论文写作常用英语语法

Introduction很多文献已经讨论过了
A. Solar energy conversion by photoelectrochemical cells has been intensively
investigated. (Nature 1991, 353, 737 - 740 )
B. This was demonstrated in a number of studies that showed that composite
plasmonic-metalsemiconductor photocatalysts achieved significantly higher rates in
various photocatalytic reactions compared with their pure semiconductor
counterparts.
C. Several excellent reviews describing these applications are available, and we do
not discuss these topics
D. Much work so far has focused on wide band gap semiconductors for water
splitting for the sake of chemical stability.（DOI:10.1038NMAT3151）
E. Recent developments of Lewis acids and water-soluble organometallic
catalysts have attracted much attention.（Chem. Rev. 2002, 102, 3641?3666）
F. An interesting approach in the use of zeolite as a water-tolerant solid acid was
described by Ogawa et al（. 2002, 102, 3641?3666）
G. Considerable research efforts have been devoted to the direct transition
metal-catalyzed conversion of aryl halides toaryl nitriles. (J. Org. Chem. 2000, 65,
7984-7989)
H. There are many excellent reviews in the literature dealing with the basic
concepts of the photocatalytic processand the reader is referred in particular to those
by Hoffmann and coworkers,Mills and coworkers, and Kamat.(Metal oxide
catalysis,19,P755)
I. Nishimiya and Tsutsumi have reported on（proposed）the influence of the SiAl
ratio of various zeolites on the acid strength, which were estimated by calorimetry
using ammonia. (. 2002, 102, 3641?3666)

二、在results and discussion中经常会用到的：如图所示
A. GIXRD patterns in Figure 1A show the bulk structural information on
as-deposited films.

B. As shown in Figure 7B, the steady- state current density decreases after cycling
between 0.35 and 0.7 V, which is probably due to the dissolution of FeOx.
C. As can be seen from parts a and b of Figure 7, the reaction cycles start with the
thermodynamically most favorable VOx structures（J. Phys. Chem. C 2014, 118,
24950?24958）

这与XX能够相互印证：
A. This is supported by the appearance in the Ni- doped compounds of an
ultraviolet–visible absorption band at 420–520nm (see Fig. 3 inset), corresponding to
an energy range of about 2.9 to 2.3 eV.
B. This is consistent with the observation from SEM–EDS. ( et al.
Chemical Physics Letters 332 (2000) 271–277)
C. This indicates a good agreement between the observed and calculated intensities
in monoclinic with space groupP2c when the O atoms are included in the model.
D. The results are in good consistent with the observed photocatalytic activity...
E. Identical conclusions were obtained in studies where the SPR intensity and
wavelength were modulated by manipulating the composition, shape,or size of
plasmonic nanostructures.
F. It was also found that areas of persistent divergent surface
flow coincide with regions where convection appears to be consistently suppressed
even when SSTs are above 27.5°C.

1. 值得注意的是...
A. It must also be mentioned that the recycling of aqueous organic solvent is less
desirable than that of pure organic liquid.
B. Another interesting finding is that zeolites with 10-membered ring pores showed
high selectivities (>99%) to cyclohexanol, whereas those with 12-membered ring
pores, such as mordenite, produced large amounts of dicyclohexyl ether. (Chem. Rev.
2002, 102, 3641?3666)

C. It should be pointed out that the nanometer-scale distribution of electrocatalyst
centers on the electrode surface is also a predominant factor for high ORR
electrocatalytic activity.
D. Notably, the Ru II and Rh I complexes possessing the same BINAP chirality form
antipodal amino acids as the predominant products. (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2002, 41:
2008–2022)
E. Given the multitude of various transformations published, it is noteworthy that only
very few distinct activation methods have been identified. (Chem. Soc. Rev., 2009, 38,
2178-2189)
F. It is important to highlight that these two directing effects will lead to different
enantiomers of the products even if both the “H-bond-catalyst” and the catalyst acting
by steric shielding have the same absolute stereochemistry. (Chem. Soc.
Rev., 2009, 38, 2178-2189)
G. It is worthwhile mentioning that these PPNDs can be very stable for several
months without the observations of any floating or precipitated dots, which is
attributed to the electrostatic repulsions between the positively charge PPNDs
resulting in electrosteric stabilization.(Adv. Mater., 2012, 24: 2037–2041)

2. ...仍然是个挑战
A. There is thereby an urgent need but it is still a significant challenge to rationally
design and delicately tail or the electroactive MTMOs for advanced LIBs, ECs,
MOBs, and FCs. （Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.2 014, 53, 1488 – 1504）
B. However, systems that are sufficiently stable and efficient for practical use have
not yet been realized.
C. It remains challenging to develop highly active HER catalysts based on materials
that are more abundant at lower costs. (J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2011, 133, 7296–7299)
D. One of the great challenges in the twenty- first century is unquestionably energy
storage. (Nature Materials 2005, 4, 366 - 377 )

