介绍所谓现在进行式。
Who is calling.
I am doing fine.
I am studying for the
final examination now.
都是标准的现在进行式,事实上,也必须用现在进行式。
(3)
I have
been interested in music ever since I was a small
child. When I was seven years old, my mother gave
me a violin as a
birthday present. I have been
taking violin lessons ever since.
I am so
much interested in music that I finally decided to
go to music school. This was a hard decision for
me. I consulted
with my parents. Both of them
encouraged me to go ahead.
Yesterday, I was
accepted by one of the best music schools in
Taiwan. I am really happy about this.
这一段话中,我们开始用现在完成式,比方说第一句话就是
I have been
interested in music ever since I was a small
child.
为什么要用现在完成式呢?道理很简单,这句话里面有有〝ever
since〞这个词,凡是有了这个词句,我们就一定要用
现在完成式了。
另外一句用了现在完成进行式的句子是:
I have been taking
violin lessons ever since.
读者不妨去看看第四章,就知道为什么这
里要用现在完成进行式了。凡是〝自从〞某某日开始,而就一直在做的事情,
就应该用现在完成式,或者
现在完成进行式。
这一段文章里面,我们还用了被动语气。
I was
accepted by one of the best music schools in
Taiwan.
各位读者不妨注意,这被动语气的用法是很正当而且适宜的,如用主动这句话变成了
One of the best music schools accepted me.
这样反而并不太能表达原意。
(4)
Before I got into
college, I had been to the United States and lived
there for one year. This is why I could speak
English better
than average students.
54
As I studied as a college student,
Hitler was secretly preparing for the Second World
War. The war erupted finally when I was
a
senior. I was forced to quit school and was
drafted into the army. I luckily survived the war
and came back to resume my
studying after the
war was over. Since I had gone to the war, I was
more mature than most of the other students.
Even now, I can still remember my days as a
college student as well as a soldier.
这篇文章介绍了
如何使用过去完成式,第一句话就用了过去完成式,因为有两件事,一件是〝进大学〞,另一件是〝去
过
美国〞,由于在进大学以前去美国,所以〝去美国〞就用了过去完成式。
请注意第二段的第一句:
As I studied as a college student, Hitler was
secretly preparing for the Second World War.
这一次,我们用了过去进行式,因为有两件事,〝在学校念书〞是一件事,〝希特勒在准备发动第二次世界大战〞
是
另一件事,其中有一件可以用过去完成式。
同理,在第二段话的最后一句话中,〝曾经去打过仗〞用了过去完成式。
这段文章中,有一句话用了被动语气,读者不妨看这句话〝I was forced to quit
school.〞,其实我们在这种情形之下,
我们必须用被动语气,当然也可以用主动语气,不过那并
不太自然。
也请读者注意这段文章的最后一句话仍一定要用现在式。
(5)
I have been interested in reading novels for a
long time. Among all of the novels that I have
read, I like detective novels the
most. Among
all detective novels, I especially like those
written by Agatha Christe.
Last year, I
started reading another kind of novels, namely
science fictions. I found out that some science
fiction writers are
quite philosophical.
Unfortunately, there are not too many of them.
I always have a dream that one day I will be
good in writing novels. Do you think that my
dreams may come true?
这段文章中,我们介绍了动名词的用法,第一句话的
reading就是动名词,除此以外,我们还有两处用了动名词:started
reading和good in writing。
读者也应该了解为什么第一句话要用
现在完成进行式,在第二句话里面,当我们形容novels,我们也用了现在完成式。
请读者注意第一段的最后一句话,those written by Agatha Christe
。在这里,written是一个过去分词用作了形容词,形
容novels,我们也可以说those
which were written by Agatha Christe.
顺便讲一下,Agatha Christe是一位非常著名的侦探小说作者。
也请大家注意,我们只能说interested in
reading,而不能说interesting in reading。
(6)
Tomorrow, there will be a dancing party in our
university. Since we are freshmen and most of us
have never been to a large
dancing party, we
are naturally very much excited. I must say that I
am not that excited. Although dancing is
interesting, I
often think that the music is
too loud. Besides, as a bystander, I often find
the way that the young people dance these days is
so funny. When they dance, they often remind
me of monkeys.
Well, I must admit that
playing basketball is more interesting to me. But,
unfortunately, I cannot play basketball tomorrow
because the courts will be used for the
dancing party.
这一段话主要的目的是介绍现分词和过去分词用成形容词的做法。第
一个现在分词是dancing,dancing 在这里形容
party。
我们在这里看到有些时候,我们应该用现在分词,有时要用过去分词。请看以下的句子:
We are naturally very much excited.
在这里,我们一定要用excited,绝对不能用
*We are naturally
very exciting.
下一句
Although dancing is
interesting,
在这里,我们必须用interesting,而不能用interested。也就是说,我们不能说
*Although dancing is interested.
(7)
We probably all believe that we should love
others and forgive those who do bad things to us.
Unfortunately it is often hard
for us to
practice what we believe in. For example, if
someone really hurts us badly, we just do not know
what we should do.
Should we take some kind of
action to hurt the person who hurt us, or should
we forgive him?
The truth is that we may
still seek justice. It is right if we want a
criminal to go to jail for his crime. Yet, we
should never have
hatred in our hearts.
这篇文章的目的在介绍〝子句〞的用法,请注意这篇文章内的很多子句,举例来说
that
we should love others and forgive those who do bad
things.
就是一个子句,这个子句是believe的受词,有趣的是,这个子句内部又有一个子句,那就是
who do bad things to do.
