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高中英语语法知识大全(绝对精品教程)

作者:高考题库网
来源:https://www.bjmy2z.cn/gaokao
2020-10-21 04:14
tags:英语语法学习

board是什么翻译中文-滚的英文怎么说

2020年10月21日发(作者:毛晋昭)



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致英语基础薄弱的高中生

对于相当一部分高中生来说,英语学习成了巨大的负担。不知从何时开始,英语学习越
来越吃力了,甚至完全跟不上了。英语科成了一块心病,英语课成了一种煎熬。但英语是必
学科目,它 在我们的学习生活中扮演着重要的角色,最终它还会决定我们的命运——不学好
英语,高考将是无法想象 的。
也许你不止一次地下决心要把它学好,还实实在在地努力过,但结果总是让你失望;也
许 你仍然在不懈地努力着,但收效甚微;也许你早已心灰意冷,对它彻底丧失了信心。有些
同学甚至怀疑自 己是不是学习英语的料。实话实说,由于多方面的原因,英语学习容易出现
两极分化的现象,一旦掉队, 很难自己补上来。尤其是已经掉队多年的学生,想补也不知从
哪儿入手。
● 英语掉队是从记 不住单词开始的,故本书安排第一部分解决单词拼读过关和记忆方法问
题。通过对单词进行分类集中拼读 训练,引导学生总结单词发音规律并熟练运用英语单
词读音规则来拼读和记忆单词,扭转按照字母顺序死 记硬背单词拼写、难记易忘的局面;
充分利用高中生的的理解能力和记忆能力,训练大批量记忆英语单词 的方法。
● 有了单词,要会造句,而造句就必须掌握英语句子的基本结构。第二部分就安排由浅入
深的练习使学生掌握英语简单句的五种基本句型(一般的书都只是一带而过)。
● 每个句子 都离不开动词,最重要、最复杂的也是动词,接下来第三部分就开始学习动词
的时态、语态、语气,之后 是并列句和复合句……
总之我们是拣最重要的、最需要的先补,次要的、对英语句子的理解和运用影响 小的内
容则放在后面。集中补习可根据时间长短来选取内容,但至少应该集中学完1-4部分。
除了内容编排突出重点、满足同学们快速补最必要的基础这一实际需要外,本书还有以
下特色:
● 语法教程配单词表(本书首创)。词汇量小,看不懂例句,做不了练习,影响我们学习
的进 程,进而影响我们学习的信心。本书在补习语法的每一讲之前,把例句和练习要用
到的单词列出来,先背 单词再学语法,单词和语法同时补,这样,毫无基础的同学也顺
利往下学。
● 引入了英语学 习最先进的理念,补语法却不死抠语法。学习语法主要目的是帮助理解句
子,帮助造句。本人极力反对一 开始就用很复杂的、似是而非的选择题、改错题等把学
生弄得晕头转向,偏离语言学习轨道、浪费学生精 力和智力的得不偿失的做法。本方案
提倡利用例句和练习训练朗读,增强语感,还为口语和听力入门创造 条件。
● 本书来自实践,在给学生补课的过程中不断完善,针对性强。

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本教程使用说明
指导思想
本教程 除第一部分外,主要是学习基础语法。英语语法是为我们分析和理解英语句子、
翻译和造句服务的。我提 倡大家理解概念、背诵例句。背诵和翻译多了,基本功扎实了,考
.........
试不管题 型怎么变,只需要适当进行题型训练,很快就会适应。背诵和朗读还有助于口语和
写作造句能力的提高。 基于这样的指导思想,本教程采用的练习多为英译汉,汉译英等题型,
且要求背诵句子。同学们一定要理 解本教程“多背句子”的指导思想,不要把死记有关语法
条款和做各种习题当作学习语法的主要方法(那 样会增加难度,使英语语法学习复杂化,即
便是为了应试,从长远来看效果并不好)。坚持练习,必有成 效。
本教程所指的“背”句子,是看着中文大声说出英语(老师组织补习时,由老师说中文,
学生说出英语),然后对照英语原句。每次学习新的内容时,最好把前面学习的例句、英译
汉、汉译英中 的句子“背”一遍。

内容选择
第一、二、三、四部分是最基础的,最好在学习高 中课本之前集中一定时间学完;第五、
六、七部分也要尽早掌握,因为高中课本里碰到的虚拟语气、从句 和非谓语动词会越来越多。
补课不能面面俱到。但为了使同学们头脑中有个完整的知识体系,本书还是 照顾到了内
容的完整性。不太常用或暂时掌握起来可能有困难的,用星号“*”标注;这些内容若学起< br>来真有困难,可以先放下不管,待以后有了一定基础再回过头来学习。
同学们会发现,在语法体 系中除动词以外的其它词类知识和强调句、省略句等,在本书
中被“忽略”了。对于句子的理解和运用来 说,它们相对次要一些,因为这类知识在句子里
不是随时都会碰到;即使碰到,问问老师,三言两语解释 一下也可以把句子理通,对我们后
续学习的影响不大。当然,要准确理解和运用它们,还是要系统学习的 。这些内容我们将在
本系列的高中英语课本同步辅导的各单元里有计划地安排复习和练习。

单词
本册书用到的单词共有1700余个。各讲列出的单词对某些学生来说是生词,对另外的
学生可能不算生词。学生可根据自己的情况,是生词就记,不是生词也趁此机会复习一下。
本书的单词表按照词性集中排列。这种排列方法记得快、复习时也容易回忆起来。
对于基础为 零的学生来说,刚开始进入语法学习时,每一讲的生词都比较多,以后随
着自己词汇量的增加,生词不会 有那么多了,所以首先要克服畏惧的心理;另外,书上介绍

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的大批量记单词的方法,实践已经证明是可行的,关键是要有信心。
单词有多 种意思时,只列本次用到的中文意思;下次用到其它意思时,重新作为生词
列出。记忆时最好把前面用到 的意思加进去,逐渐加深对该单词的认识。
为了便于理解和掌握,对有些短语采取具体和公式化相结合的方法,如 by yourself你
独自;你自己 give sb. a hand帮助某人;有些单词用法讲起来很 罗嗦,但记一个有用的搭配
却简单明了,就把该搭配作为短语列出,尽管一般书上不把它视为短语。比如 ,Class 1, Grade
2二年级一班 a good command of Engli sh能自由运用英语;还有一些是专为没有基础的初
学者而考虑的,其它书或许不算一个短语,如in Shanghai在上海 knock at the door 敲门
live to grow up活到成年;有时本书前面暂时没讲到的词尾变化,先作为生词列出,如cheapest
最便宜。总 的一句话,怎么利于掌握就怎么做,就像老师在你面前辅导一样。

注音
因为 第一部分已经详细学习了英语拼读规则,原则上符合读音规则的单音节词不注音
标,对于某个字母或字母 组合发音有变化的情况,有时我们采取简单注音方式,即标明有变
化的字母或字母组合(在其下划线), 只注该字母或字母组合发音。如:plant [a:];有时也
注整个单词的音标。双音节词和多音节 词原则上都注音标。希望开始背单词的时候先分析单
词的重读与非重读音节中字母的发音(熟悉后这个分 析过程会很短,几乎瞬间即可完成,并
不像我们想象的那么麻烦),会读单词后就不要管音标了。

练习
本书为了满足不同需要的同学,有些题要求翻译、背诵的句子比较多,在 翻译和背诵
时可作适当的取舍(当然多多益善);为了满足基础比较好的同学,在有关内容后面加了一< br>些综合性的练习,以单选题为主,这些题目不少选自中、高考题,有一定难度,都加了星号。
那种 题目都是在有关知识掌握得很好的条件下才能做的。基础不那么好的同学,暂时不会做
不要紧,切勿好高 务远。

缩略语
v.动词 vt.及物动词 vi.不及物动词 link v.连系动词 aux. v.助动词 mod. v.情态动词
n.名词 pron.代词 adj.形容词 adv.副词 num. 数词 conj.连词 prep.介词 art.冠
词 int.感叹词
sing.单数 & 和 pl.复数 如:aircraft (sing.&pl.) 意思是aircraft的单数和复数同形
eg.例如 cf.比较

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目录
致英语基础薄弱的高中生——前言
本书使用说明

第一部分 基本功训练――英语单词拼读规则
第一讲 元音字母在重读开音节中的读音
附一:大批量记单词的方法介绍
第二讲 元音字母在重闭读音节中的读音
附二:记忆与遗忘规律
第三讲 元音字母在重读r-音节中的读音
附三:单词循环记忆法
第四讲 元音字母在非重读音节中的读音
第五讲 元音字母发音总结
第六讲 元音字母组合的发音
读音规则测验题

第二部分 宏观把握英语句子――简单句的五种基本句型
第一讲 主语+谓语(不及物动词)――主谓型
第二讲 主语+谓语(及物动词)+宾语――主谓宾型
第三讲 主语+连系动词+表语――主系表型
第四讲 主语+谓语(及物动词)+间接宾语+直接宾语―-主谓宾宾型
第五讲 主语+谓语(及物动词)+宾语+宾语补足语―-主谓宾补型
第六讲 英语句子的分类

第三部分 解剖句子的核心部分之一――动词的时态
第一讲 一般现在时
第二讲 现在进行时
第三讲 一般过去时
第四讲 过去进行时
第五讲 一般将来时
第六讲 (一般)过去将来时
第七讲 现在完成时

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第八讲 过去完成时
第九讲 现在完成进行时
第十讲 其它时态概览
时态综合练习题

第四部分 解剖句子的核心部分之二――动词的语态
第一讲 被动语态常用时态(1)一般时态
第二讲 被动语态常用时态(2)进行时态和完成时态
第三讲 情态动词(1)
第四讲
情态动词(2)

第五讲 带情态动词及一些特殊结构的被动语态
*第六讲 有关动词语态的补充说明 被动语态综合练习
被动语态测试题

*第五部分 解剖句子的核心部分之三――动词虚拟语气
第一讲 虚拟语气在条件句中的用法
第二讲 虚拟语气在某些常用从句中的用法

第六部分 简单句的扩展——并列句和复合句
第一讲 并列句
第二讲 名词从句(一)宾语从句
第三讲 名词从句(二)主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句
第四讲 状语从句(一)状语从句、地点状语从句、条件状语从句
第五讲 状语从句(二)原因状语从句、结果状语从句、目的状语从句
第六讲 状语从句(三)方式状语从句、让步状语从句、比较状语从句
第七讲 定语从句(一)
第八讲 定语从句(二)

第七部分 非谓语动词
第一讲 动词不定式(一)
第二讲 动词不定式(二)
第三讲 动词不定式(三)
第四讲 动词不定式(四)
第五讲 动名词(一)

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第六讲 动名词(二)
第七讲 现在分词
第八讲 过去分词

附录:不规则动词分类记忆表


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第一部分 基本功训练――英语单词拼读规则

读音规则在英语学习中的重要性
学英语,记单词是一大难关,又是重中之重。通过机械重复字 母的排列组合来记单词,
既浪时,又记不牢,很难继续进一步的学习。只有掌握英语单词拼读规律,把单 词的“音”
和“形”结合起来记,对英语单词拼读形成语感,单词才记得快、记得牢。所以在本书中,< br>音标是结合读音规则来学习的。
通过有步骤的拼读练习,要达到这样的目的:符合读音规则的单 词,没有音标也能准确
读出,直至脱口而出;学过的单词,能根据读音拼写出来。
学习英语要 动口。在缺乏英语会话环境的情况下,朗读、背诵尤为重要。哪怕只是为了
考试或笔译而学习英语,也要 大声朗读和背诵。惟有口、耳的参与,才能使英语学习有趣而
高效。尤其在读音规则部分,不动口更是不 行。
记住第一部分的总目标:见词能读音,听音能写词。

第一讲 元音字母在重读开音节中的读音
目标:
1. 知道单词由一个或几个音节组成;知道音节 有重读和非重读之分,元音字母在重读
音节和非重读音节中按照不同的规律发音。
2.掌握元音字母a, e, i, o, u 在开音节中的读音,一眼看出并立即读出开音节词;
3. 掌握发音单一的辅音字母b, d, f, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, r, t, v, w, y, z 在单词中的发音;
4. 会拼读5个元音音素[ei], [i:], [ai], [ ?u], [u:]; 16个辅音音素[j], [b], [d], [f], [h], [d?], [k],
[l], [m], [n], [p], [r], [t], [v], [w], [z]

一 单词的音节
英语26个字母中,有5个元音字母:a, e, i, o, u。字母y在其后无元音字母时,充当 元
音字母,发音与i相同,称为半元音字母。其余的叫做辅音字母。辅音字母在单词中发音比
较 单一,不随音节变化而变化。所以,读音规则的重点是元音字母的发音规律。
单词由一个或多个音节构 成。音节是以元音为中心的语言单位([l]或[n]在前后无元音
时也能成为音节中心,构成音节)。 一般说来,元音字母发元音,但有时元音字母(如e)不发
音,而两个元音字母组合在一起时常常发一个 元音(双元音算一个元音),所以,音节的个
数以音标中的元音个数(含构成音节的[l]或[n])来 判断。
......................
单音节词:由一个音节构成的单词。 如big[big], face[feis], teach[ti:t?];
双音节词:由两个音节构成的单词。如china['t?ain?], teacher['ti:t??], apple['?pl];
多音节词:由三个或三个以上的音 节构成的单词。如remember[ri'memb?],(三个音节),
necessary['nesis?ri](四个音节), university[ ?ju:ni'v?:siti](五个音节)。
单音节词一般都重读(不用标重读符号),双音节词 和多音节词至少有一个音节重读(在
重读音节左上角标“'”)。单词的重读音节和非重读音节中的元音 字母按照不同的规律发音。


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二 元音字母在重读开音节中的发音
朗读或跟读下表内各组单词,注意观察各组单词的结构特点,总结元音 字母的发音规律,
把每一列单词所发的元音填在下面的中括号内:

take
gate
snake
age
plate
name
[ ]

通过观察可看出:都具有“(辅音字母+)元音字母+辅音字母+e ”的结构,结尾的e不发
音,另一个元音字母发它们各自的名称音,即a发[ei], e发[i:], i(y)发[ai], o发[?u], u发[ju:]
我们把具备这种形式的音节叫做开音节。

上表中的单词都是单音节词。双音节、多音节词中的重读音节具备开音节形式也按这一
规律发音,例如:
recite[ri'sait], polite[p?'lait], delete[di'li:t], devote[di'v?ut]

还有一种形式的开音节:以发音的元音字母结尾。如:
①be, he, she, me; ②hi, my, by, cry, try, dry, fly; ③no, go, so等。这些单词中的元音字母
都是发它们的名称音。所以①中的e发[i:], ②中的i或y发[ai], ③中的o发[?u]。这种开音
节在双音节词和多音节词的重读音节中更多,例如:
deny[di'nai], student['stju:d?nt], contribution[ ?k?ntri'bju:??n]

不管是以不发音的e 结尾,还是以发音的元音字母结尾,总之都是以元音字母结尾。因
此,可以总结如下:
以元音字母结尾的音节叫做开音节。在开音节中,元音字母发它们的名称音,即
a发[ei], e发[i:], i(y)发[ai], o发[?u], u发[ju:]

三 辅音字母在单词中的发音(1)
下面我们先学习发音单一的16个辅音字母在单词中的发音(详见Exercise 1)。
[注] ①h在某些单词中不发音,如: hour[au?], honor[?n?]
② n在音素[k]前发[?],如: ink[i?k], thank[θ??k],uncle['??kl];

四 练习
Exercise 1请反复大声朗读下面字母、音素和例词,做到脱口而出 (除划线单词外,均为开
音节词) :
b [b] be bake tube bone bite bride brake

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eve
Steve
these
theme


[ ]

time
like
ice
bike
five
type
[ ]

home
hope
smoke
woke
bone
note
[ ]

use
tube
huge
cube


[ ]


d [d] date dive hide wide bride dove fade
f [f] fate life wife fine fly fame flame frame
h [h] home he hi hate
j [d?] joke jeep just joy Jack
k [k] kite bike like lake bake wake snake Kate
l [l] like late lame line life hole pole pale apple
m [m] mate mine make male name lame time fame
n [n] name no note nine fine bone line stone
p [p] pile pipe pine plane hope tape
r [r] rape role ride rope rate pride prize fry
t [t] tape time take tube type tone date fate plate
v [v] vote five dive eve
w [w] we wake wave woke wife
y [j] yes yellow you your
z [z] zone zoo prize

Exercise2. 拼读音标
[dei] [wei] [plei] [eik] [eim] [eid?] [teik] [pleit] [rein] [reind] [reil] [peid?]
[heid] [hi:] [wi:] [i:t] [i:v] [d?i:p] [ri:d] [ni:d] [li:d] [pli:z] [pli:zd] [dai]
[hai] [krai] [flai] [wai] [faiv] [waif] [pail] [fain] [n?u] [d??u] [d??uk] [?uld]
[h?um] [r?up] [kl?uz] [z?un] [v?ut] [du:] [tu:] [nu:n] [fu:d] [ru:m] [ju:]
[ju:z] [mju:t] [fju:] [fju:z] [tju:b] [dju:] [hju:d?]