3. 众所周知
A. It is well established (accepted) It is known to all It is commonly
known that many characteristics of functional materials, such as composition,
crystalline phase, structural and morphological features, and the sur-interface
properties between the electrode and electrolyte, would greatly influence the
performance of these unique MTMOs in electrochemical energy storageconversion
applications.（Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.2014,53, 1488 – 1504）
B. It is generally accepted (believed) that for a-Fe2O3-based sensors the change in
resistance is mainly caused by the adsorption and desorption of gases on the surface
of the sensor structure. (Adv. Mater. 2005, 17, 582)
C. As we all know, soybean abounds with carbon, nitrogen and oxygen elements
owing to the existence of sugar, proteins and lipids. (Chem. Commun., 2012, 48,
9367-9369)
D. There is no denying that their presence may mediate spin moments to align parallel
without acting alone to show d0-FM. (Nanoscale, 2013, 5, 3918-3930)

1. 正如下文将提到的...
A. As will be described below（也可以是As we shall see below）, as the SiAl ratio
increases, the surface of the zeolite becomes more hydrophobic and possesses
stronger affinity for ethyl acetate and the number of acid sites decreases.（Chem. Rev.
2002, 102, 3641?3666）
B. This behavior is to be expected and will be further discussed below. (J. Am. Chem.
Soc., 1955, 77, 3701–3707)
C. There are also some small deviations with respect to the flow direction, which
we will discuss below.（Science, 2001, 291, 630-633）
D. Below, we will see what this implies.
E. Complete details of this case will be provided at a later time.

E. 很多论文中，也经常直接用see below来表示，比如：The observation of
nanocluster spheres at the ends of the nanowires is suggestive of a VLS growth
process (see below). (Science, 1998, 279, 208-211)

3. 我们的研究可能在哪些方面得到应用
A. Our ?ndings suggest that the use of solar energy for photocatalytic water
splitting might provide a viable source for ?clean? hydrogen fuel, once the catalytic
ef?ciency of the semiconductor system has been improved by increasing its surface
area and suitable modi?cations of the surface sites.
B. Along with this green and cost- effective protocol of synthesis, we expect that these
novel carbon nanodots have potential applications in bioimaging and
electrocatalysis.(Chem. Commun., 2012, 48, 9367-9369)
C. This system could potentially be applied as the gain medium of solid-state
organic-based lasers or as a component of high value photovoltaic (PV) materials,
where destructive high energy UV radiation would be converted to useful low energy
NIR radiation. (Chem. Soc. Rev., 2013, 42, 29-43)
D. Since the use of graphene may enhance the photocatalytic properties of TiO2 under
UV and visible-light irradiation, graphene–TiO2 composites may potentially be used
to enhance the bactericidal activity. (Chem. Soc. Rev., 2012, 41, 782-796)
E. It is the first report that CQDs are both amino-functionalized and highly
fluorescent, which suggests their promising applications in chemical sensing.(Carbon,
2012, 50, 2810–2815)

1. 什么东西还尚未发现系统研究
A. However,systems that are sufficiently stable and efficient for practical use have not
yet been realized.

B. Nevertheless,for conventional nanostructured MTMOs as mentioned above, some
problematic disadvantages cannot be overlooked.（Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.2014,53,
1488 – 1504）
C. There are relatively few studies devoted to determination of cmc values for block
copolymer micelles. (Macromolecules 1991, 24, 1033-1040)
D. This might be the reason why, despite of the great influence of the preparation on
the catalytic activity of gold catalysts, no systematic study concerning the synthesis
conditions has been published yet. (Applied Catalysis A: General
2002, 226, 1–13)
E. These possibilities remain to be explored.
F. Further effort is required to understand and better control the parameters
dominating the particle surface passivation and resulting properties for carbon dots of
brighter photoluminescence. (J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2006, 128 , 7756–7757)

2. 由于因为...
A. Liquid ammonia is particularly attractive as an alternative to water due to its
stability in the presence of strong reducing agents such as alkali metals that are used
to access lower oxidation states.
B. The unique nature of the cyanide ligand results from its ability to act both as a σ
donor and a π acceptor combined with its negativecharge and ambidentate nature.
C. Qdots are also excellent probes for two-photon confocal microscopy because they
are characterized by a very large absorption cross section (Science 2005, 307,
538-544).
D. As a result of the reductive strategy we used and of the strong bonding between the
surface and the aryl groups, low residual currents (similar to those observed at a bare
electrode) were obtained over a large window of potentials, the same as for the
unmodified parent GC electrode. (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 5883-5884)