这个子句是形容those的。
以下是这一段文章的全部子句:
that we should love others
and forgive those
who do bad things to us
what we believe in
what we should do
55
that we may still seek justice
练习题答案
[练习一]
1.I love my parents.
2. He loves his teacher.
3. He keeps
swimming every day.
4. He wants to drink a
glass of water.
5. He likes playing the
violin.
6. Jack does not like mathematics.
7. Mary hates singing.
8. My mother cooks
very good food.
9. He wants me to see him
tomorrow.
10. He does not know my name.
11.I do not like you.
12. He does not like
swimming.
13. You did not go home.
14.I do
not like swimming.
15.I wanted to go to my
mother's home.
16.I do not like swimming.
17.I did not eat dinner.
18.I will not go
home.
did not go home.
may leave now.
can swim.
22. He does not go to work.
[练习二]
1. a good student.
2. My elder
brother is seventeen years old.
3. My younger
brother swims every day.
4.,'All of them like
music.
5. They are in Japan now.
6. Jade
Mountain is a very high mountain.
7. The
Amazon River is a long river.
8. His father is
a teacher.
9. All of us like Chinese food.
10. He doesn't like ice cream.
11.I love
you.
12. Everyone lis afraid of snakes.)
13. Everyone likes dogs.
14. It is very
cold today.
56
[练习三]
1. He is
watching a movie.
2.I am swimming.
3. She
is making a phone call to her mother.
4. His
brother is taking a walk.
5.I am eating now.
6. We are singing.
7. He is playing the
piano.
8. He is reading a novel.
9.I am
writing a letter.
10. He is running.
[练习四]
1.I love you.
2.I am eating dinnerlunch
now.
3. He is not a student.
4.I am a
teacher.
5.I am singing.
6. He is swimming
now.
7. He likes swimming.
8. He can sing.
9. He is singing now.
10. His father is a
doctor.
11. His father is in the U. S. A.
12.I am taking a bath.
13. He is sleeping
now.
14. Your sister is riding her bicycle
now.
15. Your sister goes to school by
bicycle.
[练习五]
1.I attended a party
yesterday.
2. Hi's elder brother called me
yesterday.
3.I went to America last year.
4.I met your sister last night.
5.I wrote
a letter to you.
6.I ate an egg this morning.
7. Last night, he danced all night.
8. We
ran five thousand meters yesterday.
9. He was
very tired last night.
10. He visited his
father in Taipei last night.
[练习六]
1. He
is a strong boy.
57
2. He was sick
yesterday.
eats an apple every day.
4. He
ate three apples yesterday.
5. 1 like to
watch movies.
6.I am a happy man.
7.
Iwatched two movies yesterday.
8.I le sent a
letter to you yesterday.
9. He smokes very
often.
10.I read the Bible every day.
11.
He did not read the Bible yesterday.
12. He
did not swim yesterday..
[练习七]
1. He is playing basketball now.
2. He likes playing basketball.
3. He
played basketball yesterday.
4. He goes to
school by bicycle every day.
5. He went to the
country by bicycle yesterday.
6.I like
singing.
7. He is singing now.
8. Your
father came to see me yesterday.
9. His older
brother walks two day.
10. His younger
brother is a good boy.
11. He was very weak
last year.
12. He is making a phone call now.
13. He works hard every day.
14. Your
younger brother likes swimming.
15. He was a
good student before.
[练习八]
1. It was
raining when he went to school yesterday.
2.
He was reading a newspaper when the train stopped.
3. They were singing when the train arrived in
the station.
4. He was calling his father when
I went to his house.
5.I was watching TV when
the clock struck eight lastnight.
6.I was
brushin my teeth when my father called me.
7.
He was swimming when I called him.
8. That dog
was sleeping when the cat came in.
9. He was
playing the violin when his younger brother came
home.
10. My mother was cooking dinner when
my father came home.
[练习九]
1.I am a
Christian.
2. He was a Catholic when he
was a child.
3.I went to see my mother
yesterday.
58
4.I like to
play the piano.
5. He is eating now.
6. He likes to eat ice cream.
7. He
walks to school every day.
8. He is
walking now.
9. He is a good boy.
10. He was swimming when I called him.
11. He went to see his mother yesterday.
12.I was taking a bath when my mother
called me.
13.I like to swim.
14.I
liked to swim when I was young. Now, I don't
because I am too old.
15. It is raiping
now.
16. It was raining when I drove to
work yesterday.
17. It rained last night.
18. It rains very often here.
19. He
was reading a book when I went to see him
yesterday.
20. I was a student when I was
young. Now I am a teacher.
[练习十]
1.
They were driving when I went to see them
yesterday.
2. It rains very often in Taipei.
3. He gave his book to his brother last month.
4. He goes to work every morning.
5. He
likes to tell stories.
6.I like to go to
church.
7. The sun is setting now.
8. They
arc playing the piano now.
9.I love you.
10. He was a good student before.
11. He
went to church last Sunday.
12. It rained
last night.
13.I was playing when you
called.'
14. It was raining when I drove to
work last night.
15. He does not know me.
16.I was swimming when my mother came.
17.
They are singing now.
18. He does not like to
swim.
19. He always wears a black coat.
20. He is watching TV now.
[练习十一]
1. I
have swum every morning since 1980.
2.I have
received your letter.
3.I have never been to
America.
4. He has been a Christian since he
was a child.
5.I have seen your grandfather.
6. Your brother has always lived here.
7.
He has been learning to play the piano for a long
time.
59
8.I have already written
three letters, but he didn't reply.
9. For the
past three years, I have driven this car.
10.
He has been a teacher since 1975.
has taught
English for a long time.
12.I have seen Gone
with the Wind.
13.I have eaten.
14.I have
been to the beach three times this year.