Exercise 3下列单词的发音都是符合开音节规则的,请根据规则写出单词的音标:
hate [ ] fade [ ] mate [ ] plane [ ]
file [ ] bite [ ] wipe [ ] ripe [ ]
joke [ ] role [ ] pole [ ] tone [ ]
fly [ ] my [ ] hi [ ] he [ ] me [ ] we[ ]

Exercise 4请根据音标写出符合开音节规则的单词:
[deit]________ [pleit]________ [meik]________ [teip]________
[haid]________ [mail]________ [waid]________ [daiv]________
[h?up]________ [n?ut]________ [z?un]________ [r?up]________
[tju:b]________ [mju:t]________ [i:v]________ [n?u]________

五 大声朗读并记住下列单词:
第1组
take
time
tape
type
wake
v.拿;取;乘坐
n.时间
n.磁带
v.打字
v.醒来

he
no
my
we
wide
第2组
pron.他
adv.&adj.不,无
pron.我的
pron.我们
adj.宽的

10


wave
vote
note
name
date
make
life
like
late
kite
joke
home
hope
hide
hate

v.挥动n.波浪
v.投票选举
n.笔记
n.姓名
n.日期
v.做;制造;使
n.生活;生命
v.喜欢
adj.晚的,迟的
n.风筝
n.笑话
n.家adv.回家
v.&n.希望
v.躲藏
v.恨,不喜欢
wife
zone
plate
prize
plane
ride
by
five
fly
brave
bone
bike
bite
dive
lake
n.妻子
n.地带
n.盘子,碟子
n.奖金,奖品
n.飞机
v.骑
prep.在…旁边
num.五
v.飞
adj.勇敢的
n.骨头
n.自行车
v.咬
v.潜水
n.湖
附一: 大批量记单词的方法介绍
读音规则可以解决绝大多数单词的拼写问 题,但还要记忆中文意思。要迎头赶上,每天
至少要记20个单词(记忆力好的可多达四五十个),因此 还必须掌握大批量记单词的方法。
准备小一点的,能够随身带的笔记本。按以上的格式抄在笔记本上: 英文靠左边,词性
及中文靠右边,中间留空隙,并把单词分组 (一般是每日要求记忆的定额),标上第 1组、
第2组……。符合读音规则的单词不用抄音标;单词中不符合读音规则或者发音无法确定的
某些字母的发音,尽量用简单明了的方法注明;双音节词和多音节词在单词上标明重音位置。
如:ro se[z],im'prove[u:]。这样有助于我们运用读音规则,而且笔记本上也显得比较简洁。 本书为了方便没有基础的准初学者,在每一讲之前用以上格式列出了需要用到的词,若
同学们已经掌 握,可以自己另选单词作为自己的记忆任务。
记忆单词分三步:
第一步,读英语、记中文。 边读左边的英文,边看右边的汉语,刻意把它记住。记住了
就再记下一个,直至记完一组(第一步可用附 录三中的循环记忆法等来记忆);
第二步,读英语,回忆中文。用书本或其它东西把右边的中文盖住, 逐一读英语,回忆
该词的中文意思,揭开看,对了往下走,不对做个记号,再记;
第三步,看 中文,回忆英语。盖住英语,只看中文,默念或大声读出英语来,结合读音
回忆单词的拼写,逐一揭开看 ,对了往下走,不对做记号再记。也可以看中文,默写英语(默
写也要根据读音,切莫像记电话号码一样 死记硬背)。过了这一关,才算真正记住了单词。
这种抄写方式有利于复习。每次复习时,可以直接从 第二步或第三步入手。实际上是先
查出记忆开始模糊了的单词,再有目的地进行复习记忆。省时省力,针 对性强。

第二讲 元音字母在重读闭音节中的读音
目标:

11


1. 掌握元音字母a, e, i, o, u在闭音节中的读音,一眼看出并立即读出闭音节词;
2. 掌握发音有变化的辅音字母c, g, s, x,qu在单词中的发音;
3. 掌握5个元音音素: [ ? ], [ e ], [ i ], [ ? ], [ ? ]; 2个辅音音素: [g], [s]。

一 闭音节
朗读或跟读下表内各组单词,注意各组单词的结尾和其中元音字母的发音与开音节有
什么不同, 并把每一列单词发的元音填在其下的中括号内:

at
fat
bad
bank
pan
lap
[ ]

red
bed
bell
help
ten
let
[ ]

it
hit
him
fit
did
film
[ ]

hot
from
job
off
on
nod
[ ]

but
us
jump
mum
hunt
run
[ ]
我们可以看出:这些单词都是以辅音字母结尾;元音字母a, e, i, o, u分别发[?], [e], [i], [?],
[?]。(中括号内分别填?、e、i、?、?。)
以辅音字母(r除外)结尾的音节叫做闭音节。在闭音节中,元音字母发音如下:
a发[?], e发[e], i发[i], o发[?], u发[?]。

双音节、多音节词中的重读闭音节同样适用这一规则。如:
adopt[?'d?pt], dentist['dentist], remember[ri'memb?]
[注] 闭音节中的特殊情况:字母a前面是音素[w]时,a不发[?]而发[?]:如:
want[w?nt] wash[w??] watch[w?t?] what[w?t] quantity['kw?ntiti]

二 辅音字母在单词中的发音(2) (c, g, s, x)
c主要发两种音:[s]和[k]。
在字母e、i、y前发[s]: eg. nice mice face race city cycle
在其它情况下发[k]: eg. cake coke cube close crime music 。
g发两种音:[d?]和[g]。
在字母e、i、y前发[d?]: eg. page huge age gene giraffe biology;
在其它情况下发[g]: eg. go gate grade globe big bag。
但有例外: give[giv], gift[gift], girl[g?:l], get[get]等
s 主要发两种音:[s]和[z]。
①一般在词首发[s]: eg. sit study so side;
②在清辅音(发音时声带不振动的音,见后面音标总结)前发[s]:eg. vest risk grasp;
③ss发 [s]: eg. miss less;
④在元音之后,没有规律,发[s]、[z]的都有,靠平时积累。eg. [s]: us plus this gas
base; [z]: is as nose close.

12


x主要发两种音:[ks]和[gz]。
发[ks]为主:eg. box six text exercise except;
发[gz]较少,中学阶段主要是这几个单词: exam examine examination exact
exactly example exist。
辅音字母还有一个q,这个字母总是与u一起出现,一起发音,qu发 [kw],eg. quite quilt
question quit quick。
[注] c、s在少数单词中还有别的发音,如[?]、[?]。学到有关单词时作为特殊情况记。

三 练习
Exercise1请反复大声朗读下面字母、音素和例词,做到脱口而出:(除划 线单词外,均为开
音节或闭音节词)
c[s] ice face race cell cent city cycle
c[k] cap fact cake code crop clock cut club cry
g[d?] page huge age gene giraffe biology
g[g] gate grade globe go god golf pig bag mug
s[s] sit so side vest risk list miss less kiss loss us plus this gas base
s[z] is as nose close his
x[ks] box six text fox fix ax fax exercise except
x[gz] exam examine exact exactly example exist
qu[kw] quite quilt quit quick quest quiz quake

Exercise2. 拼读音标
[f?kt] [?z] [?ks] [d?ns] [d??k] [b?g] [g?s] [f?ks] [bed] [eks] [eg] [ten]
[let] [nekst] [sed] [twelv] [kwest] [hit] [wit] [it] [iz] [twist] [kwit] [kwilt]
[kwiz] [fist] [d?g] [?n] [s?k] [?d] [k?st] [kr?p] [b?ks] [kl?ks] [l?k] [b?s]
[m?st] [g?n] [w?n] [?s] [d??st] [l?k] [p?mp]

Exercise3.下列单词的发音都是符合闭音节规则的,请根据规则写出单词的音标:
cat [ ] add [ ] sat [ ] want [ ] ax[ ]
bit [ ] quiz [ ] rid [ ] dig [ ] fill [ ]
job [ ] stop [ ] fox [ ] mop [ ] loss[ ]
hen[ ] met [ ] wet[ ] desk [ ] quest [ ]
mug [ ] sum [ ] jump [ ] cup [ ] cut [ ]

Exercise4.请根据音标写出符合闭音节规则的单词:
[f?t]________ [pl?n]________ [m?p]________ [b?g]________
[bed]________ [leg]________ [wed]________ [rest]_________
[fit]________ [in]_________ [zip]_________ [rid]_________
[t?p]________ [h?t]________ [?n]________ [n?d]________
[h?t]________ [b?t]________ [d?g]________ [r?n]_______


13


Exercise 5 开音节和闭音节词对比朗读:
no—not—note fate—fat site—sit hop—hope hide—hid hat—hate tap—tape
us—use quit—quite bite—bit win—wine plane—plan rid—ride no—on

四 大声朗读并记住下列单词。
第3组
space
snake
smile
she
save
rose[z]
quake
quite
page
nice
grade
gate
face
cake
cry
close[z]
cage
ice
huge
rice

附二:记忆与遗忘规律
1被记忆的对象出 现的次数与保持时间成正比。一般事物在出现的一刹那在脑子里只能
滞留116秒,如果再不出现,就消 失了。
2心理学家的实验证明,要记住一个外语单词,它最少要出现28次以上,但连续28
次,甚至2800次都只能算一次。
3心理学家的实验证明,在一般情况下,人的遗忘日递减率是5 0%,即在24小时之内,
如果没有任何干扰,一般忘掉50%;第二天又忘掉剩下的50%里面的50 %……所以要防止
遗忘,必须根据遗忘规律,安排重现、再认。一般来说,当天学习的内容,当天晚上就 要进
行复习,以后每隔2、4、8、16、32、64、128天……都要按时重现再认。
――摘自《张思中与十六字外语教学法》2006年1月第1版

第三讲 元音字母在重读r-音节中的读音
目标:

14

n.空间
n.蛇
n.&v.微笑
pron.她
v.救;节省
n.玫瑰
v.&n.震动;地震
adv.很,十分
n.页
adj.好的
n.年级
n.大门
n.脸
n.蛋糕
v.哭
v.关
n.笼子
n.冰
adj.巨大的
n.大米;米饭
web
wet
test
ten
swim
sun
stop
stand
six
sit
box
send
run
rob
rid
on
man
map
lab
jump
第4组
n.网
adj.湿的
n.测验;测试
num.十
v.游泳
n.太阳
v.停
v.站
num.六
v.坐
n.盒子
v.送
v.跑
v.抢劫
v.去掉;摆脱
prep.在……上
n.人,男人
n.地图
n.实验室
v.跳


1.掌握ar, er, ir, or, ur在重读音节中的读音,一眼看出并立即读出r-音节词;
2.掌握辅音字母组合ck, ch, tch, sh, ph, th, gh, wh, ng, tr, dr, ts, ds, mb, wr, kn, gu的发音;
3.掌握3个元音音素: [a:],[ ?: ],[? : ];9个辅音音素: [ t?],[? ],[θ],[ ],[ ?],[tr],
[dr],[ts],[dz]。

一 r-音节
朗读或跟读下表内各组单词,注意各组单词中ar, er, ir, or, ur的发音,并把每一列单词
发的元音填在其下的中括号内:

car
arm
park
yard
carve
hard
[ ]


her
term
serve
clerk
herb

[ ]

girl
first
sir
bird
skirt

[ ]

for
horse
sort
born
fork
storm
[ ]

fur
turn
burn
nurse
hurt
burst
[ ]
我们可以看出:这些单词都含“元音字母+r”; ar, er, ir, or, ur分别发[a:], [?:], [?:], [?:], [?:]。
(中括号内分别填a:、?:、?:、?:、?:)
含有“元音字母+r”的音节叫做r-音节。在r-音节中,“元音字母+r”发音如下:
ar发[a:], or发[?:], er, ir, ur发[?:]。

双音节、多音节词中的重读音节同样适用这一规则。如:
cigar[si'ga:] important[im'p?:t?nt] university[?ju:ni'v?:siti]
但是,如果双音节、多音节词中的重读r- 音节后面紧接着元音字母或“r+元音字母”,
则该重读r-音节按闭音节发音:如:
very['veri] Mary['m?ri] forest['f?rist] carry['k?ri] hurry['h?ri] sorry['s?ri] carrot['k?r?t]

[注] r-音节的特殊情况:
① ar前面是音素[w]时, ar发 [ ?:]: eg. war[w?:] warm[w?:m] warn[w?:n]
quarter['kw?:t?]
② or前面是音素[w]时, or发[?:]: eg. word[w?:d] work[w?:k] world[w?:ld]
worse[w?:s] worst[w?:st] 注意:worn[w?:n]例外

二 常见辅音字母组合的发音
某些辅音 字母组合有特定的发音(见Exercise1),记单词时要把这些辅音字母组合作
为一个发音整体来 记。下面通过练习来熟悉常见辅音字母组合的发音。有的辅音字母组合除
了主要的发音外,还有别的发音 ,列在第一行的是主要发音,第二行以后的发得少一些,极
个别的发音以后遇到作为特殊发音处理,此处 就不列出来了。

三 练习

15


Exerc ise1请反复大声朗读下面字母、音素和例词,做到脱口而出:(除划线单词外,均为开
音节、闭音节 或r-音节词)
ck[k] back luck clock duck black sick Jack jacket
ch[t?] chick charge chat check much church China
[k] school Christmas chemistry chemical chemist
tch[t?] match watch kitchen catch fetch
sh[?] ship shop shut sharp short shirt fish wish
ph[f] phone phrase[z] photo physics physicist telephone
gh[-] (表示不发音) eight weigh high light bought caught
[f] enough cough laugh
th[θ] think thank math thick three tenth worth
[ ?] this these those then them the with father
wh[w] which when why what where white while
[h] who whose whom whole
ng[?] sing sang sung song bring long strong singer
[?g] angry English longer longest stronger strongest
[?d?] change strange stranger
tr[tr] truck trick strike track trade trap trust trip
dr[dr] drive drove dress drug dry drink drop drag
ts[ts] its cats shorts parts it’s that’s what’s let’s
ds[dz] hands beds cards birds yards hundreds
mb[m] bomb comb tomb[u:] climb[ai] (mb位于词尾)
kn[n] knife knock know knew knee (kn位于词首)
wr[r] write wrong wrap wrist wrinkle wr位于词首)
gu[g] guide guard
注:th的两个发音都很多,不分主次,数词中th发[θ]音; 代词中th发[ ? ]音,其它单词规
律性不强,靠平时积累。