E. The small Tafel slope of the defect-rich MoS2 ultrathin nanosheets is advantageous
for practical applications, since it will lead to a faster increment of HER rate with
increasing overpotential.(Adv. Mater., 2013, 25: 5807–5813)
F. Fluorescent carbon-based materials have drawn increasing attention in recent
years owing to exceptional advantages such as high optical absorptivity, chemical
stability, biocompatibility, and low toxicity.(Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2013, 52:
3953–3957)
G. On the basis of measurements of the heat of immersion of water on zeolites,
Tsutsumi etal. claimed that the surface consists of siloxane bondings and is
hydrophobicin the region of low Al content. (Chem. Rev. 2002, 102, 3641?3666)
H. Nanoparticle spatial distributions might have a large significance for catalyst
stability, given that metal particle growth is a relevant deactivation mechanism for
commercial catalysts.

3. ...很重要
A. The inhibition of additional nucleation during growth, in other words, the complete
separation of nucleation and growth, is critical(essential, important) for the successful
synthesis of monodisperse nanocrystals. (Nature Materials 3, 891 - 895 (2004))
B. In the current study, Cys, homocysteine (Hcy) and glutathione (GSH) were chosen
as model thiol compounds since they play important (significant, vital, critical)
roles in many biological processes and monitoring of these thiol compounds is of
great importance for diagnosis of diseases.(Chem. Commun., 2012, 48, 1147-1149)
C. This is because according to nucleation theory, what really matters in addition to
the change in temperature ΔT (or supersaturation) is the cooling rate.(Chem. Soc. Rev.,
2014, 43, 2013-2026)

1. 相反不同于
A. On the contrary, mononuclear complexes, called single-ion magnets (SIM), have
shown hysteresis loops of butterflyphonon bottleneck type, with negligible coercivity,

and therefore with much shorter relaxation times of magnetization. (Angew. Chem.
Int. Ed., 2014, 53: 4413–4417)
B. In contrast, the Dy compound has significantly larger value of the transversal
magnetic moment already in the ground state (ca. 10
?1
μ
B
), therefore allowing a fast
QTM. （Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2014, 53: 4413–4417）
C. In contrast to the structural similarity of these complexes, their magnetic behavior
exhibits strong divergence. (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2014, 53: 4413–4417)
D. Contrary to other conducting polymer semiconductors, carbon nitride is
chemically and thermally stable and does not rely on complicated device
manufacturing. (Nature materials, 2009, 8(1): 76-80.)
E. Unlike the spherical particles they are derived from that Rayleigh light-scatter in
the blue, these nanoprisms exhibit scattering in the red, which could be useful in
developing multicolor diagnostic labels on the basis not only of nanoparticle
composition and size but also of shape. (Science 2001, 294, 1901-1903)

2. 发现，阐明，报道，证实
可供选择的词包括：verify, confirm, elucidate, identify, define, characterize, clarify,
establish, ascertain, explain, observe, illuminate, illustrate，demonstrate, show,
indicate, exhibit, presented, reveal, display, manifest，suggest, propose, estimate,
prove, imply, disclose，report, describe，facilitate the identification of
举例：
A. These stacks appear as nanorods in the two-dimensional TEM images, but tilting
experiments confirmthat they are nanoprisms. (Science 2001, 294, 1901-1903)
B. Note that TEM shows that about 20% of the nanoprisms are truncated. (Science
2001, 294, 1901-1903)
C. Therefore, these calculations not only allow us to identify the important features in
the spectrum of the nanoprisms but also the subtle relation between particle shape and
the frequency of the bands that make up their spectra. (Science 2001, 294,
1901-1903)

D. We observed a decrease in intensity of the characteristic surface plasmon band in
the ultraviolet- visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy for the spherical particles at λ
max
= 400
nm with a concomitant growth of three new bands of λ
max
= 335 (weak), 470
(medium), and 670 nm (strong), respectively. (Science 2001, 294, 1901-1903)
E. In this article, we present data demonstrating that opiate and nonopiate analgesia
systems can be selectively activated by different environmental manipulations
and describe the neural circuitry involved. (Science 1982, 216, 1185-1192)
F. This suggests that the cobalt in CoP has a partial positive charge (δ
+
), while the
phosphorus has a partial negative charge (δ
?
), implying a transfer of electron density
from Co to P. (Angew. Chem., 2014, 126: 6828–6832)