15.I
have loved you all my life.
[练习十二]
1.I
went to see Gone with the Wind yesterday.
2.I
have never seen Gone with the Wind.
3. I
lived in America last year.
4.I have lived in
America since 1985.
5. He has never been to
England.
6. He has finished the report.
7.I finished the report last night.
8.I
saw your father last night.
9.I have seen your
father so many times already.
10.I have lived
in Tai-Chung all my life.
[练习十三]
1.I
had become a Christian already when I was a
child.
2.I have been a Christian all my
life.
3. He has lived here since 1939.
4. Stop eating now. You have eaten too
much.
5. It rained last night.
6.
John is a writer. He has written thirteen
novels.
?
7. Last night, I saw
your father for the first time in my life.
8.I
talked to my father last night.
9. Since
1961,I have been a teacher. Before that, I
was a
student.
10.I have read many
novels written by Charles Dickens.
[练习十四]
1. We have been working hard since we
werellittle kids.;
2. Since last year, he has
been studying English.
3. It has been raining
since yesterday.
4. Since five o'clock, he has
been doing his homework.
5.I have been living
in Taichung since I was three years old.
[练习十五]
1.I had met your mother before I
was fourteen years old.
60
2.I had been to America before 1974.
3. He had read the Bible six years ago.
4.I had been an engineer before 1 studied in
the university.
5.I had called you before you
came.
6.I had met Mr. Lee before I had dinner
with him last night.
7. He had been a good
president before he resigned.
8. He had been a
good doctor before he died.
9. He had been
practiced singing before he started going to the
church. 10. It had been raining before eight
o'clock this morning.
[练习十六]
1. You were
singing when he went to see you yesterday.
2.
He had been a good boy.
3. All of them like to
play basketball.
4. We are watching TV now.
5. You have lived in Taiwan for a long time.
6.I have already read over this book.
7.
They have lived here all the time.
8.I had
gone to church before coming here.
9. He likes
to watch the sunrise.
10. He likes swimming.
11. He has been learning to play the piano
since he was six years old.
12. He used to be a
strong boy.
13. He had been a very healthy man
before he got sick.
14. People were dancing
when the train arrived at the station.
15. He
had been a musician before the war broke out.
16.I have seen you before.
17.I saw you
last year.
18.I have already written the
letter.
19. Since 1974,I have been a soldier.
20.I have read many English books.
[练习十七]
1. He loves his country.
2. He
loved his country, but now he does not.
3.
I have been a teacher since 1975.
4.I
had been a teacher before I went to college.
5.I have been reading Shakespeare ever
since I was a littlegirl.
6. When I went to
see her yesterday, she was watching TV.
7.I had seen your father before I saw
you.
8. He has read many detective
stories.
9. He goes to church every
Sunday.
10. It was a cold day yesterday.
11. It has been raining for the last
two days.
12.I have eaten too much. I am
full now.
13. She had been a nurse before
the war broke out.
14. I have ? never
seen you in my life.
15. He has been
a teacher since 1980.
61
16. It is good to cat vegetables
every day.
17. It was so nice to meet you
last night.
18. She had been such a nice
girl before she died.
19. Peter has gone
to America many times.
20. He has been
working hard since last year. He hopes to
succeed in the college entrance
examination
this time.
[练习十八]
1.I will go to church
tomorrow.
2. He will meet me next Monday.
3. He will clean this room tomorrow.
4.I
will go to Taipei after dinner tomorrow.
5.I
will call you tomorrow night after I go home.
6.I will major in law after I graduate.
7.I will watch TV tomorrow after you leave.
8.I will go to Tainan tomorrow.
9.I will
write a letter to you tonight.
10.I will wait
for my brother tonight.
[练习十九]
1.I am
going to be in America next year after I graduate
.
2.I will explain this to you tonight
after I read the report.
3. I will see you
tonight.
4. As soon as you come see me, I
will give you my book.
5. When you arrive in
New York tomorrow, Tom will be in the airport to
meet you.
6.I will go to church after
the rain slops.
7.I will watch the new TV
program after you leave..
8. When you get
here tomorrow, everyone will be waiting for
you.
9.I will get a job as soon as I get
out of college.
10. He will have dinner
very late tomorrow.
11.I will quit my
present job, after I find a better one.
[练习二十]
1.I will be watching the
baseball game tomorrow night.
2. He will
have finished the report when you arrive at
hishome.
3.I will have washed my car
tonight when my mother comes.
4. They will
be playing their violins when the clock strikes
twelve.
5. He will have completed
writing this program before ten o'clock tonight.
6. He will have been the president for
three years next May.
7.I will have
repaired my car when you come tonight.
8.I
will have read this report before six o'clock
tomorrow evening.
9. People will be dancing
in the streets if Mr. Robertson is elected
President.
10.I will have driven four
hundred miles tomorrow.
62
[练习二十一]
1. Perterson was born in 1965. He liked music
when he was a child. Since 1975, he has been
learning to play the violin. Now, he is a very
good violinist.
2.I will be watching TV at
home when my elder brother visits me tomorrow. I
like to watch
programs about hospitals.
3.I liked to play basketball when I was a
child. Now, 1 don't because I had a car
accident.
4. I am calling my mother, who is
eighty-eight years old and has lived in Taipei for
sixty years.
5. I had been to England before
I went to America. When I was in England, I met a
beautiful girl
and she has become
my wife,
[练习二十二]
1. I am watching TV now. I
watch TV every day.
2. He had had a big
dinner before we arrived last night. It was a good
meal. He seldom ate
so much.
3. He
has been working on this novel for a very long
time.
By the time he finishes it, he will
have written six novels.