Exercise2 拼读音标
[ka:] [sta:] [pa:k] [t?a:d?] [?a:p] [pa:θ] [pa:ts] [ja:dz] [??:] [??:ts] [f?:] [d?:]
[θ?:t] [st?:m] [w?:mθ] [fl?:] [dr?:] [w?:dz] [w?:ld] [t??:t?] [b?:dz] [??:ts] [s?:t?]
[θ?:d] [?:θ] [tri:] [trip] [tr?k] [dr?p] [l?ts] [dru:] [draiv] [ki?] [sin] [si?]
[l??] [l??] [?is] [?i:z] [??u] [wi?] [??t] [?en] [?Лs] [?ei] [?em]

Exercise3下列单词的发音都是符合r-音节规则的,请根据规则写出单词的音标:
cart [ ] hard [ ] chart [ ] war [ ] sharp[ ] for [ ] sort [ ]
lord [ ] words[ ] sports [ ] her [ ] term [ ] serve [ ] girl
[ ] bird[ ] sir[ ] fur [ ] turn [ ] church [ ] warn[ ]

四 大声朗读并记住下列单词(40个)
第5组

第6组

16


write
white[w]
while[w]
whole[h]
those[?, z]
these[? ,z]
phone
phrase[ z]
wrong
with
watch
truck
strong
quick
quilt
match
guide
lunch
ship
shop

附三:单词循环记忆法
v.写
adj.白色的
conj.正当…时
adj.整个的
pron.那些
pron.这些
v.打电话&n.电话
n.词组
adj.错误的
prep.和…一起
v.观看;n.手表
n.卡车
adj.强壮的
adj.快的
n.被子
n.比赛
n.导游
n.午饭
n.轮船
n.商店v.购物
turn
third
star
art
short
park
or
March
horse
her
car
girl
for
first
far
guard
war
warm
work
word
v.转动
num.第三
n.星星
n.艺术
adj.短的
n.公园
conj.或者
n.三月
n.马
pron.她的;她(宾格)
n.小车
n.女孩
prep.为…
num.第一
adj.远
n.警卫员
n.战争
adj.暖和
v.&n.工作
n.单词
它是根据记忆与遗忘规律,按照一定顺序集中记忆成批单词的方法。具体记忆顺序参
见下图:

单词
编号
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
1
2
4
5
8
9
11
12
16
17
19
20
23 25
21
18
22


30
13
10
14
6

记 忆 顺 序
3
7



15







31














17


14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32

24
26
27
32
33
35
36
39
40
42
43
47
48
50
51
54
55
57
58
59
56
52
49
44
41
37
34
28
29


38


45

53




46






62





63



61

60
方法:读记单词1,读记单词2,接着复习1和2;再记单词3,单词4,然后复习3和
4;把 单词1-4复习一遍……按上图的顺序进行。口诀:两两成对,四四成组,八八成块,
十六十六成群,三 十二个作为一个记忆单位。
若把单词写在卡片上,每张卡片一个单词,更方便。记完32张后,抽出已 会的,把不
会的打乱顺序重新两两配对组合,用上述方法两两识记,直到记住为止。个别实在记不住的,
把它编到下一个大组再识记。每次学两个大组,50-70个单词为宜。每次都把已会的筛选
掉 ,不熟的再进行记忆。
当天学习的单词当天中午、晚上、第二天清早、第二天晚上立即进行循环复习, 以后每
隔2、4、8、16、32、64、128天……都要按时重现再认。此后,每个学期开学之初, 中考、
大考之前,一定要有计划地复习巩固。把瞬间记忆转化为短时记忆,把短时记忆转化为持久
记忆。
――方法来自《张思中与十六字外语教学法》2006年1月第1版

第四讲 元音字母在非重读音节中的读音
目标:
1. 会读重读音节和非重读音节;
2. 掌握元音字母在非重读音节中的读音;
3. 学会分析双音节词和多音节词的读音,学会按照音节记忆双音节词和多音节词;
4. 掌握1个元音音素: [? ]; 1个辅音音素: [? ]

一 非重读音节

18


双音节词和多音节词中,有的音节重读,有的音节不重读;元音字母在重 读音节按照前
面学习的开音节、闭音节、r-音节规律发音;在不重读的音节(称为非重读音节)中另有 一
套发音规则。在非重读音节中,元音字母发音不再那么复杂。一般来说,a、o、u、ar、er、< br>or、ir、ur发[?];e、i、y发[i]。现以下面几个单词为例分析双音节词、多音节词的发音 :
China 有两个音节:Chi- na。第一音节重读。重读音节Chi是开音节,i发[ai]; 非重读
音节na中a 发[?]。因此,单词China发音为['t?ain?]。
better有两个音节:bet- ter,第一音节重读。重读音节bet是闭音节,e发[e]; 非重读音
节ter中er 发[?]。因此,单词better发音为['bet?](两个相同的辅音字母只发一个音)。
beside有两个音节:be-side,第二音节重读。非重读音节be中的e 发[i];重读音 节side
是开音节,i发[ai];。因此,单词beside发音为[bi'said]。
important 有三个音节:im-port-ant,第二音节重读。重读音节port是r- 音节,or发[?:];
非重读音节im中i发[i], 非重读音节ant中a发[?]。因此,important单词发音为[im'p?:t?nt]。

二 两个元音之间的辅音字母归属问题
分析双音节词和多音节词的音节时,两个元音(或构成 音节的[l]、[n])之间的辅音字
母属于哪个音节,有时会影响单词的发音(决定重读开音节或闭音 节)。一般来说,两个元
音之间有一个辅音字母或辅音字母组合,往往属于后面的音节;两个元音之间有 两个相同的
或非组合的辅音字母, 前一个属于前面的音节,后一个属于后面的音节;两个元音之间有< br>三个辅音字母的情况很少,且大多有字母组合(组合当一个字母处理)。有时因为构词法方面
的原 因,两个元音之间辅音字母并不按以上法则分割。不过,单词表和词典一般都对单词音
节进行了划分,我 们只需要根据音节记单词就行了。
请根据以上法则,解释下列每组单词读音为什么不同,并根据读音记住它们:
super['sju:p?] supper['s?p?];later['leit?] latter['l?t?]
这些第一音节重读的双音节词,中间有一个辅音字母时,属于第二音节 ,第一音节就是
开音节;中间有两个辅音字母时,分别属于第一第二两个音节,第一音节就是闭音节了。
两个相同的辅音字母,从辅音字母读音上体现不出来,但从元音字母读音上可以体现(前
面重读 音节是闭音节),这样就不易记错了。请朗读下列第一音节重读的双音节词:
apple happen happy traffic manner letter bitter little middle offer common
butter button collar differ dollar dinner hammer ladder matter

注:
1. 双音节词的音节大多能依照以上规律去分析记忆, 但有很多多音节词无法按以上规
律去分析,比如第一个音节重读的三个音节的单词,重读音节大多按照闭 音节规律发音,或
................................
者说 ,即使第一、第二音节之间只有一个辅音字母,该辅音字母通常都属于第一音节。如:
elephant['elif?nt] element['elim?nt] general['d?en?r?l]
2. 多音节词中重读音节左边还有两个以上的音节时, 还要出现次重读音节(音标中标
在该音节左下角),一般来说,次重读音节位置在重读音节左边,与重读 音节之间隔一个音
节。元音字母在次重读音节中的发音规律与在重读音节中相同。
eg. invitation[? invi'tei??n] institution[ ?insti'tju:??n]


19


三 音素[?]
音素[?]在单词中用得很少,它是s在某些单词中的读音:measure[`me??] treasure['tre??]
pleasure['ple??] usual['ju:?u?l] usually['ju:?u?li]

四 练习
Exercise 1.根据单词的音标分析字母的发音,大声朗读并体会重读音节和非重读音节的读法:
produce[pr?'dju:s] absorb[?b's?:b] regard[ri'ga:d] duty['dju:ti] depend[di'pend] ladder['l?d?]
public['p?blik]

Exercise 2.下列发音规则的双音节词重读在第一音节, 朗读并试着写出单词的音标:
blanket collar cubic differ merchant dinner hammer dirty dusty fever focus
fancy forward harvest human husband[z] market meter quarter dentist razor
finger doctor empty enter entrance kingdom rabbit thunder[θ]

Exercise 3.下列发音规则的双音节词重读在第二音节,朗读并试着写出单词的音标:
afford alone cigar combine complete construct delete deny elect escape except
excuse forget insert inform invent mistake percent prefer prevent invite refuse
regret suggest divorce discuss intend report advise equip consist

Exercise 4.试根据重读位置提示,拼读下列多音节词,写出他们的音标:
①重读第一音节 difficulty embassy industry alphabet
②重读第二音节 ge·ography diploma December remember
③重读第三音节 interrupt represent[z] introduce

五 大声朗读并记住下列单词(40个)
第7组
(本组词第二音节重读)
advise
alone
cigar
complete
delete
depend
discuss
excuse
forget
important
invent
escape
v.劝告
adj.单独的
n.雪茄烟
v.完成
v.删除
v.依靠
v.讨论
v.原谅
v.忘记
adj.重要的
v.发明
v.逃跑

dinner
difficult
dignity
doctor
dollar
dumpling
duty
empty
enter
fever
forty
happen
第8组
(本组词第一音节重读)
n.正餐
adj.困难的
n.尊严
n.医生
n.美圆
n.饺子
n.责任
adj.空的
v.进入
n.发烧
num.四十
v.发生
barber['ba:b?] remember[ri'memb?] embassy['emb?si]
department[di'pa:tm?nt] difficult['difik?lt] interrupt[,int?'r?pt] university[, ?ju:ni'v?:siti]

20


mistake
prefer
prevent
suggest
regret
remember
republic
refuse

n.错误
v.更喜欢
v.阻止
v.建议
v.遗憾
v.记得
n.共和国
v.拒绝
harvest
human
husband
market
matter
traffic
meter
problem
第五讲 元音字母发音总结
n.收获
n.人;人类
n.丈夫
n.市场
n.事情
n.交通
n.米
n.问题
目标:
1.整体把握元音字母在单词中的发音;
2.了解元音字母在重读音节和非重读音节中一些特殊发音。

一 元音字母发音总结
英语单词中辅音字母发音比较简单,所以关键是掌握元音字母的发音。元音字母发音 首
先要看是在重读音节还是非重读音节;重读音节中分开音节、闭音节和r-音节;非重读音节
并不分得那么细,元音字母就发两个音:[?]或[i]。元音字母在单词中的发音如下表所示:

元音字母
单词音节
重读

音节
开音节
闭音节
r-音节
[ei]
[?]
[a:]
[?]
[i:]
[e]
[?:]
[i]
ar, er, or等发[?]

二 元音字母在重读音节和非重读音节中一些特殊发音
元音字母 在单词中一般按照上表所显示的规律发音,但在有些单词中,元音字母发
音并不规则,我们把它们作为特 殊情况来记忆。对这种发音不完全符合读音规则的单词,
靠平时积累。以下是元音字母在重读音节或非重 读音节中一些常见单词的特殊发音:
1.字母u的其它发音
①u在重读开音节中发[u:]。如:
June July junior rude rule ruler ruin true pollute
②u在重读闭音节中发[u]。如:
bush butcher full pull push put
③u在非重读音节中发[ju] 。如:
popular population calculate monument communist
④u在非重读音节中发[ju:] 。如:
communicate educate menu value

21
a e i(y)
[ai]
[i]
[?:]
o
[?u]
[?]
[?:]
[?]
u
[ju:]
[?]
[?:]
非重读音节


⑤u在非重读形容词后缀ful中发[u] 。如:
thankful careful beautiful wonderful hopeful helpful
⑥否定前缀un无论是否重读,都发[?n] 。如:
uncomfortable unfair; unhappy unable unknown unlike

2.字母o的其它发音
①o在重读开、闭音节中发[u:] 。如:
do to prove lose move movie shoe whose who; whom
②o在重读开、闭音节中发[u] 。如:
do to; whom wolf woman
③o在重读开、闭音节中发[?]。如:
above come love mother none; compass front London

3. 重读开音节的不规则发音
①按闭音节发音。如:
have give live fence edge prince bridge fridge
②特殊发音。如:
machine[m?`?i:n] magazine[m?g?`zi:n] police[p?`li:s]

4.结尾具有开音节形式,但不重读的情况
①构成词根或组成合成词发音不变 。如:
airplane meanwhile lifetime housewife telephone sunshine
②大部分非词根或非合成词也按开音节发音。如:
graduate operate educate mobile organize apologize
③少数非词根或非合成词按非重读音节读音,但e仍不发音。如:
opposite medicine examine engine determine practice
④少数a发[i], e仍不发音。如:
chocolate necklace fortunate comrade climate accurate
⑤-tive发[tiv]; -sive发[siv] 。如:
active passive native detective sensitive alternative
⑥-age发id?。如:
message marriage manage luggage package language
5.e在非重读音节中发[?]
①非重读-ment结尾发[m?nt] 。如:
movement government moment environment experiment
②非重读- ent结尾发[?nt] 。如:
accident independent excellent continent different intelligent
③非重读-ence结尾发[?ns] 。如:
sentence licence intelligence difference independence
④非重读- en结尾发[?n]或[n] 。如:
happen sudden wooden golden woolen garden

22


(kitchen chicken 按规则发[in])
三 大声朗读并记忆下列单词(40个)

第9组
happen['h?p?n]
sudden['s?d?n]
garden['ga:d?n]
license['lais?s]
difference['difr?ns]
different['difr?nt]
accident['?ksid?nt]
excellent['eksil?nt]
experiment[iks'perim?nt]
moment['m?um?nt]
movement['mu:vm?nt]
message ['mesid?]
manage ['m?nid?]
marriage ['m?riid?]
active['?ktiv]
population[? p?pju'lei??n
]
popular['p?pjul?]
chocolate['t??klit]
necklace['neklis]
medicine ['medisn]


第六讲 含有元音字母的字母组合的发音
目标:
1. 掌握常见含元音字母组合的发音;
2. 掌握6个元音音素[u], [i?], [??], [u?], [?i], [au];
3. 国际音标总结。

一 含有元音字母的常见字母组合的发音
大量的 英语单词中含有元音字母组合或元音字母与辅音字母的组合,下面是常见字母组
合的发音。排在第一的是 主要发音。有些教材对于符合读音规则的单音节词不注音标,其中
的字母组合一般发的是主要发音。第一 步我们掌握主要发音就行了。其它发音列出来作为参
考。字母组合很多,很难一下子记住,我更希望大家 把它当作一个资料来查,通过经常使用、
经常总结来达到掌握的目的。
are [??] hare square care careful careless share prepare

23

vi.发生

adj.突然的

n.花园

n.执照

n.不同之处

adj.不同的

n.事故

adj.优秀的

n.实验

n.片刻,时刻

n.运动

n.消息,口信

v.经营,管理

n.结婚,婚姻

adj.活跃的

n.人口

adj.流行的

n.巧克力

n.项链

n.药

operate['?p?rit]
push
pull
第10组
opposite ['?p?zit] adj.
v.手术,操作
v.推
v.拉
n.污染
adv.同时
n.家庭主妇
n.机器
n.杂志
n.警察
v.有,吃,上
v.给
v.居住
prep.在……上方
v.来
n.手套
v.爱
pron.一些
n.尺子
v.丢失
pollution[p?'lu:??n]
meanwhile['mi:nwail]
housewife['hauswaif]
machine[m?`?i:n]
magazine[m?g?`zi:n]
police[p?`li:s]
have
give
live
above
come
glove
love
some
ruler
lose