3. 如何指出当前研究的不足
A. Although these inorganic substructures can exhibit a high density of functional
groups, such as bridging OH groups, and the substructures contribute significantly to
the adsorption properties of the material,surprisingly little attention has been devoted
to the post-synthetic functionalization of the inorganic units within MOFs. (Chem.
Eur. J., 2013, 19: 5533–5536.)
B. Little is known, however, about the microstructure of this material. (Nature
Materials 2013,12, 554–561)
C. So far, very little information is available, and only in the absorber film, not in the
whole operational devices. （Nano Lett., 2014, 14 (2), pp 888–893）
D. In fact it should be noted that very little optimisation work has been carried out
on these devices. (Chem. Commun., 2013, 49, 7893-7895)
E. By far the most architectures have been prepared using a solution processed
perovskite material, yet a few examples have been reported that have used an
evaporated perovskite layer. (Adv. Mater., 2014, 27: 1837–1841.)
F. Water balance issues have been effectively addressed in PEMFC technology
through a large body of work encompassing imaging, detailed water content and
water balance measurements, materials optimization and modeling, but very few of
these activities have been undertaken for anion exchange membrane fuel

cells, primarily due to limited materials availability and device lifetime. (J. Polym.
Sci. Part B: Polym. Phys., 2013, 51: 1727–1735)
G. However, none of these studies tested for Th17 memory, a recently identified T
cell that specializes in controlling extracellular bacterial infections at mucosal
surfaces. (PNAS, 2013, 111, 787–792)
H. However, uncertainty still remains as to the mechanism by which Li salt addition
results in an extension of the cathodic reduction limit. (Energy Environ. Sci., 2014, 7,
232-250)
I. There have been a number of high profile cases where failure to identify the most
stable crystal form of a drug has led to severe formulation problems in manufacture.
(Chem. Soc. Rev., 2014, 43, 2080-2088)
J. However, these measurements systematically underestimate the amount of ordered
material. ( Nature Materials 2013, 12, 1038–1044)

1. 取决于
a. This is an important distinction, as the overall activity of a catalyst will depend
on the material properties, synthesis method, and other possible species that can be
formed during activation. (Nat. Mater. 2017,16,225–229)

b. This quantitative partitioning was determined by growing crystals of the 1:1
host–guest complex between ExBox
4+
and corannulene. (Nat.
Chem. 2014, 6177–178)

c. They suggested that the Au particle size may be the decisive factor for achieving
highly active Au catalysts.(Acc. Chem. Res., 2014, 47, 740–749)

d. Low- valent late transition-metal catalysis has become indispensable to chemical
synthesis, but homogeneous high-valent transition-metal catalysis is underdeveloped,

mainly owing to the reactivity of high-valent transition-metal complexes and the
challenges associated with synthesizing them. (Nature2015, 517,449–454)

e. The polar effect is a remarkable property that enables considerably endergonic C–H
abstractions that would not be possible otherwise. (Nature 2015, 525, 87–90)

f. Advances in heterogeneous catalysis must rely on the rational design of new
catalysts. (Nat. Nanotechnol. 2017, 12, 100–101)

g. Likely, the origin of the chemoselectivity may be also closely related to the H
bonding with the N or O atom of the nitroso moiety, a similar H-bonding effect is
known in enamine-based nitroso chemistry. (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2014, 53:
4149–4153)

2. 有很大潜力
a. The quest for new methodologies to assemble complex organic molecules continues
to be a great impetus to research efforts to discover or to optimize new catalytic
transformations. (Nat. Chem. 2015,7, 477–482)

b. Nanosized faujasite (FAU) crystals have great potential as catalysts or adsorbents
to more efficiently process present and forthcoming synthetic and renewable
feedstocks in oil refining, petrochemistry and fine chemistry. (Nat. Mater. 2015, 14,
447–451)

c. For this purpose, vibrational spectroscopy has proved promising and very
useful. (Acc Chem Res. 2015, 48, 407–413.)

d. While a detailed mechanism remains to be elucidated and there is room for
improvement in the yields and selectivities, it should be remarked that chirality

transfer upon trifluoromethylation of enantioenriched allylsilanes was shown. (Top
Catal. 2014, 57: 967. )

e. The future looks bright for the use of PGMs as catalysts, both on laboratory and
industrial scales, because the preparation of most kinds of single-atom metal catalyst
is likely to be straightforward, and because characterization of such catalysts has
become easier with the advent of techniques that readily discriminate single atoms
from small clusters and nanoparticles. (Nature 2015, 525, 325–326)

f. The unique mesostructure of the 3D-dendritic MSNSs with mesopore channels of
short length and large diameter is supposed to be the key role in immobilization of
active and robust heterogeneous catalysts, andit would have more hopeful prospects
in catalytic applications. (ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2015, 7, 17450–17459)

g. Visible-light photoredox catalysis offers exciting opportunities to achieve
challenging carbon–carbon bond formations under mild and ecologically benign
conditions. (Acc. Chem. Res., 2016, 49, 1990–1996)