4.I have been to
America several times. I will go to America again
next year.
5.I lived in Taipei when I was a
child. When I was six years old, I moved to
Taiwan and
have lived there ever since.
6. It is my birthday tomorrow. Yet I have a
test the day after tomorrow. So I will study
in the
library tomorrow night.
7. He had
been a strong kid before he became an athlete in
college. Now although he is
seventy years old,
he is still quite healthy.
8..He takes a
bath every morning. Today, since he got up very
late, he went to school
directly without
taking a bath.
[练习二十三]
1.I didn't see your
brother last night.
2.I don't like apples.
3. She is not a beautiful girl.
4. They
cannot play violin very well.
5. Mr. Chang
must not answer the following questions.
Mr.
Chang does not have to answer the following
questions.
6. He didn't go to see his brother
last night.
7. He couldn't sing many
songs.
8. He will not buy thiscar. didn't
rain heavily last night.
10.I have not
lived here for three years.
11. He doesn't have to see his mother.
12. He didn't have to stay here yesterday.
[练习二十四]
63
1.I have
no money.'
2. A selfish person does not
have any friends. ,
3. No man is
entirely alone.
4. No one is living here.
We can not get into this house.
5. Not
a single person loves me.
6. No one loves
me.
7. The person whom I saw did not
come.
8.I did not go to work yesterday.
9.I had no work to do yesterday.
10.I can not find any one in this hall.
11.I have neve I gone to America.
12.
He has never written to me.
[练习二十五]
1.
Do you like him?
2. Is he an American?
3.
Did you go to church yesterday?
4. Has he been
to Japan?
5. Do you want to go to Taipei?
6. Doesn't he like sports?
7. Haven't you
been to Japan?
8. Does he have a sister?
9. Are they students?
10. Did your brother
see my father yesterday?
[练习二十六]
1. Where
did you buy this book?
2. When did he go to
America?
3. What is his father's name?
4.
Whose book is this?
5. Where are you from?
6. Which book do you want?
7. Who is this
kid?
8. Whom does he like most?
9. What is
his name?
10. Where did you go yesterday?
11. Whose dog is this?
[练习二十七]
1.
Where did you go last night?
2. Which
book do you like?
3. Who is your brother?
4. What is his name?
5. Who wrote
this letter?
6. Whom did you give this
book to?
7. Who gave you this book?
64
8. Whose car is this?
9. Whose dog is this?
10. Which
movie did you see?
11. Who can speak
English?
12. Whom did you speak to?
13. What kind of car is this?
14.
Which fruit do you like most?
15. Who
does not swim?
[练习二十八]
1. That movie was
seen by him last night.
2. That letter was
written to me by him.
3. Those English classes
are taught by him.
4. You are loved by God.
5. Two houses were bought by them.
6. This
room was painted by me.
7. Those roses are
grown by him.
8. His students are helped by
him.
9. The house was sold by me.
10. This
car was bought by my uncle.
[练习二十九]
1.I
saw the policeman.
2.I wrote those two books.
3. My teacher corrected these sentences, .
4. A car hit him.
5.I locked his door.
6. My father built his house.
7. My father
gave his boat to me.
8. People here rarely see
this bird. People rarely see this bird here.
9. Everyone likes him.
10. Their friends
gave them ten dollars.
11. He took this
picture.
12. The young men drank too much
wine.
13. Mr. Wang taught me.
14. His
father helped him.
15. That waiter served
them.
16.'My mother prepared his food.
17.
My sister made his toy.
18. Jim returned the
book to me.
19. My brother wrote that song.
20. He invited me to a party.
[练习三十]
1. Three novels have been written by him.
2. That letter will be written by him.
65
3. These songs will be sung by them
tomorrow.
4. The speech will be given by him.
5. The house is being painted by them.
6.
Three books have been given to him by me.
7.
This job can be done by me.
8. That story had
been told to me by him before we went there.
9. The students should be helped by the
teachers.
10. The report is being written by
him now.
11. This book must be read by the
students.
12. This letter has to be given to
my mother by me tonight.
13. The law ought to
be obeyed by all citizens.
14. All of the
cakes have been eaten by him.
15. Pictures
were being taken by the reporters when the storm
started.
16. The work had been finished by him
before five o'clock last night.
17. That
letter will be written by Peter.
18. My letter
has been received by John.
19. The movie Gone
with the Wind was seen by millions of people
20. That theorem has been proved by him.
[练习三十一]
1. Joseph has written two books.
2. Many students are choosing football.
3.
His father should give him that lecture.
4.
He will write that report.
5. The King has
received the letter.
6. Everyone should see
this movie.
7. Every student ought to read
this book.
8.I am helping them.
9. All of
us are going to sec the movie.
10. Kids can
eat this cake.
[练习三十二]
1. Apples arc not
grown by the farmers here.
2.1 was not met by
him last night.
3. That letter has not been
written by me.
4. That movie is not going to
be seen by John.
5. That movie was not filmed
by mc.
6. English is not spoken by him.
7.
English will not be spoken by him.
8. That
cake should not be eaten by you.
9. That kind
of fish is not eaten by my mother.
10. That
report has not been written by John.
[练习三十三]
1. He did not write the book.
2. You arc
not going to help me.
66
3. John
has not received that book.
4. College
students do not like that song.
5. Mary does
not love John.
6. My students will not meet me
tomorrow.
7. Vegetarians do not cat meat.
8.I did not open the door.
9.I did not pay
those ten dollars.
10.I did not buy the car,
[练习三十四]
a book being written by him?
2. Was that book written by him?
3. Was
that letter signed by you?
4. Where was that
movie seen by you?
5. When was that movie seen
by you?