其它发音:[a:] are
air [??] air hair chair fair unfair upstairs repair pair
ear [i?] ear dear near fear clear tears hear appear
其它发音:
1. [?:] early earn earth learn search research
2. [??] pear tear(撕) wear bear(生[孩子])
3. [a:] heart
ire [ai?] fire hire tired wire entire retire require admire
ere [i?] here atmosphere
[??] there where
ore[?:] score bore store shore more ignore before
ure [ju?] sure pure ensure cure
其它发音:非重读ure[?] figure injure
ture[t??](非重读)picture agriculture temperature future gesture
sure[??](非重读)treasure pleasure
eer [i?] cheer cheers cheerful deer beer volunteer
oor [?:] door floor
其它发音: [u?] poor
our [au?] our ours ourselves hour flour
其它发音:
1. [?:] four your mourn
2. [?](结尾不重读) neighbour colour labour honour (这些词在美语中都去掉u)
3. [u?] tour
4. [?:] journey journalist
au [?:] cause applaud August autumn
其它发音: [?] because
augh[?:] caught taught daughter naughty
其它发音: [a:f] laugh laughter
aw [?:] law lawyer draw straw strawberry raw dawn
ai [ei] afraid wait fail rain e-mail train again paint
其它发音:
1. [e] said
2. [?](不重读时) curtain ,
3. [i](不重读时) captain mountain
4. 不发音(不重读时) certain certainly
ay [ei] day today play player may say stay way pay lay
其它发音:day在合成词中不重读时发[di]: birthday holiday Monday-- Sunday
al [?:] all tall call fall wall ball hall small talk walk
其它发音:
1.[?:l] always already also although altogether salt
2. [a:] half palm calm

24


3.[?l](词尾不重读时) festival several natural medical
4.有些al不按组合发音: shall[??l] alcohol [`?lk?h?l] allow [?`lau] alley [`?li]
ass[a:s] (位于词尾)class glass grass pass brass (美语按闭音节发音)
ast[a:st] (位于词尾)fast last past cast (美语按闭音节发音)
ance[a:ns] dance glance chance advance advanced(美语按闭音节发音)
ea [i:] tea team meat eat seat sea read bean leave
其它发音:
1. [e] ready weather dead breakfast bread head
2. [ei] great break breakthrough steak
3. [i?] real really idea
ee [i:] bee meet green three thirteen sleep week free keep
ey [ei] they obey grey(gray)
[i:] key keyboard
其它发音: [i](非重读音节) money monkey valley turkey
ei [i:] receive seize
[ai] neither either
eigh [ei] eight neighbor height weigh weight
ew [ju:] new few knew
[u:] flew drew crew chew
ie [i:] piece niece thief relief relieve chief achieve
其它发音:
1. [ai?] science scientist variety quiet quietly diet
2. [ai] die(死) lie(躺) tie(系、捆) pie
3.[e] friend
ind [aind] find kind wind(旋转) behind blind
其它发音:[i] wind(风) windy
ild [aild] child wild mild
特殊:children [t?ildr?n]
old [?uld] old cold told sold gold hold fold unfold
igh [ai] high light right bright night sight flight
oa [?u] coat boat goat coast throat soap road load coal
其它发音: [?:] broad
oar [?:] board blackboard aboard
oi [?i] noise oil soil voice join point appoint choice
oy [?i] boy joy toy employ …
oo [u:] cool pool food zoo too school moon noodle
其它发音:
在k前和多数d前发[u]: book look cook cookie took good
在一些其它单词中发[u]: wool foot washroom …
3. [?] blood flood
ou [au] out about house found mouth mouse loud cloud ground
其它发音:

25
goods wood


1.[?] young country double touch enough
2.[u:] you group
3.[?u] soul shoulder (注意: should[?ud])
ough[?:] thought ought brought bought fought
其它发音:
1.[u:] through
2.[?u] though although
3.[?f] rough enough
ous [?s] (结尾非重读) mountainous famous continuous
ious [j?s] or[i?s](结尾不重读时) previous obvious curious
cioustious [??s]( 结尾不重读时) precious ambitious
ow [au] cow how however flower now down town
其它发音:
1.[?u] know snow slow low show throw borrow
2. [?] knowledge
tion[??n] station information attention composition invention
其它发音: [t??n] question suggestion
sion[ ??n] profession comprehension admission permission
其它发音 [??n] television decision conclusion
ic [ik] magic electric electronic Atlantic Pacific scientific
注:含字母组合tion、sion及形容词后缀ic的单词重音是它前面那个音节
le [l] (结尾、非重读、构成音节)table settle people middle apple
ible [?bl] possible impossible horrible flexible

二 元音音素[u], [i?], [??], [u?], [?i], [au]
英语国际音标中共有48个音素:20个元音,28个辅音(其中 有两个又称作半元音)。
前面几讲我们已经学习了14个元音和全部辅音。本讲结合字母组合发音又学习 了剩下的6
个元音:[u], [i?], [??], [u?], [?i], [au],现在来做拼读练习。

Exercise1朗读下列音标:
[buk] [luk] [fut] ['m??rum] [di?] ['ni?li] [kli?] [ri?l] [t???] [???] [d??] [di'kl??]
[?u?] [tu?] [ju?] [pju?] [b?i] [d??in] [s?il] [im'pl?i] [hau] [?'baut] ['daunst??z]

三 国际音标总结
一些简单的概念:
元音:发音时声带振动,气流不受阻碍,发得 响亮的音。它分为单元音和双元音。单元
音又有长元音和短元音之分:长元音后带有(:),发得较长; 短元音没带(:),发得比较短。
双元音由两个元音组成,前面的音发得长而重,后面的音发得短而轻。
辅音:发音时气流受阻碍的音。它分为清辅音和浊辅音。清辅音发音时声带不振动;浊
辅音发音 时声带振动。表中加底纹的清辅音和浊辅音是一一对应的,它们发音口型相同,拼
音时,紧跟[s]后面 的清辅音往往不送气,有点像它对应的浊辅音(下面将练习)。[p] [b] [t] [d]

26


[k] [g]这六个辅音叫爆破音,两个爆破音连在一起时,前面那个只做发音口型,不发音,叫
做失去爆破。
半元音:[w]、 [j]两个音在拼音时可以辅音一样和后面的元音相拼,又可以像元音一样
和前面的辅音相拼,叫半元音。
单个的叫音素,为单词注音时叫音标。

国际音标48个音素总结





双元音
清辅音
浊辅音
单元音 长元音
短元音
[i:] [u:] [?:] [a:] [?:]
[i] [u] [?] [?] [?] [e] [?]
[ei] [ai] [au] [?u] [?i] [i?] [??] [u?]
[p] [t] [k] [f] [s] [θ] [?] [t?] [tr] [ts] [h]
[b] [d] [g] [v] [z] [] [?] [d?] [dr] [dz] [m] [n] [?] [l] [r]
[w] [j]
半元音
注:有些教科书上标的音标略有不同,下面是有关音素的另一种写法: [?]—[ D ] [u]—[?]
[au]—[a? ] [?]—[α] [i]—[I] [?i]—[DI] [i?]—[I?] [ei]—[eI] [ai]—[aI] [??]—[e?]
[u?]—[??] [?u]—[??]

Exercise2 朗读下列音标:(辅音连缀、s后变音、失去爆破)
[win] [twin] [wel] [twelv] [`kwest??n] [swim] [`l?ngwi?] [tju:b] [`tju:zdi ]
[nju:z] [`mju:zik] [`pju:pl] [hju: ?] [st?di] [spu:n] [sku:l] [`st?ri] [straik]
[spri?] [sk?:] [skai] [st?un] [sp??] [streind?] [stri:m] [`t??pstik] [skw??] [a:skt]
[helpt] [`?kt?ub?] [d??mpt] [k?n`d?kt?]

至此,我们对读音规则进行了系统的学习,大家对读音规则有一个整体的把握。它能够
解决绝大多数单词的拼读。对于少数发音不规则的单词,就可以那它们与规则对比,找出不
规则之处, 这样有所侧重,不规则单词也容易记忆了。

四 朗读并记住下列单词(40个)
第11组
care
share
chair
air
ear
hear
fire
tired
before
n.小心v.关心
v.分享
n.椅子
n.空气
n.耳朵
v.听见
n.火
adj.累的;疲劳的
prep.在……之前

day
play
all
tall
walk
class
fast
eat
bee
第12组
n.日;天
v.玩;打(球)
pron.全部
adj.高
v.走;步行
n.班级
adj.快
v.吃
n.蜜蜂

27


store
door
our
August
autumn
law
rain
boy
cool
book
out

n.商店
n.门
pron.我们的
n.八月
n.秋天
n.法律
n.雨v.下雨
n.男孩
adj.凉的;酷
n.书
adv.出;向外

piece
find
child
old
night
coat
join
cow
attention
table
eight
n.片;块;张
v.找到;发现
n.小孩
adj.老的;旧的
n.夜晚
n.上衣
v.参加;加入
n.奶牛
n.注意
n.桌子
num.八
读音规则测验题(时间:45分钟 总分100分)
Ⅰ指出下列单词中划线字母的发音(写出音标,不发音的划 “—”)(1×40=40分): (为了说明
读音规则,特在双、多音节单词中标注重音。下同)
1from[ ] 2form[ ] 3 world[ ] 4 start[ ] 5 re'member [ ] 6 thirst[ ] 7 urge[ ]
8 link[ ] 9 mis'take [ ] 10 next[ ] 11 rush[ ] 12 dry[ ] 13 crime[ ] 14
cube[ ] 15 ache[ ]16 theme[ ] 17 hole[ ] 18 wash[ ] 19 luck[ ] 20 phrase[ ] 21
which[ ] 22 sing[ ] 23 trick[ ] 24 drive[ ] 25 beds[ ] 26 knife[ ] 27 wrong[ ] 28
'offer[ ] 29 'little[ ] 30 'hammer[ ] 31 'butter[ ] 32 invitation[ ] 33 term [ ] 34
'duty[ ] 35'dusty[ ]36 re'gard[ ] 37 'collar[ ] 38 lap [ ] 39 ?intro'duce[ ] 40 'rabbit[ ]
Ⅱ 写出下列单词的音标(1×20=20分)
1 watch [ ] 2 fry[ ] 3 track[ ] 4 yet[ ]
5 style [ ] 6 globe[ ] 7 scan[ ] 8 price[ ]
9 fur [ ] 10 tune[ ] 11 zip [ ] 12 scene[ ]
13 junk[ ] 14 fox[ ] 15 change[ ] 16 scarf[ ]
17 port[ ] 18 shirt[ ] 19 serve[ ] 20 warn[ ]
Ⅲ 根据音标写出单词及其中文意思(1×30=30分)
1 [meik] 2 [h?up]
3 [kait] 4 [wi:]
5 [g?u] 6 [hju:d?]
7 [swim] 8 [tr?k]
9[str??] 10[l?b]
11[web] 12[?i:]
13[a:t] 14[f?:]
15[θ?:d] 16[kwilt]
17[d??mp] 18['digniti ]
19[pri'f?:] 20[f?get]
21['h?zb?nd] 22[iks'kju:z]
23[dis'k?s] 24[im'p?:t?nt]
25['pr?bl?m] 26[di'pend]

28


27[di'li:t] 28[l?nt?]
29[sta:] 30[??:t]
Ⅳ 下列每组单词划线部分的发音共有几种?在括号里填数字(1×10=10分)
( )1 fame class trap want 'China
( )2 me these let 'moment de'lete
( )3 meet eat he piece eve
( )4 'razor way de'bate rain weight
( )5 sky child find fine in'vite
( )6 di'ploma cold nose a'go so
( )7 'number cut 'unit 'human 'focus
( )8 'forward 'hammer con'sist 'student ad'vise 'doctor
( )9 all 'autumn sports 'bottom in'form
( )10 de'ny 'forty yet 'dirty cry














第二部分 简单句的五种基本句型
根据谓语动词的特点,英语句子可 以归纳为五种基本的句型,再长、再复杂的句子,
都是这五种基本句型的拓展。(用连词连接两个或多个 简单句变成并列句;或者用从句充当
其中的某些成分变成复合句,而从句和主句都可以归结为五种基本句 型中的一种。)

第一讲 主语+谓语(不及物动词) ――主谓型

目标:
1了解单词词性与句子成分的关系;
2知道什么是主语、谓语和状语,它们分别由什么词类充当;
3掌握“主语+谓语”的句型,会划分此句型的句子成分,会运用此句型来翻译、造
句;

29


4掌握“there be”的句型。

本讲要用到的生词(74):
(注:第二部分单词表中的不规则动词过去式和过去分词暂时可以不背)
month
football
class
in class
[m?nθ]
['futb?:l]
[a:]

n.月
talk
n.足球
jump
n.班;课
dance
在课堂上
listen


[da:s]
['lis?n]
vi.谈话
vi.跳
vi.跳舞
vi.听
office
playground
floor
house
minute
river
season
family
street
second
year
last year
wall
day
sun
classmate
picture
hour
can
must
sing
fall
wake
wake up
swim
draw
study
arrive
live
leave
run

['?fis]
['pleigraund]
[?:]

['minit]
['riv?]
['si:zn]
['f?mli]

['sek?nd]
[ji?]
[la:st ji?]



['kla:smeit]
['pikt??]









['st?di]
[?'raiv]
[liv]
[li:v]

n.办公室
n.操场
n.地板
n.房子
n.分钟
n.河流
n.季节
n.家庭
n.街道
n.秒;num.第二
n.年
去年
n.墙壁
n.日,天
n.太阳
n.同学
n.图画
n.小时
mod.v.能,会
mod.v必须
v.唱歌
v.落下
v.醒vt.叫醒
醒来
v.游泳
vi.&vt.画画
vi.&vt.学习
vi.到达
vi.居住
vi.离开
vi.跑
30
walk
sit
come
come back
get up
there be
from…to…
No.
with
at
behind
in
beside
in front of
on
under
after
fast
happy
slow
soft
middle
quietly
high
happily
well
very
often
slowly
hard
usually
[k?m]
[??? bi:]
['n?mb?]
[wi? ]
[bi:'haind]
[bi:'said]
[fr?nt]
['?nd?]
['aft?]
['h?pi]
['midl]
['kwai?tli]
['h?pili]
['veri]
['?fn]
['sl?uli]
['ju:?u?li]
vi.走,步行
vi.坐

回来
起床

从……到……
第……
prep.和…一起
prep.在(某时刻)
prep.在…后面
prep.在…里面
prep.在…旁边
prep.在…前面
prep.在…上面
prep.在…下面
prep.在…之后
adj.&adv.快
adj.高兴的
adj.慢的
adj.柔软的
adj.中间的
adv.安静地
adv.高
adv.高兴地
adv.好
adv.很
adv.经常
adv.慢地
adv.努力
adv.通常












































rise(rose, risen)
speak

(['rizn])

vi.上升
carefully
vi.说话
always
['k??fuli]
['?:lweiz]
adv.注意地
adv.总是
一 单词词类与句子成分
英语单词根据词义、句法作用和形式特征分为十大类:





实词
词类
名词
代词
动词
形容词
副词
数词


虚词
连词
感叹词

单词词类和句子成分是紧密相关的。知道一个单词的词性,有助于把它正确 地运用在
句子中;反过来,我们也能够根据句子成分判断一个词的词性,因而记住句子可以帮助我们记住单词的词性。在阅读理解中猜生词时,一般先根据句子结构判断生词词性,进而猜出它
的大概意 思。值得注意的是,同一个词可充当多种词类。
英语句子成分有:主语、谓语、宾语、宾语补足语、主语补足语、表语、定语和状语。
每个英 语句子必须有主语和谓语(省略的除外),故主语和谓语属于主要成分;宾语、
宾语补足语、主语补足语 、表语是某些特定句型才有的成分;而句子中可以没有定语或状语,
也可以有一个或多个定语或状语,故 定语或状语属于附加成分。见下表:





谓语
句子成

主语 表示这个句子要陈述的主体是“谁”名词、代词、数 词、不定式、动名词、
或者“什么”。主语是一句话的中心,从句等
整句话都在谈它的情况。
表示主语“做什么”、“是什么”或
“怎么样”。换言之,谓语表示主语
的动作或状态 。