3. 因此
同义词：Therefore, thus, consequently, hence, accordingly, so, as a result

这一条比较简单，这里主要讲一下这些词的副词词性和灵活运用。这些词并不总
是以 插入语的形式出现在句子最前面，还可以灵活的出现在句子的各个部分，典
型的如：

a. Therefore, we shift our focus to free energies, as these are more relevant for a
reaction rate analysis. (Nat. Mater. 2017, 16, 225–229)

b. In general, the morphologies and thus performance of state-of-the-art donor
polymers are sensitive to the choice of fullerene and replacing PC71BM with another

C60-based or non-PCBM fullerene decreases PSC efficiency to 6-7%. (Nature
Communications 2014, 5, 5239)

c. We hence determine the steady state excitation density (where excitations can be
free charge or excitons) to be between 1013 and 1015 cm?3. (Nature
Communications 2014, 5, 3586 )

可以变形为：Hence, We determine the steady state excitation density (where
excitations can be free charge or excitons) to be between 1013 and 1015 cm?3.
1. 为了进一步说明
A. To gain more insight, we conducted several X-ray, NMR, and electrochemical
studies. (Acc. Chem. Res.2015, 48, 2813?2821)
B. To further confirm that phosphorylation of AMPA-R in hippocampal slices was
catalyzed by CaM-KII,GluR1 was expressed in HEK-293 cells with or without
CaM-KII. (Science 1997, 276, 2042-2045)
C. In order to trace this dynamic development,it is our goal in this Letter, to describe
the changes in the properties of such high efficiency Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) solar
cells. (Phys. Stat. Sol.(RRL), 2015, 9: 28–31.)
D. To gainachieve a better understanding of how the immune system responds to
MPDL3280A, the levels of the IL-18 immunostimulatory cytokine and IFN-γ,which
is stimulated by IL-18, were examined over several cycles. (Nature 2014, 515,
558–562 )
E. To further explore this concept, we provide an example, where patient A
underwent radical prostatectomy with undetectable postoperative serum PSA in 2005.
(Nature Reviews Urology 2017, 14,193–194)
F. In order to deeply investigate the aggregation properties in this range of
concentrations, we studied these condary structure of these peptide derivatives by CD
and FTIR spectroscopies.(Sci Rep. 2016, 6:26638.)

2. 关于，至于
A. ConcerningAs to adsorbed thiolates onthe (100) surfaces of all these metals, the
DFT calculations reveal that they exhibit a better stability than the respective (111)
faces in terms of γ,as shown in the corresponding Tables. (RSC Adv., 2014, 4,
27730-27754)
B. It should be noted that the additives were not evaluated with regard to possible
influence on reactivity or stability to the reaction conditions. (Nature Chemistry 2013,
5, 597–601)
C. In the following, we will use this asymptotic notation also when referring to the
dimer plasmons for small separations,although the dimer plasmons in that case
contain contributions from all angularmomenta. (Nano Letters, 2004, 4,899–903)
D. Conversely, information regarding the magnetoelectric coefficients based on
electrical or optical experiments can aid the determination of magnetic point group
symmetries.
E. The arrival of nanomaterials gave lithium-ion batteries a new lease of life and
provided benefits in terms of capacity, power, cost and materials sustainability that
are still far from being fully exploited. (Nature 2008, 451, 652-657)
F. The dominance of the Auger effect in nanocrystal QDs also implies that even
relatively poorly passivated samples could behave as well as the best samples when it
comes to gain and stimulated emission, because as long as trapping rates are lower
than Auger rates, the twoe-h pair lifetime is determined by the intrinsic Auger decay.
(Science 2000, 290, 314-317)

3. 然而
However, nevertheless, nonetheless, on the contrary, in contrast, yet, even so, but
同样，使用这些词时注意它们的词性，实际上它们也可以灵活运用到句子当中
A. Nevertheless, because the Auger time scale is substantially faster than surface
trapping in these dots, both types of samples showed similar gain properties.
( Science 2000, 290, 314-317)

B. The existence of optical gain, however, does not guarantee the development of
stimulated emission. (Science 2000, 290, 314-317)
C. Even so, the anions may be helping topre-organise 4, or the Hofmeister anion
effects may be the only effects. (Nature Chemistry 2009, 1, 403 - 408)