6. Has that job been finished by him?
7. Were you given the gift by mother?
8.
Were you visited by your mother last night?
9.
Are roses grown by them?
10. Is English spoken
by them?
11. Was that game of tennis won by
you?
12. Will English be taught by you?
[练习三十五]
1. Did you cat the cake?
2. Do
all of us like him?
3. Does everyone in Japan
love that kind of music?
4. Do old people cat
fish?
5. Do most women love roses?
6. Did
you call him?
7. Does John play soccer?
8.
When did Mozart write this music?
9. When did
you see him?
10. Did you see them last night?
[练习三十六]
1.I sent two letters you receive
them? Every letter was written by me. Please write
back to me soon.
2.I was invited to a
dancing party last week. The music was so noisy.
I left the party as
early as I could
3. Did you write that report? Yes, it
was written by me.
4. He did not like music
when he was a child. After he got into college, he
was taught by a good
music professor. Now, he
enjoys music very much and listens to classical
music every morning.
5.I bought a red car
yesterday. It was made in Japan. It will be
delivered to me tomorrow.
6.I did not go
to school yesterday because my bicycle was stolen.
I bought a new bike yesterday.
67
7. Where did (do) you go last
night? I could (can) not find (find) you.
You
were seen (sec) by no one.
8. A:
Docs . he smoke ?
B: No, he does not.
Smoking has never been tried by him.
9.
Was the book written by him?
10.I bought
three books lately. One was written by
Graham Greene.
I finished reading it.
There are many interesting stories in it.
[练习三十七]
1. This is a book which was
written by Dickens.
2. Is the music
enjoyed by those elderly people?
3. When
were you visited by your father yesterday?
4. This book was written by John.
5.
He was invited to come to my home by my
father yesterday.
6. This house was built
in 1913.
7. This letter was written by
him.
8. This letter has never been
finished.
9. Were you given a book?
10.I have never been called by my father.
I always call him first.
[练习三十八]
1.
Playing tennis is fun.
2.I hate swimming.
3. Stop talking about me.
4. In addition
to reading interesting books, you should also
watch TV from time to time.
5.1 am not
interested in swimming.
6. He talks about
going to America.
7. I believe in doing
exercise every day.
8. The cost of
transferring a student to another school is very
high.
9. Please forgive me for making this
mistake.
10. Swimming keeps me from getting
cold.
[练习三十九]
1. Please forgive me for
being so late.
2. In addition to studying
,you should also have some exercise every day.
3. We talked about building a house
next year.
4. Thank you for helping
me.
5. He is excited about traveling to
Japan.
6.I am looking forward to meeting
you.
7. He insists on talking to me
personally.
8.I believe in exercising every
day.
9. Did you participate in that
swimming match.
10. He was not used to
listening to classical music.
11. My mother
objected to visiting my aunt tomorrow.
12.I am not accustomed to going to bed
so late.
interested in swimming.
68
14. Are you responsible for writing
this report?
15. He is excited about
seeing me tomorrow.
16. He is looking
forward to seeing that movie.
17.I
am not used to hearing that kind of noise.
18. You should take advantage of having
such a good family.
19. He is in charge of
sending students to other schools.
[练习四十]
1. I do not like dancing.
2. Arc you
interested in swimming ?
3. Playing basketball
is interesting.
4. We talked about teaching
English yesterday.
5.I am not used to
smoking.
6.I object to crying in public.
7. In addition to swimming, he should play
baseball.
8. He is capable of running one
kilometer every day.
9. He is in charge of
finding a good place.
10. I am accustomed to
getting up early.
[练习四十一]
1. I enjoy
listening to rock and roll music.
2. 1
asked him to go away.
3. He was asked
to leave .
4.I suggest having some fun.
5. He seems to be a kind person.
6.
You appear to be (be) quite tired.
7.I told him to have a cup of wine.
8.I invited him to come over.
9.
Everyone of you is required to work hard.
10. Do you like swimming ?
11. I
ordered him to read my book.
12.I was
expected to write a letter to you.
13. He
asked me to read this letter to him.
14.
Please keep talking (talk) to me.
15.
Stop driving so fast. It is dangerous to
drive too fast.
16.1 hate smoking .
17.
Passing (pass) the test is important.
18.
Working hard is the key to success.
19. My
wife asked me to bring some flowers home.
20. He avoided telling lies.
[练习四十二]
1.I invited him to come to my house.
2.I
teach him swimming.
3. To be loved makes
people happy.
4.I hate smoking.
69
5. We should avoid smoking.
6.
Stop smoking.
7. Everyone expects him to write
a good book.
8.I required him to study
English every day.
[练习四十三]
1. He lets his
son drive his car.
2. He made me feel happy.
3.I made my friend discuss his problem with
me.
4.I had my son get up early every morning.
5.I helped my father paint his house.
6.I
had my brother carry this heavy luggage for me.
7.I had Mary marry me.
8. This song makes
everyone cry.
9.I helped Nancy work hard.
10. He made us believe him.
11.I saw him
play.
12.I heard Mary sing several songs.
13.I watched her swim.
14.I saw the birds
fly away.
[练习四十四]
1. This is an
interesting storybook.
2. The class is very
boring.
3. Look at that singing bird.
4.
That smiling man is my brother.
5. People
living in the country are usually very healthy.
6.I do not know that boy riding a bicycle.
7. The kid eating ice cream is my son.
8.
The student asking questions is pretty clever.
9. Have you met the boy playing basketball?
10. That dying patient is my teacher.
[练习四十五]
1.I am interested in music.
2.
The movie seen by everyone was produced in
Hollywood.