英语缩写
n.
pron.
v.
.
adv.
num.
art.
prep.
conj.
interj.
作用
表示人和事物的名称
代替名词数词等
表示动作或状态
表示人或事物的特征
表示动作特征或性状特征,修饰
动词形容词或其它副词
表示数目或顺序
用在名词前,帮助说明其意义
用在名词、代词等前面,说明它
与别的词之间的关系
用来连接词与词或句与句
表示说话时的感情或口气
例词
Bill Gates, boy, kite,
I, my, that, many
come, run, live
big, red, clever
very, badly, suddenly
one, first
a, an, the
at, from, for
and, or, if
Oh, aha, ouch
冠词
介词
意义 主要由什么充当
动词
宾语
宾语补
足语
动作、行为的对象,或者说是动作
的承受者。
用来补充说明宾语“怎么样”、“是
什么”、“做什么”的成分。
31
名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、
从句等
名词、形容词、介词短语、不定式、
分词等


分 主语补
足语
表语
用来补充说明主语“怎么样”、“是
什么”、“做什么”的成分。它由主
动语态的宾语补足语变化而成。
连系动词后面用来说明主语“是什
么”、“怎么样”的成分,
用来修饰、限制名词或代词的成分
用来修饰动词、形容词或副词的成
分,有的修饰全句。
名词、形容词、介词短语、不定式、
分词等
名词、数词、形容词、介词短语、不
定式、分词、动名词、从句等
名词、数词、形容词、介词短语、不
定式、分词、动名词、从句等
副词、介词短语、不定式、分词、从
句等




定语
状语

:
1表中划线的不定式、分词、动名词、从句在这一讲里暂时不讲。暂不要求掌握。

2此外还有同位语、插入语及呼语:

This is my sister Mary.
这是我妹妹玛丽。
(Mary

my sister
的同位语
)
Mary is a good girl, they say.
他们说玛丽是个好姑娘。
( they say
作插入语
)
Sit down, Mary.
玛丽,请坐。
(Mary
作呼语
)
下面,我们结合简单句的五种基本句型,来学习英语句子成分。
为了方便起见,在本书中我们约定:给句子划分成分时,用下列符号表示:
主语 谓语 连系动词 宾语 表语{ }
宾语补足语﹙﹚ 状语〈 〉 定语〔 〕 同位语【 】

二 简单句的五种基本句型(1) “主语+谓语(不及物动词)”――主谓型
试分析句子: I am singing. 我在唱歌。
句中I 是主语。主语表示这个句子要陈述的主体是“谁”或者“什么 ”。通常由名词、
代词、数词、不定式、动名词、从句等充当。本句是代词I作主语。这个句子要说明的 主体
是“I(我)”,谈的是“I(我)”的情况。
句中am singing是谓语。谓语 表示主语“做什么”、“是什么”或“怎么样”。换言之,
谓语表示主语的动作或状态。谓语通常由动词 (有时态、语态、语气的变化)充当。英语句
子必须有动词,这一点一定要注意。本句主语“I(我)” 的动作是“am singing(在唱歌)”。
上述句子可以这样来划分成分:
I am singing.
又如:
The boy has arrived. 这个小男孩已经到了。
Soft snow was falling. 下着柔软的雪。
The sun has not yet risen. 太阳还没升起。
谓语除了由单 个动词(有时态、语态、语气的变化)充当外,有时由“情态动词+动词
原形”等构成,这种谓语叫做复 合谓语。eg.
I can swim.我会游泳。
We must leave.我们必须走了。


32


三 状语
有时根据需要可以在句末加上时间、地点等:
I am singing 〈in the classroom〉. 我正在教室里唱歌。
I am singing 〈in the classroom〉〈now〉. 现在我正在教室里唱歌。
句中in the classroo m表示动作“唱歌”发生的地点,now表示动作“唱歌”发生的时间。
它们都是句子的状语。状语是用 来修饰动词、形容词或副词的,有的修饰全句。状语通常由
副词、介词短语、不定式、分词、从句等充当 。状语可以表示动作发生的时间、地点、原因、
结果、条件等,分别称作时间状语、地点状语、原因状语 、结果状语、条件状语等。
再如:
I get up 〈at six〉〈in the morning〉.我早上六点起床。
He lives 〈in Shenzhen, Guangdong, China〉. 他住在中国广东深圳。
状语的位置多在句末,有时也在句首 。频度副词(如always,usually、often、ever、never
等)则位于动词前 。eg.
I 〈often〉 get up 〈at six〉〈in the morning〉. 我经常早上六点起床。

Exercise 1翻译、朗读并背诵下列句子,划分句子成分,仔细体会主语、谓语和状语。
is running.
is running on the playground.
is running on the playground with
his classmates.
arrived.
arrived here.
arrived here at 10:00 yesterday
morning.
are talking.
are talking happily.
are talking happily in the office.
10.I work every day.

Exercise 2 汉译英
1.他画画画得好。
2.他舞跳得好。
3.他们静静地坐着。
4.她走路很快。
5.你跳得很高。
6.我们经常在河里游泳。

四 there be结构
还有一种特殊的“主谓型”句型:there be结构。它表示“某处有某物”。eg.
There is a book 〈in the box〉.箱子里有一本书。

7.去年我在广州的一所中学读书。
8.我每天早上七点在公园里跑步。
9.他们明天将和老师一起回来。
10.我们从星期一到星期五上学。
11.去年他们住在广东省东莞市常平镇。

study hard.
sings well.
runs very fast.
speaks slowly.
kites fly high.
16.I usually wake up at six in the morning.
often play on the street after school.
study at No.1 Middle School.
19. I live in Donguan, Guangdong, China.
listen carefully in class.

33


There are seven days 〈in a week〉. 一周有七天。
此句型谓语在前,主语在后。there be 中be的单复数由它后面的主语决定。 若主语是
由and连接的几个名词或代词时,由靠近be的那个名词或代词决定。eg.
There is a pen, an eraser and some pencils〈in the pencil-box〉.
铅笔盒里有一只钢笔、一块橡皮擦和几只铅笔。
There are some pencils, a pen and an eraser〈in the pencil-box〉.
铅笔盒里有几只铅笔、一只钢笔和一块橡皮擦。

“there be”句型中的be也可以用live、come等动词代替。eg.
〈Once upon a time〉, there lived a fisherman 〈on the island〉. 很久以前,岛上住着一
位渔夫。
There comes the bus. 公共汽车来了。

Exercise 3汉译英
1. 一年有十二个月。
2. 一年有四季。
3. 一个月有三十天左右。
4. 一天有24小时。
5. 一小时有60分钟。
6. 一分钟有60秒。
7. 我家有五口人。
8. 我们班有45个学生。
9. 我校有2000多师生。

第二讲 主语+谓语(及物动词)+宾语――主谓宾型

目标:
1. 知道什么是宾语、定语和同位语,它们分别由什么词类充当;
2. 会运用及物动词和不及物动词;
3. 掌握“主语+谓语+宾语”的句型,会划分此句型的句子成分,会运用此句型来
翻译、造句;
4. 会区别“there be”与“have”。
本讲要用到的生词(104):
bag
newspaper
tea
computer
TV

['nju:speip?]

[k?m'pju:t?]

n.包,书包
help
n.报纸
love
n.茶
read
n.电脑
happen
n.电视
drink

[l?v]

['h?pn]

v.&n.帮

v.爱
v.读
v.发生
v.喝

10. 桌子上面有本字典。桌子下面有只狗。桌子旁边
有个书柜。
11. 教室里面有二十张课桌、四十把椅子。
12. 我的卧室里有一张床、一张桌子和两把椅子。
13. 盒子里有三支钢笔、五支铅笔、一块橡皮擦。
14. 房前有些花,房后有些树。
15. 门背后有一个人。
16. 墙上有两幅画。
17. 地板上有个足球。

34


plane
piano
brother
song
story
storybook
country
Child

[pi'?n?u]
['br???]

['st?ri]
['st?ri buk]
['k?ntri]
[t?aild]
n.飞机
look
n.钢琴
look after
n.哥,弟
look at
n.歌曲
look for
n.故事
watch
n.故事书
see(saw, seen)
n.国家
fall(fell,fallen)
n.孩子
buy(bought,





['f?:ln]
[bai]
v.看
照看
看……
寻找
v.看(电视)
v.看见
v.落下
v.买
(children)
box
homework
building
sister
lesson
basketball
teacher
farm
wife
bridge
person
people
radio
book store
tree
math
supper
headmaster
letter
week
Friday
student
English
game
clock
table
football
writer
visit
wait

([t?ildr?n])


['bildi?]
['sist?]
['lesn]
['ba:skitb?:l]
['ti:t??]


[brid?]
['p?:s?n]
['pipl]
['reidi?u]


[θ]
['s?p?]
['hedma:st?]
['let?]

['fraidi]
['stju:d?nt]
['i?gli?]


['teibl]
['futb?:l]
['rait?]
['vizit]

n.盒子
n.家庭作业
n.建筑物,大楼
n.姐,妹
n.课
n.篮球
n.老师
n.农场
n.妻子
n.桥
n.人
n.人们
n.收音机,广播
n.书店
n.树
n.数学
n.晚餐
n.校长
n.信
n.星期,周
n.星期五
n.学生
n.英语
n.游戏
n.钟
n.桌子
n.足球
n.作家
v.参观;访问
v.等待
bought)
go(went, gone)
die
play
serve
rain
want
meet(met, met)
know
do
call
have
fall down
have lessons
in red
just now
Saturday
last Saturday
next to
AM.
PM
more than[?]
speak to
take off
the people
the second one
very much
wait for
tall
red
young
35
([b?:t])

v.去,走
[dai]
v.死
v.玩,打,演奏
v.为……服务
v.下雨;n.雨

v.想,要

v.遇见
[n?u]
v.知道
[du:]
v.做
vt.打电话,叫
[h?v]
vt.有,吃

倒下

上课
穿红色衣服

刚才
?di]
星期六
[la:st]
上星期六
在……隔壁
上午(0:00-12:00)
下午(12:00-24:00)
……多;超过
对……说话
[f]
起飞

人民
[w?n]
第二个

很,非常

等待…

adj.高
adj.红色的
[j??]
adj.年轻






























['s?t


each other
something
them[?]
they[?]
us
we
many
this[?]


[i:t? '???]
['s?mθi?]
pron.互相
beautiful
pron.某事
strange
['bju:tiful] adj.漂亮的
adj.奇怪的
pron.他们(宾格)

great[greit] adj.伟大的;极好的
pron.他们(主格)

handsome ['h?ns?m] adj.潇洒
pron.我们(宾格)
small
pron.我们(主格)
interesting
['meni]



pron.许多
soon
pron.这,这个
quickly
before
early


['kwikli]
[bi'f?:]
['?:li]
adj.小的
adv.不久
adv.快
adv.以前
adv.早
['intristi?] adj.有趣的
一 简单句的五种基本句型(2)“ 主语+谓语(及物动词)+宾语”――主谓宾型
试分析句子:We study English. 我们学英语。
句子要说明的主体是“we(我们)”。代词we是主语;主语“w e(我们)”的动作是“study
(学习)”,动词study是谓语;名词English(英语) 在句中是study(学习)的对象,叫做
宾语。宾语是动作、行为的对象,或者说是动作的承受者。宾 语和主语一样,通常由名词、
代词、数词、不定式、动名词、从句等充当。本教程中,宾语用下划虚线“ ”表示。上
述句子可以这样来划分成分:
We study English.
More examples:
The children are watching TV. (孩子们在看电视。)
I love you.(我爱你。)
前面说过,任何句子都可以根据需要加上一个或多个状语:
He 〈often〉helps us. (他经常帮助我们。)
She played the piano 〈yesterday evening〉.(她昨晚弹钢琴。)
The students played football 〈here〉〈just now〉.(这些学生刚才在这儿踢足球。)

二 及物动词和不及物动词
“主语+谓语+宾语”句型中的谓语动词是及物动词。及物动词是 能带宾语的动词,用
符号vt.表示;不及物动词是不能带宾语的动词,用符号vi.表示。“主语+谓 语”句型中的
谓语动词是不及物动词。
及物动词和不及物动词都表示动作或行为,统称为实义 动词,也叫行为动词。行为动词
能在句中独立作谓语。
不及物动词不能带宾语,后面不能直接 跟名词或代词等,只能跟作状语的副词。若要跟
名词或代词,还要加上适当的介词。eg.
He will come〈here〉〈tomorrow〉.(他明天将要来这里。)
He will come 〈to Shenzhen〉〈tomorrow〉.(他明天将要来深圳。)
They went〈to Beijing〉〈very early〉〈yesterday〉.(他们昨天很早就去北京了。)
介词后面可以跟名词或代词,“介词+名词或代词”叫做介词短语。介词短语可以充当
状语。上面句子 中,to Shenzhen 、to Beijing 与副词here 或there的作用差不多。

36


有些不及物动词加上介词后,构成固定搭配(叫做成语动词) ,这类固定搭配已经相当
于及物动词了。eg.
The girls listened〈carefully〉.(女孩们仔细听讲。)
The girls listened to me〈carefully〉.(女孩们仔细听我讲。)
He is looking.(他正在看着。)
He is looking at me.(他正在看着我。)
He is looking for his backpack.(他正在找他的书包。)
He is looking after his mother.(他正在照顾他的妈妈。)
多数动词既可以作为及物动词,又可以作为不及物动词。eg.
We are singing.(我们在唱歌。)
We are singing an English song.(我们在唱一首英语歌曲。)
I〈often〉read.(我经常阅读。)
I〈often〉read newspapers.(我经常看报纸。)

三 定语
有时,句子中的名词或代词会被修饰或者限制。eg.
A beautiful girl is waiting for you.(有个漂亮女孩在等你。)
主语A beautiful girl中,名词girl被形容词beautiful修饰,beautiful 叫做 girl的定语。
定语是用来修饰、限制名词或代词的一种成分,它可以由形容词、介词短语、名词、数 词、
不定式、分词、动名词、从句等充当。除不定代词something、anything、not hing的定语一
定后置以外,单个的单词作定语一般放在被修饰的名词前面,短语或句子作定语放在被 修饰
名词后面。上述例句的主语中,还可以这样划出定语:
A〔beautiful〕girl is waiting for you.
More examples:
I like the〔interesting〕story.(我喜欢这个有趣的故事。)
He will buy the bag〔on the table〕. (他要买桌子上的那个包。)
The〔first〕tree has died.(第一株树死了。)
定语用来修饰充当 主语的名词或代词时,我们说是主语中的定语;同理也有宾语中的
定语。这样划起来层次上要清楚些。

四 同位语
有时,一个名词或代词后面可以跟一个名词(或起类似作用的其它东西 ),对前者作
进一步的解释,说明它指的是谁或者什么等,叫做同位语。同位语主要由名词、形容词、数
词、代词或从句充当。本教程中,同位语用“【】”来表示。eg.
Mr. Li, 【my teacher,】 helps me 〈a lot〉.(我的老师李先生给我很大帮助。)
Then we 【three,】【Li Ping, Zhang Hua and myself,】began to get things ready for the trip.
(这时李平、张华和我三个人就开始做这次出门的准备工作。)
与定语类似,我们可以说是主语中的同位语或宾语中的同位语。
五 there be 与have用法区别

37


there be是存在的“有”,是“某处有某物”;have是“拥有”。eg. I have a book.(我
有一本书。――这书是我的)
There is a book in the box.(盒子里有一本书。――不知是谁的,放在里面)
“there be”结构前面练 习了很多了。所谓用法不是靠讲清楚的,而是靠多体会,多背
句子。比如说“你有”、“我有”、“某某 人有”肯定用havehas;而某个处所、某个团体如我
家有几个人,我们班有多少桌椅之类,多用t here be。注意have还表示“吃”、“上”等意义。

Exercise 1翻译、朗读并背诵下列句子,划分句子成分,仔细体会“主谓”和“主谓宾”句
型。
1. I love my country.