3. He came from a broken family.
4. The law of this country has broken down.
5.I am excited about this news.
6. We
should help that depressed student.
7. Three
people got killed in this traffic accident.
8.
This is a confused student.
9. He is an
interesting person.
70
[练习四十六]
1. He is totally confused .
2.I am
interested in seeing that movie.
3. This
movie is really exciting.
4. That is a
broken promise.
5. He has a broken arm.
6. Their marriage was broken up.
7.
Justice is still not a realized dream.
8. lie is a depressed person.
9. The
bicycle ridden by the young kid is mine.
10.I do not like to see any person injured
.
11.I was very much surprised to hear
that news.
12. His statements are
encouraging .
13. The man talking about
Hitler is a professor.
14. The man piloting
the airplane is quite young.
15. The company
managed by Mr. Lee is getting better and better.
16. Poor John now has a broken heart.
17. There are boys and girls dancing in
the garden.
18. The stolen jacket has been
found.
19. The boy laughing there is not
my son.
20. He has a smiling face.
21.
This is indeed very exciting .
22. This
song, heard by almost everyone, was written by
me.
23.I don't like the song written by
the Beatles.
24. She is a caring woman.
[练习四十七]
1. We all have the duty to pay
taxes.
2. We have the right to remain silent.
3. He has the talent to swim.
4.I have no
money left to spend.
5.I have no place to go.
6. He is too tired to drive.
7.I am glad
to sec you.
8. He is smart enough to get into
college.
9. My job is to teach kids English.
10.I was surprised to see you.
11. We
have lots of things to talk about.
12. He has
no friends to talk to.
[练习四十八]
1.I do not
know who you are.
2. Please tell me whether
you are an American or not
3.I do not
remember whether you drink coffeeor not .
4.
Please ask your sister if she went to Japan last
year.
5. Do you know who he is?
71
6. Where he is from remains a puzzle.
7. want to find out whether his brother can
swim or not. '
8.I know why he is so sad.
9. Do you know when Mary will come?
10. Do
you know what happened?
11.I know why the sky
is blue.
12. Please tell me where you worked
last year.
13. Do you know what he is talking
about?
14.I do not understand what his
problem is.
[练习四十九]
1. Please tell me why
he is so sad.
2.I do not know where she is
from.
3. Please tell mc how many people there
are in this house.
4. Let me know how old you
are.
5. Whether he is Japanese or not is a
mystery.
6. Do you know who the president of
the United States is?
7. May I ask you which
kind of coffee you like?
8.i can not remember
how old I am.
9. What he is talking about is
unclear to me.
10. Do you know why he is
coming?
[练习五十]
1.I don't know which
book you bought.
2. Do you know where he
is from?
3. Please ask him whether he
drinks tea or not.
4. What he is thinking
about is well known to all of us.
5. Let me
guess how old you arc.
6. May I ask why
you are so sad?
7.I don't know who he is.
8. Do you know whose house this is?
9.
This is not what 1 want.
10.I don't care
who you are.
[练习五十一]
1. I told you that
you must leave.
2.I am glad that you are here
now.
3. That he is an American is unknown to
us.
4. Can you imagine that he is Chinese?
5. Do you think that he is Chinese?
6.
That Hitler was defeated in the Second World War
is an important event in the history of
mankind.
7.I do not think that he is a bad
student.
8.I am surprised to know that she is
from Japan.
9. It is hard to imagine that he
does not have a high school diploma.
10. Do
you believe that he is innocent?
72
11.I demand that my students work hard.
12. That the sun rises in the east is a fact.
[练习五十二]
1.I do not believe that he is my
brother.
2.I advised him that he should go to
America.
3. Do you believe that the earth is
round?
4.I told him that he must read this
book.
5.I forgot that you are a kid.
6.
Can you believe that I can speak English?
7.
That he did not show up makes me angry.
8.1
think that he is a good man.
9. Do not forget
that there are a lot of poor people in the world.
10.I know that he teaches English.
11.I
never knew that he is so smart.
12.I know
that he can not come over.
13.I hope that he
can come.
14. Can you believe that he grew up
in Taiwan?
15.I cannot decide whether he
should go to college or not.
16. You told me
that he went to America last year.
17. This
teacher did not know that my father is also a
teacher.
18. I'd like to ask him whether he
will come to my house tomorrow.
19. Do you
know whether this train goes to Taipei or not?
20. Please tell me whether you can speak
English or not.
[练习五十三]
1.I saw that kid
who was driving fast.
2. We arc discussing
those students who have problems.
3. Those who
swim everyday must be very strong.
4. The
person who tookdrove me to the Railway Station is
my student.
5. The girl whom you met is my
sister.
6.I like the poem which you wrote.
7. The professor whom you were talking about
is my elder brother.
8. The music that you
heard is R & B.
9. I like those books which
have pictures in them.
10. I don't know in
which city Lincoln was born.
11.I like the CD
that you gave me very much.
12. The movie
that I saw last night was very boring.
[练习五十四]
1.I saw the man whom you talked about.
2. He is not the man whom we met.
3.
Those who cry very often are usually not
liked.
4.I like to talk to people who
are friendly.
5.I enjoy reading the book
which you gave to me.
6. Do you know the
person whom everyone knows?
73
7. Peter is a good singer who
practices singing every day.
8. Do you know
the Peter whom we talked about?
9. Did you
see the person whom I spoke to?
10.I have
seen the person whom we talked about.
[练习五十五]
1. He is the man who is very
good at English.
2.I don't know the person
whom you talked to.
3. This is not the
house where the president lives.
4.I do
not like anyone who cries frequently.
5.
Did you read the book, which you bought last
month?
6. Do you know the year when the
Second World War ended?