11. The plane takes off at 9:00 PM.
2. I met the teacher in the street 12. They play basketball at school in the
yesterday. afternoon.
3. We have known each other before. 13. He draws every day.
4. Tom is listening to the radio. 14. He draws 10 pictures a week.
5. He is looking for his sister. 15. He waited in the rain yesterday.
6. She is writing. 16. He waited for you in the rain yesterday.
7. She is writing a letter. 17. They serve the people.
8. You speak quickly. 18. I have no brothers or sisters.
9. You speak English quickly. 19. They are having lessons.
10. Peter often works hard on the farm.

Exercise 2翻译、朗读并背诵下列句子,划分句子成分,仔细体会定语和同位语。
1. The handsome young man loves his beautiful wife very much.
2. The old bridge fell down last night.
3. Our teacher’s son plays computer games well.
4. These middle school students often help this old man.
5. I want the second one.
6. He lives in a small building next to my house.
7. The man under the tall tree will speak to you.
8. More than 1000 people visited my school last year.
9. The girl in red will leave soon.
10. Something strange happened in my class last Friday.
11. Almost everyone in China knows about Lu Xun, the great writer.
12. Huang Lili, headmaster of our school, speaks English well.

Exercise 3 汉译英,注意区别“主谓”和“主谓宾”句型;注意have的用法并与 there be区
别。
1. 我们喜欢足球。
2. 我们很喜欢足球。
3. 孩子们非常爱他们的老师。
4. 他努力学习。
5. 他努力学习数学。

38


6. 每天我都喝茶。
7. 我认识你。
8. 刚才他打电话给我。
9. 刚才他叫我。
10. 上星期六我在书店看见她们了。
11. 昨天我看得很仔细。
12. 昨天我很仔细地看了这个人。
13. 我们每天晚上在他家做作业。
14. 我有100本故事书。
15. 我的箱子里有100本故事书。
16. 他有很多学生。
17. 他的班有很多学生。
18. 钟有三根指针(hand)。
19. 我们每天上六节课。
20. 我们晚上七点半吃晚饭。

第三讲 主语+连系动词+表语――主系表型
目标:
1. 知道什么是表语,它由什么词类充当;
2. 掌握常用的连系动词;
3. 掌握“主语+系动词+表语”的句型,会划分此句型的句子成分,会运用此句型
来翻译、造句;
4. 会区别运用形容词和副词。
本讲要用到的生词(112):
keep
remain
stay
continue
prove
turn out
look
sound
smell
taste
feel
appear

[ri'mein]

[k?n'tinju]
[u:]






link v.保持
these
link v.仍然是
your
link v.仍然是
every

[j?:]
['evri]
pron.这些
pron.你的
adj.每个
pron.每个人
pron.另一个
pron.所有的
在家

今年
二年级一班
在上海
上学
昨晚
link v.继续是
everyone ['evriw?n]
link v.结果是
another
link v.看起来
all
link v.听起来
at home
link v.闻起来
years old
link v.尝起来
this year
in Shanghai
[?'n???]





[sku:l]

link v.证明是 everything ['evriθi?] pron.一切事物
link v.摸起来
Class 1, Grade 2
link v.变成,
go to school
成为
link v.变
last night
[?'pi?] link v.看来,好象
become(beca
[bi'k?m]
me, become)
([bi'keim])
get

39


turn
go
come



link v.变
Prepared [pre'p??d]
link v.变
well prepared
link v.变
at last
true
[pre'p??d]

[tru:]
adj.准备的
准备好了
最后,终于
adj.真的 fall(fell, fallen) link v.进入某种状态
grow(grew,
grown)
finish
work
like
shout
music
room
desk
food
son
daughter
grade
problem
shoe
tennis
table tennis
school
father
flower
hand
night
journey
dream
weather
spring
egg
village
bird
word
dish
horse
life
health
home

[gr?u]([gru:],
[gr?un])
['fini?]



['mju:zik]



[?]
['d?:t?]

['pr?bl?m]
[?u:]
['tenis]


[fa:??]
['flau?]


['d??:ni]

['we??]


['vilid?]





[helθ]

link v.成长,变
come true
实现
v.完成
Asleep [?'sli:p]
adj.睡着的
v.&n.工作
fall asleep
睡着
v.喜欢prep.像
in another word
换句话说
vi.喊叫
all his life
他的一生
n.音乐
in good health
很健康
n.房间
large
adj.巨大的
n.书桌,课桌
heavy ['hevi]
adj.重的
n.食物
thick
adj.厚的
n.儿子
old
adj.老的;旧的
n.女儿 delicious[di'li??s] adj.美味的;可口的
n.年级
cute
adj.可爱
n.问题
easy ['i:zi]
adj.容易的
n.鞋子
sad
adj.伤心的
n.网球
fragrant['freigr?nt]
adj.香的
乒乓球
cold
adj.冷的
n.学校
reasonable ['ri:z?n?bl]
adj.合理的
n.爸爸 tired ['tai?d] adj.累的;疲劳的
n.花
long
adj.长的
n.手
famous ['feim?s]
adj.著名的
n.夜晚
warm
adj.温暖的
n.旅行
green
adj.绿色的
n.梦
bad
adj.坏的
n.天气
badly ['b?dli]
adv.坏地
n.春天
hot
adj.热的
n.蛋
angry ['??gri]
adj.生气的
n.村庄 angrily ['??grili] adv.生气地
n.鸟
free
adj.自由的
n.单词,话
freely
['fri:li] adv.自由地
n.菜肴
sorry
['s?ri] adj.对不起的
n.马
quiet ['kwai?t]
adj.安静的
n.生命;生活
single
['si?gl]
adj.单身的
n.健康
honest ['?nist]
adj.诚实的
n.家 adv.在家
fine
adj.好的;晴朗的
40


Chinese
dad
garden
forty

['t?ai'ni:z]

['ga:dn]
['f?:ti]
n.中国人;汉语
late
n.爸爸
so
n.花园
beautifully ['bjutifuli]
num.四十
still
adj.&adv.晚,迟
adv.很,这样
adv.美丽地
adv.仍然,还
一 简单句的五种基本句型(3)“ 主语+连系动词+表语”――主系表型
英语中有一类动词叫连系动词,它后面用来说明主语“是什么” 、“怎么样”的成分,叫做表
语。表语多由形容词、数词、名词、介词短语、不定式、动名词、分词及从 句充当。

连系动词
+
表语

也是一种复合谓语。不过 既然我们把“主系表”句型作为一种基本
句型来掌握,就不要把它划为谓语了,否则与“主谓”型混为一 谈。

掌握这种句型,关键是掌握连系动词。连系动词主要分为三类:

第一类 表示状态的连系动词。以be为代表。eg.
I am{a student}.(我是学生。――名词作表语)
This house is{〈very〉large}.这座房子很大。――形容词作表语)
We are{in the music room}.(我们在音乐室里。――介词短语作表语)
My dad is{forty}.(我爸爸四十岁了。――数词作表语)

Exercise 1翻译、朗读并背诵下列句子,划分句子成分,仔细体会主系表结构。
1. They are Chinese.
2. He is at home now.
3. The girl is beautiful.
4. The book is thick.
5. These boxes are very heavy.
6. Your pen is under your desk.
7. I am 17 years old.
8. The food is delicious!
9. Your sondaughter is so cute.
girl was me.

系动词be有时翻译成“是” ,更多的时候不译出来,受中文影响,翻译成英语时容易
丢掉。注意:英语中句子必须有动词。丢掉连系 动词,就不是正确的句子了!
..........

Exercise 2汉译英。
1. 去年她16岁,今年她17岁。
2. 他在二年级一班。
3. 你爸爸在上海。
4. 你很帅。
5. 这孩子很聪明。
6. 这故事很有趣。


41


同时,我们还要克服另一种错误:有的同学造句时 总是念念不忘be动词,不管什么
句型,都乱用上去。注意:只要句子已有实义动词,就不要乱用系动词 be了。(构成有关时
态、语态和语气的be动词,不是系动词,而是助动词了,按照有关时态、语态和 语气的规
定去用。)

Exercise 3改错。
1. She very tall.
2. The problem easy.
3. The shoes on the floor.
4. The old man 90 years old.
5. I am play table tennis every Saturday.
6. We are go to school at 6;00 in the morning.
7. He was got up early this morning.

下面两句都讲得通:
You like your father.(你喜欢你爸爸。――like是实义动词,主谓宾句型)
You are like your father.(你像你爸爸。――like是介词,介词短语作表语,主系表句
型)

表示状态的连系动词,除了be以外,还有:keep(保持,一直)、remain(仍然 是)、continue(连
续是)、stay(一直)、prove(证明是)、turn out(结果是)等。下面我们通过句子来学习。

Exercise 4 翻译、朗读并背诵下列句子,划分句子成分,仔细体会主系表结构。
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
The students keep quiet in class.
I remain happy.
He stayed single all his life.
My father continues in good health.
He proved honest.
The weather turned out fine.


这类动词有:look(看起来)、sou nd(听起来)、smell(嗅起来)、taste(尝起来)、feel(摸起
来,感觉)等。

Exercise 5翻译、朗读并背诵下列句子,划分句子成分,仔细体会系表结构。
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

第二类 表示感觉的连系动词。
You look sad.
It tastes good.
The flower smells fragrant.
Your hands feel cold.
His idea sounds reasonable.
The farm looks like a large beautiful garden.
42


7. He seemed tired last night.
8. I felt tired after the long journey.
9. Everyone appears well prepared.
10. Everything tastes great.

第三类 表示变化的连系动词
这类动词有:be come(变成,成为)、get(变得)、turn(变得,转成)、go(变成)、come(变
成 )、fall(变得,进入某种状态)等。

Exercise 6翻译、朗读并背诵下列句子,划分句子成分,仔细体会主系表结构。
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
He became a teacher at last.
She became famous in 1990.
My dream will come true.
Children fall asleep easily.
The weather gets warm in spring.
The trees turn green.
Eggs go bad in hot weather.
The village has grown larger.

连系动词的一个显著特点:后面可以直接跟形容词作表语。若把其它连系动词换成be,.............
句子仍然讲得通,只是意思没有原来那么丰富罢了。根据连系动词的这 一特点,我们可以从
句子中判断一个动词是不是连系动词。除了典型的连系动词be以外,其它连系动词 本身又
可以作实义动词用。至于它们什么时候是连系动词,什么时候是实义动词,要结合词义和句
型来判断。
掌握“主系表”和“主谓状”句型有助于正确运用形容词和副词:形容词常用在连系........
动词后作表语;副词常用在实义动词后作状语。eg.
.....................
The children were happy.(昨天孩子们很开心。――形容词作表语)
The children played happily.(昨天孩子们玩得很开心。――副词作状语)
注:有些副词如
in, out, away, off, around, over, back, up, down
等也可以作表语:

Li

Ping is inout.(
李平在家

出外去了。
)
Class is over.(
下课。
)
这类副词没有相对应的形容词。


Exercise 7选择形容词或副词填空:
1.(slow;slowly) He is ______ .He works ________ .
2.(beautiful;beautifully) The bird looks ___________ . The bird sings _________ .
3.(angry;angrily) The teacher became _______ just now. He shouted ________. He is still
_______ now. In another word, he remains ________ .
4.(easy;easily) The work was _______. He finished it ____________.
5.(careful;carefully) I am ________. I do my homework __________.
fish has gone _______(bad;badly). The fish swim __________ (free;freely).
7. (good;well) The dish tastes _________. He plays tennis _________.

43


8.(happy;happily) She seemed _________. She talked __________.

对于形容词和副词同形的单词,根据句子结构就可以判断它们的词性。

Exercise 8根据句子结构,判断句中划线的词是形容词还是副词。
1. The horse is very fast. It runs very fast.
2. You are always early—You get up early, go to school early and finish homework early.
3. Sorry! I’m late. I got up late.


第四讲 主语+谓语(及物动词)+间接宾语+直接宾语―主谓宾宾型

目标:
1. 知道什么是直接宾语、间接宾语,它们分别由什么词类充当;
2. 了解带双宾语的常用及物动词;
3. 掌握“主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语”的句型,会划分此句型的句子成分,
会运用此 句型来翻译、造句;
4. 会将间接宾语变成to或for引起的介词短语。
本讲用到单词(58):
pass
bring(brought, brought) [ ?:]
order
pay
tell(told, told)
give(gave, given)
['?:d?]

vt.传递
to
vt.带来
for
vt.订购
notebook

vt.付(款)
shirt

vt.告诉;讲
chalk
vt.给…看
car
vt.给…做
tiger
vt.归还
present
aux.v.将要
road
vt.教
ship
vt.节省;救
trouble
vt.借给
modal
vt.留下
money
vt.去拿
skirt
vt.送给
time
vt.提供
salt
vt.为…省
eraser





n.轿车
['taig?]
['prez?nt]


['tr?bl]
['m?dl]
['m?ni]


[s?:lt]
[i'reiz?]
n.老虎
n.礼物
n.路
n.轮船
n.麻烦
n.模型
n.钱
n.裙子
n.时间
n.食盐
n.橡皮擦
prep.给,对,到
prep.为,给
n.笔记本
n.衬衫
n.粉笔
[giv] ([geive], ['givn]) vt.给 parent['p??r?nt] n.父亲或母亲
[??un])

[ri't?:n]











show(showed, shown)
[??u] ([??ud],
make(made, made)
return
will
teach
save
lend(lent, lent)
leave(left, left)
fetch
send(sent, sent)
offer
get
spare
cook
vt.为…拿 uncle['??kl] n.叔叔;舅舅
vt.煮 message['mesid?] n.消息;口信

44


wish
in time
favor
do sb. a favor
a piece of
a few
a lot of
new



['feiv?]
vt.祝愿
tooth(teeth)
及时
grandpa
n.好事
aunt
paper

['gr?dpa]
['a:nt]

['peip?]
[hu:]
[s?m]

n.牙齿
n.爷爷
n.姨,姑,婶
n.椅子
n.纸
pron.谁
pron.一些
adv.有时
为…做件好事
chair

[ju:]

[ju:]
一张,一首
who
几个
their
许多
some
adj.新的
sometimes
piece[pi:s] n.张,件,条,…
[???] pron.他们的
试分析句子:He gave us some money. (他给了我们一些钱。)
句子主语是he,谓语是动词gave;动作gave(给)有两个对象:gave “us”(给“我们”)、
gave “money”(给“钱”)。所以,gave有两个宾语:us在前面,表示人,叫做间接宾语;
m oney在后面,表示物,叫直接宾语。间接宾语由表示人的名词或代词充当;直接宾语由表
示事物的名 词、代词或从句充当。间接宾语和直接宾语统称为双宾语。间接宾语和直接宾语
都用虚线“ ”分别划。 gave us some money.

Exercise 1翻译、朗读并背诵下列句子,划分句子成分,体会双宾语,注意带双宾语的动词。
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
My grandpa often tells me stories.
She showed us his picture yesterday.
I will lend her my bike.
He passed me a pen.
Mr. Wang teaches us math.
My friend writes me a letter every month.
I’ll pay you 100 yuan.
He often offers us some help.
I’ll bring you some new books.
He returned me the money in time.
They sent their son a car.
My uncle bought me a bike last week.
Mother made me a new shirt last Sunday.
Wish you a happy new year!
Spare him the trouble.
You did us a favor.
The road saved us a lot of money.
Please get us some salt.
She kissed her mother goodbye.
They forgave him his crime.

*可以带双宾语的常用动词有
1)give, show, pass, hand, send, lend, read, write, bring, leave, throw, return, tell, teach, pay,
offer, allow, wish, refuse, promise

45


2)make, buy, sing, cook, get, find, do, fetch, paint, play, save, order, spare
3)cost, kiss, keep, mean, forgive, set
列出这些单词,并不要求当场记住。只要懂得“主谓宾宾”这 种句型,看到句子可以
翻译出来,就可以明白句中动词带的是双宾语。其实以上动词有的也可以只带一个 宾语,有
的还可以作vi.用,不带宾语。

有时候,可把直接宾语放在前面,间接宾语放在后面,这时要加介词to或者for。如:
The tiger showed its teeth to us.(老虎向我们露出它的牙齿。)
I will fetch a few chairs for you.(我去跟你拿几把椅子来。)
以上列出的动词,其所带的间接宾语改为介词短语时, 第一类加to,而第二类加for。
第三类则不宜将所带的间接宾语改为介词短语。
直接宾语是人称代词时,用to或for引起的介词短语比较好。如:
I will return it to the teacher.(我要把它还给老师。)
I’ll order it for you.(我来替你点菜。)

Exercise 2仿照示范改写下列句子,并翻译成中文。
Model: He gave her a notebook. (to) → He gave a notebook to her.
I sang them two songs. (for) → I sang two songs for them.
1. She lent the boy her eraser.(to) →
2. Sometimes I write him letters. (to) →
3. Can you pass me the paper? (to) →
4. I’ll show you my new skirt. (to)→
5. His parents left him a lot of money. (to)→
6. The boy sent me the message. (to)→
7. Dad made us a model ship.(for) →
8. My aunt often buys me presents. (for) →
9. Who will fetch me some chalk? (for)→
10. I’m cooking you some food. (for) →
11. He played us a piece of music.(for)→

第五讲 主语+谓语(及物动词)+宾语+宾语补足语-―主谓宾补型

目标:
1. 知道什么是宾语补足语,它由什么充当;
2. 了解带复合宾语的常用及物动词;
3. 掌 握“主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语”的句型,会划分此句型的句子成分,会
运用此句型来翻译、造句;
4. 会区别双宾语与复合宾语。

本讲用到的单词(47):

46


keep
open
get
cost
drive
owe
consider
think
vt.保存;让……处于某状态
captain
['?up?n]
vt.打开adj.开着的
window



[?u]
[k?n'sid?]

vi.到达vt.得到
cake
vt.发现;找到
team
vt.花费;值
job
vt.驾驶;驱使
lie
vt.欠
train
vt.认为;考虑
prize
vt.认为;想
dress
vt.使;给……做
secret
vt.喂
milk






['helθi]
['redi]
[?'b?v]
['???z]
[h?:'self]

试分析下列句子:
We call him Peter.(我们叫他彼得。)
vt.把……叫做
order
adj.干净的
sport
adj.必要
coat
adj.大的
monitor
adj.大声的
baby
adj.疯的
noises
adj.合适;正确的
first
adj.健康的
on time
adj.准备好的
get…ready
prep.在……之上
in good order
pron.她自己
name
pron.那
['k?ptin]
['wid?u]



[lai]


['si:krit]

['?:d?]


['m?nit?]
['beibi
['n?isiz]



n.船长;队长
n.窗子
n.蛋糕
n.对;组
n.工作
n.谎言
n.火车
n.奖,奖金,奖状
n.连衣裙
n.秘密
n.牛奶
n.顺序
n.体育运动
n.外套
n.班长
n.婴儿
n.噪音
num.第一
按时
井井有条
早晚
find(found, found)
make(made, made)
feed(fed, fed)
call
clean
big
loud
mad
right
healthy
ready
above
others
herself
that
necessary ['nesis?ri]
['redi]
把……准备好
pron.别人
sooner or later ['su:n? ?: 'leit?]
n.姓名vt.给……取名
They always keep the room clean.(他们总是把房间保持得很干净。)
这两句的宾语him和the room的后面,都 有一个说明它们的成分。第一句说明他是彼
得,第二句说明房间干净。这种用来补充说明宾语“怎么样” 、“是什么”、“做什么”的成
分,叫做宾语补足语。简称宾补。宾补一般由名词、形容词、副词、介词 短语、不定式或
分词充当。宾语和宾补合称复合宾语。本教程中,整个复合宾语用虚线“ ”表示,并用
小括号“()”将其中的宾语补足语括起来。eg.
We call him(Peter).
They 〈always〉keep the room(clean).

Exercise 1翻译、朗读并背诵下列句子,划分句子成分,体会复合宾语,注意带复合宾语的动
词。
1. They made the girl monitor of the class.
2. They found you a right person for the job.
3. We consider that a lie.

47


4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.

We must keep it a secret.
They named the baby Tom.
He has got everything ready.
I think it necessary.
The news made us happy.
Sports keep us healthy.
Loud noises drive people mad.
I found everything in good order.
He always consider himself above others.
双宾语和复合宾语(特别是名词作 宾补时)的区别:双宾语中间接宾语表示人,直接宾
语表示事、物,两者没有关系;复合宾语中宾补是补 充说明宾语的,二者有关系。eg.
He passed me a pen. 双宾语,me(我)和a pen(钢笔)没有关系
We consider that a lie. 复合宾语,that(那)就是a lie(一个谎言)
至于形容词、介词短语作宾语补足语,就不会混淆了,因为它们不可能作双宾语中的
直接宾语。

Exercise 2翻译下列句子,注意区别双宾语和复合宾语.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
They made us a big cake.
They made me captain of the team.
They made me angry.
I found the story interesting.
I found you the book.
He fed the child some milk.
She ordered herself a new dress.
We think him an honest man.
She pushed the door open.
They always consider themselves in the right.
We found her out.
Let him in.

The cook smells the food.
It smells delicious.
The train will come soon.
Your dream will come true sooner or later.
The days get longer.
Can you get me some tea?
They are getting everything ready.
He will get here on time.
I got the first prize.
He always keeps the windows open.
They keep quiet in class.
48
五种基本句型综合练习:指出下列句子属于哪种句型,并翻译成汉语。
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.


12.
13.
14.
15.
17.
18.
19.
20.

You can keep the books for a month.
He is telling stories.
He is telling the children stories.
These coats cost me 1000 yuan.
He looks at the sky now and then.
He looks worried.
Turn the TV on.
When she saw this, she turned red.
第六讲 英语句子的分类
目标:
1了解英语句子按照使用目的和结构的分类;
2掌握疑问句、祈使句和感叹句的构成。
16. I owe him $50.
本讲用到单词(98):
shall
station
earth
map
cinema
way
in this way
worker
park
blackboard
nurse
today
coffee
face
door
tomorrow
party
apple
Japan
province
watch
beast
lunch
summer
palace

[??l]
['stei??n]
[?:θ]



['w?k?]

['bl?kb?:d]

[t?'dei]
['k?fi]

[d?:]
[t?'m?r?u]
['pa:ti]
['?pl]
[d??'p?n]
['pr?vins]



['s?m?]
['p?lis]
aux.v.将要
talk about
n.车站
would like
n.地球
nice
n.地图
kind

[wud]


['jel?u]
['p?pjul?]

[?'g?u]

[?'l?un]

['pr?b?bli]
['fast?]
[???]


[au]
[?'gen]

['ev?]
谈论

adj.好
adj.好心的
adj.黄色
adj.流行的
adj.如此
adv.…前
adv.出
adv.独自
adv.返回
adv.或许
adv.较快
adv.那里
adv.什么时候
adv.为什么
adv.向下
adv.又;再
adv.在哪里
adv.曾经
['sinim?]
n.电影;电影院
yellow
用这种办法
popular
n.工人
such
n.公园
wrong
n.黑板
ago
n.护士
out
n.今天
never
n.咖啡
alone
n.脸
back
n.门
probably
n.明天
faster
n.派对;聚会
there
n.苹果
when
n.日本
why
n.省
down
n.手表
again
n.兽
where
n.午餐
how
n.夏天;夏季
ever
n.宫殿
neither
49
n.方法;路

wonderful ['w?d?ful]adj.精彩的;极好的
adj.有毛病的;错误的

adv.从未;决不

adv.怎样;多么
[nai??] pron.两者都不


the Summer Palace
suitcase
rest
have a rest
color
doctor
moon
truth
China
theme
may
move
lie
do
hate
borrow
let
brush
carry
wash
meet(met, met)
help sb. with sth.
go out
work out

一 英语句子的特点


['sju:tkeis]


['k?l?]
['d?kt?]
[mu:n]
[truθ]
['t?ain?]
[θ]

[u:]
[lai]
[du:]

['b?r?u]


['k?ri]

?] pron.两者中任何一个
颐和园

either [ai?
n.箱子
which
n.休息
yours
休息一会儿
what
n.颜色
whom
n.医生
whose
n.月球
how long
n.真相
how soon
n.中国
how much
n.主题
how many
vi.动;移动
a moment ago
vi.躺
live a happy life
vi.行;适合
go home
vt.恨;讨厌
be back
vt.街
have a look
vt.让
be from
vt.刷
work hard
vt.提;搬运
have been to
vt.洗
last time
vt.迎接vi.见面
let's=let us
帮助某人做某事
away
出去
go away
算出
had better


[?'wei]







pron.哪个
[j?:z] pron.你的(东西)
pron.什么adj.多么
[hu:m] pron.谁(宾格)
[hu:z]


pron.谁的
多长时间
多久
多少(不可数)
多少(可数)
刚才
过幸福生活
回家
回来
看一看
来自
努力学习工作
去过
上次
咱们……吧
adv.离开
走开
最好(做某事)
mod.v.可以

moment ['m?um?nt] n.片刻;时刻
句子是表达完整独立思想的语言单位。它由词按语法规 律构成。英语句子在书写时,
句首第一个字母大写,句末以句号、问号或感叹号结束。注意:完整的英语 句子,句末要使
............
用句号、问号或感叹号,不轻易用逗号。英语中使用 逗号的地方,除了并列句中分句之间(有
..................
并列连词或连 接副词)外,一般都是句子内部某成分与主句之间,或者是列举事物时使用(这
时相当于汉语中的顿号, 英语中没有顿号)。这跟汉语中的逗号使用是不同的。

二 英语句子的分类
1)按照结构可分为三类:简单句、并列句和复合句。
简单句是只包含一个主谓结构,且句子 各部分都由单词或短语充当的句子。并列的主
语算是一个主语,并列的谓语算是一个谓语。eg.
My father and I live here.(我爸爸和我住在这里。――并列主语)
I wash my face,brush my teeth and go to school.(我洗脸、刷牙然后上学。――并列谓
语)

50


简单句主要有五种基本句型,我们前面已经学习过了。
并列句是用并列连词或 连接副词把两个或多个简单句连接而成的;复合句是用从句充
当主句的某些成分。并列句和复合句将在第 六部分系统学习。
2)按照使用目的可分为四类:陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。
陈述 句用来说明一个事实或说话人的看法。我们前面学习的简单句的五种基本句型
中,所用的句子基本上都是 陈述句。本讲我们学习疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。

三 疑问句
疑问句是用来提问的句子。它有四种:一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句和反意疑
问句。
1 一般疑问句
一般疑问句以一个助动词(没有意义,帮助构成时态、语态、语气等语法关系 的动词如
do、will、have等,详见各时态、语态、语气)、系动词be、情态动词(can、 may、must等
有一定意义,必须与实义动词或连系动词连用的动词,后面将专门学习)开头,通常 以yes
或no来回答,翻译成中文“……吗?”或“是否……?”eg.
Are you a worker?你是工人吗?(cf. You are a worker. 你是工人。)
Do they live here?他们住这儿吗?(cf. They live here.他们住这儿。)
Has he finished the work?他是否做完工作了?(cf. He has finished the work.他做完工作了。)
Can you swim?你会游泳吗?(cf. You can swim.你会游泳。)
一般疑问句可以看成是把陈述句中的助动词、系动词be、情态动词提前或在 陈述句前
面加上助动词(do, does, did)构成的。句中助动词、情态动词属于谓语的一部分。以上句子可
以这样划分成分:
Are you ﹛a worker﹜?
Do they live 〈here〉?
Has he finished the work?
Can you swim?
用yes、no回答时,答语中“系动词be/助动词/情态动词”与问句中的一致。eg.
Do you……? Yes, I do. No, I don’t.
Does he……? Yes, he does. No, he doesn’t.
Are they……? Yes, they are. No, they aren’t.
Are you……? Yes, I am. No, I ’m not.
Can the boy……? Yes, he can. No, he can’t.

Exercise 1 翻译、朗读并背诵下列句子,划分句子成分。
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Is there an apple on the table?
Was he here a moment ago?
Does he speak English?
May I borrow your pen?
Can you carry the suitcase for me?
Have you ever been to the Summer Palace?
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7. Would you like to go there with me?
8. Are they from Shandong Province?

2 特殊疑问句
特殊疑问句以疑问代词或疑问副词开头。它有两种情况:
(1)疑问代词作主语或主语中的定语,这时句子和陈述句语序一样。eg.
Who helped him (with the work)?(谁帮助他做这个工作?――who作主语)
〔How many〕students will come ?(有多少学生要来?――How many作主语students的定
语)
(2)疑问副词、疑问代词作其它成分,这时句子中疑问词后面是一般疑问句语序。eg.
Who are you calling?(你在叫谁?――who作call的宾语)
〈Where〉do you study?(你在哪儿学习?――Where作状语)
What can you see?(你能看见什么?――what作see的宾语)

疑问代词多用作主、宾、表、定语,常用的有:
what(什么)、 which(哪一个)、how many(多少,――可数)、how much(多少,――不
可数 )、who(谁,――主格,用作主语)、whom(谁,――宾格,用作宾语或表语,现在
多用who 代替)、whose(谁的,――用作定语)
疑问副词多用作状语、表语,常用的有:
wh en(什么时候,何时)、where(什么地方,哪里)、why(为什么)、how(怎样,如何)
另外,“how+形容词或副词”提问的情况也很多,“how+形容词或副词” 一般作状、
表语,这取决于其中的形容词或副词。eg.
How often do you watch TV ?(你多久看一次电视?――How often作状语)
How heavy is this box?(这箱子有多重?――How heavy作表语)
How fast do you run?(你跑得有多快?――How fast作状语)
特殊疑问句根据具体情况用单词、短语或完整句子回答。

Exercise 2 翻译、朗读并背诵下列句子,划分句子成分,仔细体会特殊疑问句语序。
1. Who is going to teach us English?
2. Which book is yours?
3. What are you doing now?
4. How soon will he be back?
5. Where have you been?
6. When did you go to the cinema last time?
7. Why are theme parks popular today?
8. Whom are you waiting for?