7. Do you know that
student whom I taught?
8.I have no idea
about the person whom you are talking about.
9. Do you know whom he is talking about?
10. Do you know whose dress it is?
[练习五十六]
1. He is a good student.
2.
He is the student whom every teacher likes.
3.I want to be the president.
4. This is
the President.
5. Please open a window.
6.
The President of the Republic of China will visit
the U. S. A. next year.
7.I want to be a good
engineer.
8. He is the teacher whom we often
talk about.
9. Java is a new computer
language. 10.I have a dog.
11. He is the
professor who got athe big award.
12. Where
is the train station?
13. Please tell me the
address of the post office.
14.1s there a
post office here?
15. The sun rises in the
east.
16. The universe is very large.
17.
Why can't we sec the moon in the day time?
18.
How old is the President?
[练习五十七]
1. He is
the student who went to see you.
2. There is
_a_ river in this area. 3.I don't want to be a
teacher.
4. He wants to become a doctor.
5. No one wants to be a beggar.
6.
Please open the door which opens to the hall.
7. UNIX is _a_ computer operating system.
8. WINDOWS is the only operating system
invested in by Microsoft.
9.I have _a dog and
two cats.
10. Is she the teacher whom we
talked about yesterday?
74
11 The
earth is not flat.
12. Is there _a hotel
around here?
13. Where is the train
station.
14.I really like the library.
15. Please give me a glass of water.
16. The wind is getting stronger and
stronger.
17. He is a friend of mine.
18. It is hard for the poor to go to
college.
19. He is the swimmer who swam
across the English Channel.
20. The
weather is getting colder and colder.
21. This
is the book which I bought yesterday.
22.I don't want to be _a_ professor.
23.I
am going to take _a_ vacation next month
24.
John will become a basketball player.
25.I
ride _a_ bicycle to work every morning.
[练习五十八]
1. Me is an English
Professor.
2. This is an easy job.
3.
He is just an ordinary person.
4. A
friend in need is _a_ friend indeed.
5. Give
me _a_ hint.
6.I have an American friend.
7.I will become an engineer.
8. Is he
an honest boy?
9. An hour later, he
went away.
10. Where is the university
library?
11. Is there a university library
here?
[练习五十九]
1. Girls are usually good at
learning languages.
2. Dogs always chase cats.
3.I have not had water for two hours.
4.
There is no life without pain.
5. Love is the
most important thing in one's life.
6. He has
wisdom.
7.I am losing patience.
8. This is
not the time to cry.
9. The pain due to losing
a loved one is hard to endure.
10. The joy of
being a father is really great.
11. Being
honest is a virtue.
12. We need air to live.
13.I do not drink coffee. I drink tea.
14. We Chinese eat rice every day.
15. The
water in this area is very clean.
16. There
was a fire in the next street last night.
17.
The fire last night killed three kids.
18. The
coffee which you are drinking is from South
America.
75
19. Mary is from
Canada.
20. China is a large country.
21.
The Republic of China was founded in 1911.
22.
Where is England?
23. Is Russia in Europe?
24. President Lincoln was a great person.
25. King George was a mad king.
26. The
Yellow River is a long river.
27. Have you
been to the Gobi Desert?
28. The Manila Bay is
very beautiful.
29. It is hard to cross the
Atlantic Ocean by a small boat.
30. Can you
swim across the English Channel?
31. The
United States of America is a large country.
32. The United Nations and the Red Cross
often work. together.
33. When did the
Ottoman Empire end?
34. The British Empire was
large before.
35. The Catholic Church is one
of the oldest organizations in the world.
36.
This cup was made in the Ming Dynasty.
37. The
European Renaissance was a very important era for
the mankind.
38. We should not go back to the
Dark Ages.
39. The Wangs did not invite me to
their house.
40. I do not like the Kennedys.
41. The Chinese pay great attention to
education.
42.I do not like physics.
43.
Are you interested in chemistry?
44. Did you
have lunch?
45. Let us have dinner together.
46.I always have breakfast with my family.
47.I had a big dinner last night.
48. The
dinner my mother cooked for me was delicious.
49.I go to church every Sunday.
50. He
does not like to go to school.
51. Did you see
the beautiful church in the next street
52.
English is so hard for me.
53. Do you speak
English?
54. Do you play tennis?
55.
Swimming is good for you.
[练习六十]
1. Boys
usually do not like to sit still for long.
2.I would love to have a. cup of coffee.
3. There is love between us.
4. Can you
feel the love of your mother?
5. The
joy of having a new baby is really great.
6.
We can not live without love.
7.I have not
drunk wine for a long time.
8. Do you have
the wisdom to distinguish bad persons from good
ones?
9. This is _a_ good dinner.
10.I
did not have dinner.
11. The joy of being
a mother is great.
76
12.
Running is _a_ good exercise.
13. The
sadness due to the death of his mother really
hurts him.
14. We need water to live.
15.
We can not live without air.
16.I do not
drink coffee.
17. The fire that occurred
last night destroyed my house.
18. The
coffee which you are drinking is very light.
19. The Republic of China is in Asia.
20. Where is Russia?
21. Is France in
Africa?
22. President Kennedy was liked by
most Americans before be died.
23. The
Amazon River is a long one.
24. Have you ever
been to Tokyo?
25. Have you ever been to
the Tokyo Bay?
26. There are more than one
hundred countries in the United Nations.
27. This is a Ming Dynasty porcelain.
28. The Wangs invited us to a dinner
party.
29. 1 do not like mathematics.
30.
Spring is a pleasant season.
31.I had a
pleasant evening with my friends.
32. The
breakfast which 1 had this morning was too light
for me.
33. It is not easy to study English.
34.I did play basketball yesterday.
35.
Swimming is good exercise.
36. There should be
a chicken in every pot.
[练习六十一]
1. Dogs
can bark.
2. Cats can catch mice.
3.
Sometimes, suffering is good.
4. 1 don't
drink tea.
5. The feeling of being loved is
very important.
6. Speaking the truth makes
one happy.
7. We need love.
8. He is a
Chinese.
9. The Chinese love drinking tea.
10. Last night, there was a fire in the city.
11. John is from America.
12. Where is
France?
13.I like President Lincoln.
14.
The Yellow River is not yellow.
15. The Red
Cross is one hundred years old.
16. The Ming
Dynasty was an important era.
17. Do you like
mathematics?
18.I did not eat breakfast this
morning.
19.I have already had lunch.
20.I
did not go to church yesterday.
21.I will go
to college this fall.
22. Swimming makes me
strong.
77
[练习六十二]
1. smaller
2. slower
3. more intelligent
4. more
expensive
5. taller
6. shorter
7. more
important
8. cheaper
9. more famous
10. colder
11. faster
12.,more careful
13. more colorful
14. longer
15.
darker
16. brighter
[练习六十三]
1. cuter
2. wider
3. earlier
4. happier
5.
heavier
6. thinner
7. easier
8. hotter
9. wiser
10. larger
11. better
12.
worse
13. more
[练习六十四]
1. He is older
than I.
2. She is younger than I.
3. This
university is larger than that university.
4.
He is older than my brother.
5. His house is
older than mine.
6. The size of this city is
larger than that of San Francisco.
7. She is
taller than he.
8. The height of this boy is
greater than that of his brother.
9. He is the
best student in my class.
10. He is the worse
one.
78
[练习六十五]
1. You are
stronger than he.
2. His English is better
than mine.
3. He is richer than his brother.
4. He is the richest person in the world.
5. This pen is more expensive than yours.
6. He is the tallest man on earth.
7. The
Amazon River is the longest river in the world.
8. He is taller than his father.
9. He is
the best student in his class.
10. Among the
persons whom I have met, he is the tallest.
[练习六十六]
1. He is older than John.
2. This problem is one of the most difficult
problems that I have ever seen.
3. This is one
of the best movies that I have ever seen.
4. Do we have a better choice?
5.
This place is hotter than San Francisco.
6. He is more famous than his sister.
7. She is getting worse now.
8. He
is feeling better now.
9. He has more
money than his father.
10. Mary is one of
the most beautiful students in her class.
11. He is happier than before.
12.
Peter is getting thinner
13. This summer is
hotter than last summer.
14. You have a
brighter future now.
15. He has more
students than L 16.I feel much better now.
17. He is more careful than you.
18.
Time is more important than money.
[练习六十七]
1. Many people like to drink wine.
2. He loves you.
3. He wants to go to
school.
4. Do you like swimming?
5.I told
him to come back soon.
6.I asked my brother to
eat an apple every day.
7. My school
classmates like to get together.
8. My
government wishes to establish a peaceful society.
9. Tom never works hard.
10. He does not
tell the truth.
11.I will not go to the
concert.
12.I liked to swim.
13. It is
important to go to church every Sunday.
14I
was with my brother when you called.
79
15. My friends are friendly to me.
16. The governments of Asia have no choice
17. His wish to succeed in many things is not
realistic.
18. My wish to visit many countries
is finally fulfilled.
19.I am a person who
eats an apple every day.
20. He is not a good
student.
21. Many people are excited by the
news.
22. The future is bright.
23. This
was caused by the war.
24. How can we obtain
lasting peace?
25. How can we succeed?
26.
Good citizens love their country.
27.I never
watch TV.
28. He has published many books
since 1989.
29.I have lived here since I was
ten years old.
30. He was in the university
when the war broke out.
31. Many Jewish people
were killed during the Second World War.
32.I
have been a Catholic since 1939.
33. Many
people are leaving that country because of the
poverty.
34. He was writing a letter when I
visited him yesterday.
35. He was happy when
he was informed of the good news.
36. He has
written many novels.
37.I have finally
finished the letter.
38. He is not loved by
anyone.
39. Wine is manufactured here.
40.
His effort is well appreciated.
41.I like
playing basketball.
42. We should pay
attention to writing good English sentences.
43. Instead of playing guitar, he plays
violin.
44. This is a losing team.
45. He
has a smiling face.
46. Why did he cry so
loudly?
47. He does not like his brother.
48. He does not speak English.
49. Among
all of your students, whom do you like most?
50. He is loved by everyone.
51. This
problem is transformed into another problem.
52. This line is connected to the central
office.
53. The books will be mailed to you.
54. He is the man who stole my car.
55.
Peter is the boy who runs very fast.
56. I did
not know that the war broke out so soon.
57.
The boys who study hard will easily succeed.
58. There arc a lot of people who use
computers now.
59. I will let you drive my new
car.
60. He makes everyone laugh. 61.I heard
him sing.
62. He is making his son go abroad.
63. I will never let him cheat.
64. His
mother makes him get up early in the morning.
65. He is excited about the news.
66. He
is not interested in sports.
67. This is not
interesting to me.
80
68.
His work is well appreciated by all of us.
69.I am disappointed.
70. President Lee
will appear soon.
71. It will never happen.
72. He is the most frustrated person.
73.
He is living in poverty.
74. There is no
possibility of war.
75. Everyone knows who he
is.
76. Do you know why he is so happy?
77. It is hard to explain why John failed.
78. He is the cleverest person on earth.
79. Is he getting bigger?
80. This is the
taller building.
81
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