Exercise 3 对句子各划线部分提问。
The man in red plays table tennis with his wife here every day.
① ③ ⑤ ⑥ ⑦
② ④

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3 选择疑问句
选择疑问句提出两种或 多种可能,要求对方选择一种情况来回答。分为一般选择疑问句
和特殊选择疑问句。
一般选择疑问句:与一般疑问句结构相同,但多一个由or连接的成分。eg.
Are you from China or Japan?(你来自中国还是日本?)
Shall we go today or tomorrow?(我们今天去还是明天去?)
Did you work out the problem in this way or that way?(你用这种方法还是用那种方法把问题解
决了?)
特殊选择疑问句:特殊疑问句后面加一个由or连接的、供选择的答案。eg.
Which is bigger, the moon or the earth?(月亮和地球哪一个大?)
When did you get here, today or yesterday?(你何时到这儿的,昨天还是今天?)
How long will we finish the work, one day or two days?(我们多长时间能完成这项工作,一天
还是两天?)
选择疑问句根据具体情况用单词、短语或完整句子回答。

Exercise 4 翻译、朗读并背诵下列句子,仔细体会选择疑问句中or连接的是什么成分。
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

-–Is your sister a doctor or a teacher? —Neither, she is a nurse.
-–Do you want tea or coffee? -–Either will do.
-–Shall we go home or stay here for the night? -–We’d better go home.
-–Shall I come to meet you or shall we meet at the station?—Let’s meet at the station.
–Are you leaving today or tomorrow? ---probably today.
Which color do you like, red or yellow?
Who is faster, you or me?
which is the biggest, the sun, the earth or the moon?
4 反意疑问句
反意疑问句用陈述句提出情况或看法,紧跟一个简短问句,问对方是否同意。可翻译成
“是吗?”“对吗?”“好吗?”等。构成规律:
“肯定陈述句+否定简短问句” 或
“否定陈述句+肯定简短问句”。
简短问句由“助动词/系动词be/情态动词+人称代词”构成。eg.
You are a student, aren’t you?(你是学生,对吗?)
These people work hard, don’t they?(这些人干活很买力,是吗?)
We’ll leave today, won’t we?(我们今天走,是吧?)
Your son doesn’t like music, does he?(你儿子不喜欢音乐,对不对?)
The boy can’t swim, can he?(这男孩不会游泳,是不是?)
She hasn’t had lunch, has she?(她还没吃午饭,是吗?)
反意疑问句的回答与一般疑问句相同:用yes、no回答。

Exercise 5 翻译、朗读并背诵下列句子。

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1. You are Chinese, aren’t you?
2. She has many brothers, hasn’t doesn’t she?
3. They have lunch at 12.00 every day, don’t they?
4. There’s something wrong with your watch, isn’t there?
5. The map looks good, doesn’t it?
6. You can’t speak Chinese, can you?
7. Our teachers have never been there, have they?
8. They aren’t talking about me, are they?
9. We don’t often play computer games, do we?
10. I am late, aren’t I?
反意疑问句有不少特殊情况,如“祈使句+简短问句”、“感叹句+简短问句”、there be句型的反意疑问句、还有一些特殊主语用什么人称代词来代替等等,情况比较复杂。下面提
供一些练 习,请学有余力的同学自己总结。

*Exercise 6 翻译、朗读并背诵下列句子,总结反意疑问句的特殊情况。
1 You had better go now, hadn’t you?
2 There is a radio on the table, isn’t there?
3 We have to get up at four tomorrow, don’t we?
4 They had to leave early, didn’t they?
5 He used to leave in London, usedn’tdidn’t he?
6 There used to be a cinema here before the war, usedn’tdidn’t there?
7 Such things ought not to be allowed, ought they?
8 He ought to be punished, oughtn’t he?
9 We ought to go, ought we noshould we not shouldn’t we?
10 We need to do it, don’t we?
11 You daren’t go there, dare you?
12 You must go home right now, needn’t you?
13 You mustn’t walk on the grass, mustn’t you?
14 You must be tired, aren’t you?
15 He must have met her yesterday, didn’t he?
16 You must have seen the film, haven’t you?
17 He is hardly 14 years old, is he?
18 Everyone knows his job, doesn’t he don’t they?
19 No one was hurt, were they?
20 This is very important, isn’t it?
21 I’m late, aren’t I?
22 One can’t be too careful, can oneyou?
23 I wish to go home now, may I?
24 I don’t think he can finish the work, can he?
25 You don’t think he can finish the work, do you?
26 What a lovely day, isn’t it?
27 Have a cup of tea, will you?
28 Let’s go there, shall we?
29 Let us go there, will you?

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30 Your bike is outside, is it?
31 Somebody is waiting for you, aren’t they?
32 Everything is all right, isn’t it?

五 祈使句
祈使句表示请求、命令或建议。一般省略主语;谓语动词用原形。eg.
Come here! 到这里来!
Open the door! 开门!
Get up! 起来!
Show me your book. 拿你的书给我看看。
祈使句可以在句首或句末加上please以表示客气:eg.
Please come here! 请到这里来!
Come here, please! 请到这里来!
否定祈使句在动词前加don’t. eg.
Don’t come here! 别到这里来!
Please don’t come here! 请别到这里来!
Don’t come here, please! 请别到这里来!
还有一种祈使句,由“let+宾语+动词原形(+其它成分)”构成。eg.
Let’s begin. 我们开始吧。
Let me have a look. 让我看看。
Let him stay here alone. 让他一个人呆在这儿。
Let’s go home. 咱们回家吧!(let’s=let us。但let us不包括对方在内)
Let us go home. (你)让我们回家吧。
祈使句省略了主语,但动词仍 然根据自己的特点带状语、单宾语、双宾语、复合宾语、
表语等,也就是说,它仍然可以归为五种基本句 型。

Exercise 7 翻译、朗读并背诵下列句子,仔细体会祈使句中动词后面的成 分,看它是五种基
本句型哪一种省略主语而成。
1. Look at the blackboard.
2. Listen to me.
3. Go out!
4. Lie down, please!
5. Please pass me the paper.
6. Be careful, please!
7. Don’t move!
8. Don’t be late again.
9. Please don’t go away.
10. Let me sing a song for you.
11. Let her tell us the truth.
12. Let us go to the street.
13. Let’s have a rest.

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六 感叹句
感叹句用来表达强烈的感情,由wha t或how开头。这里what或how都是“多么”的
意思。区别:what与形容词一起修饰名词, how修饰非名词。eg.
What a kind man he is! 他是多么好心的人啊!(what与kind一起修饰man)
What beautiful pictures they showed us! 他们给我们看了多美的图片啊!(what与beautiful一
起修饰pictures)
How kind the man is! 这人多么好心啊!(how修饰形容词kind,注意本句与第一句的区别)
How happily the children are playing! 孩子们玩得多开心啊!(how 修饰副词happily)
How I love you! 我多么爱你啊!(how 修饰动词love)
在结构上,感叹句仍然可以归入五种基本句型,只不过是what或how修饰的 部分被提
前了。我们也可以把感叹句看作是陈述句变化而来的。试比较:
He is {a kind man}. →{What a kind man} he is!
They showed us beautiful pictures. →What beautiful pictures they showed us!
The man is {kind}. →{How kind} the man is!
The children are playing 〈happily〉. → 〈How happily〉the children are playing!
I love you 〈very much〉. →〈How〉I love you!

有时候,感叹句省略句子主语和谓语,这时我们要通过具体情景了解是省略了哪些词。
eg.
How slow! 好慢啊!
What a fine day! 多好的一天啊!
也有一些直接将陈述句或疑问句加上感叹号变成感叹句,属于特殊情况。
eg.
The garden looks so lovely today!
这花园今天多美啊!

Didn’t she sing well!
她唱得多好啊!


Exercise 8 翻译、朗读并背诵下列句子,仔细体会感叹句,并与相应的陈述句进行对比。
1. What a happy life we are living!
2. What a good girl she is!
3. What beautiful girls!
4. What fine weather it is!
5. How hard all these people are working!
6. How nice!
7. How they hated the beasts!
8. How interesting the story is!
9. What an interesting story it is!
10. It was such a nice party!
11. Wonderful!
12. How fast he runs!

Exercise 9 把下列句子变为感叹句。

56


1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

He is very strong.
He is a good boy.
The man walks quickly.
I want to work with you very much.
The play is funny.
It is a nice car.
Those students work hard.
She loves her mother very much..
Exercise 10 句型转换。
a good boy he is! ______ _______ the boy is!
beautiful the park is! _______ ______ ______ _______ it is!
cool the water is! ______ _______ _______ it is!
bad weather it is today! ______ ______ ______ _______ is today!
nice the computers are! ______ ______ ______ _______ are!




第三部分 动词时态

英语 中不同时间发生的动作或存在的状态,要用动词的不同形式来表示,动词的这种
不同形式叫做动词时态。 eg.
I play football every Saturday. 我每个星期六踢足球。
I played football last Saturday. 我上个星期六踢足球。
I will play football this Saturday. 我这个星期六要踢足球。
I am playing football now. 我现在正在踢足球。
I was playing football this time last Saturday. 我上星期六的这个时候正在踢足球。
I have played football for two hours. 我已经踢了两个小时足球。
……
从以 上例句可以看出,不同时间发生的动作,汉语中的动词是没有形式变化的,句子
加上时间状语就可以了; 而英语句子除了加上时间状语,谓语动词的形式还要变化。
英语动词时态,按动作发生的时间,可分 为现在、过去、将来、过去将来;按动作发
生的方式,又可以分为一般、进行、完成、完成进行四种。总 共有十六种时态。

现在
过去
将来
过去将来

有些时态不常用。一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、现在完成时

57
一般
一般现在时
一般过去时
一般将来时
过去将来时
进行
现在进行时
过去进行时
将来进行时
过去将来进行时
完成
现在完成时
过去完成时
将来完成时
过去将来完成时
完成进行
现在完成进行时
过去完成进行时
将来完成进行时
过去将来完成进行时


是最基础的。过去进行时、过 去完成时、过去将来时、现在完成进行时用得较多。其它时态
的用法和构成,还可以根据学过的时态,结 合一般规律推理出来。

第一讲 一般现在时
目标:
1. 掌握一般现在时的用法和构成;
2. 掌握一般现在时的疑问句、否定句的构成;
3. 掌握动词第三人称单数形式的构成方法。
本讲用到的单词(44):
east
in the east
history
bath
take a bath
ping-pong
water
fog
farmer
film
winter
curtain
Tuesday
action
around
thirsty
busy
quite
twice
too
once

一 一般现在时的用法和构成
1.基本用法 一般现在时表示现在经常性、习惯性的动作或现在存在的状态 。也可
表示主语的性格、特征、能力等。一般现在时常跟下列副词或副词短语连用:often, usually,
always, sometimes, occasionally, on Sundays, every day, once a week等。
2.构成 一般现在时动词形式如下:
1)连系动词be:根据主语用am, is, are。见下表:
主语 人称代词 名词

['hist?ri]
[baθ]


['w?:t?]

['fa:m?]

['wint?]
['k?:t?n]
['tju:zdi]
['?k??n]
[?'raund]
['θ?sti]
['bizi]



[w?ns]

n.东方
upstairs
在东方
abroad
n.历史
guess
n.沐浴
change
洗个澡
start
n.乒乓球
begin
n.水
fix
n.雾
cry
n.农民
plant
n.电影
wear
n.冬天
enter
n.窗帘
travel
n.星期二
laugh
n.行动
crash
prep.在……周围
sleep
adj.渴的
hope
adj.忙的
need
adv.很;十分
phone
adv.两次
boil
adv.偶尔
drink
adv.也
ask
adv.一次

be late for…
[a:sk]

['?p'st??z]
[?'br?:d]
[ges]


[bi'gin]


[a:]
[w??]
['ent?]
['tr?vl]
[la:f]






adv.在楼上
adv.在(到)国外
v.猜
v.改变
v.开始
v.开始
v.修理;安装
vi.哭
vt.种植
vt.穿;戴
vi.进入
vi.旅行;运行
vi.笑
vi.坠毁
vt.&n.睡觉
vt.&n.希望
vt.n.需要
vt.沸腾
vt.喝n.饮料
vt.问
做某事迟到
vt.打电话给n.电话
occasionally
[?'kei??n?li]

58


I
2)实义动词:
you he she it we they
单数 复数
is is is are are is are
动词形式
am are
①主语是第三人称单数(即he、she、it和单数名词),动词在词尾加“s”或“es” ;
②主语是非第三人称单数(即I、we、you、they和复数名词),动词用原形。
温馨提示:一般现在时的句子中的谓语不能同时使用实义动词的和系动词/is/are!
. ..........................
am
..........

Exercise 1 英译汉,注意谓语动词形式,体会一般现在时的用法,然后反复朗读并尽量背诵
这些句子:
1. I am thirsty.
2. They are from the USA.
3. He is very angry.
4. She takes a bath everyday.
5. She brushes her teeth twice a day.
6. She drinks a lot of coffee every day.
7. The girl works ten hours a day.
8. My sister lives upstairs.
9. The train leaves every two hours.
10. The boy often phones his mother in Beijing.
11. I play ping-pong quite well.
12. The children go to school at seven in the morning.
13. He always sleeps with the windows open.
14. I love music. My brother loves music, too.
15. He studies in Shanghai.
16. We have our history classes on Tuesday.

3.其它用法 一般现在时除了表示现在经常性、习惯性的动作或现在存在的状态及主
语的性格、特征、能力等以外,还可以表示:
1)客观事实和普遍真理;
2) 按规定、计划或时间表将要发生的事(此用法通常限于表示运动的动词,如go, come,
leave, start, arrive, begin, take off等,其后通常有表示将来的时间状语。);
3) 用在格言、电影说明或剧情介绍、新闻标题或小说章节题目、电视解说词、图片
或剧本动作说明等。
4) 用在时间、条件状语从句中表示将来的动作(详见后面状语从句部分)。
Exercise2 英译汉,注意谓语动词形式,体会一般现在时的用法,然后反复朗读并尽量背诵
这些句子:
1. The sun rises in the east.
2. Water boils at 100℃.
3.
4.
5.
6.

The earth travels around the sun.
Actions speak louder than words.
My plane takes off at 4:10.
Supper is at 5:00 today.
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7. The train starts at 10:00 in the morning.
8. PLANE CRASHES IN FOG.(标题)
9. When the curtain rises, Juliet(朱丽叶) is writing at her desk. Suddenly the window opens and
a masked(戴面具的) man enters.
10. VII Go to Bristol(布里斯托尔).

二 第三人称单数动词的构成
一般现在时主语 是第三人称单数时,动词在词尾加“s”或“es”,这种在动词词尾加“s”
或“es”后的形式就叫 做动词的第三人称单数形式。动词的第三人称单数形式的构成法则:
情 况
一般情况
以s, x, o, ch, sh结尾的词
加-s
加-es
加 法 例 词
reads, writes, says
guesses, fixes, goes, washes, watches
study—studies carry—carries
以“辅音字母+y”结尾的词 把y变成i再加-es
注:have的第三人称单数是has。

动词词尾加上-s或- es以后,s或es按以下规律发音:
情 况
在[s] [z] [?] [t?] [?]等音后
在其它清辅音后
在元音或其它浊辅音后
发音
[iz]
[s]
[z]
例 词
guesses, fixes, washes, watches, rises, wishes, changes
hopes, asks, laughs, hates
plans, cries, goes, plays,needs
注:①词尾不管是加-s或-es,都按此规律发音;
②[s]、[z]分别与前面的[t]、[d]结合就成了[ts]、[dz]。

三 一般现在时的一般疑问句和否定句
以上练习都是肯定陈述句,下面我们通过把肯定陈述句 变成一般疑问句和否定句的方法
来学习一般疑问句和否定句,熟悉后就可以直接造出一般疑问句和否定句 了。
1. 一般疑问句
1) 含有连系动词be(am, is, are)的句子,直接把be(am, is, are)提到主语前面。eg.
Are you busy? 你忙吗?
Is he from China? 他来自中国吗?/他是中国人吗?
Is the girl your sister? 这个女孩是你妹妹/姐姐吗?
2)含有实义动词的句子:
①主语是非第三人称单数(肯定陈述句谓语动词用的是原形),在句首加Do;
②主语是第三人称单数(肯定陈述句谓语动词用的是第三人称单数形式),在句首加
Does, 并把谓语动词恢复成原形。eg.
...........
Do you like English?你喜欢英语吗?(cf. I like English.)
Does the boy go to school every day? 他每天上学吗?(cf. The boy goes to school every
day.)
注:①一般疑问句的简略回答中yes或no后面用人称代词,不用名词。

60


②否定回答除am not外都用缩写形式:is not—isn’t are not—aren’t do not—don’t
does not—doesn’t.

Exercise 3 把Exercise1中的句子变为一般疑问句,并作肯定和否定回答,然后朗读。

2. 否定句
1) 含有连系动词be(am, is, are)的句子,在be(am, is, are)后面加not。eg.
He is not my teacher. 他不是我的老师。
I am not a boy. 我不是男孩。
The players are not active. 球员不积极)
2)含有实义动词的句子:
①主语是非第三人称单数(肯定陈述句谓语动词用的是原形),在主语后加do not;
②主语是第三人称单数(肯定陈述句谓语动词用的是第三人称单数形式),在主语后
加does not, 并把谓语动词恢复成原形。eg.
...........
I do not live here. 我不住在这儿。(cf. I live here.)
She does not speak Chinese. 她不说汉语。(cf. She speaks Chinese.)
注:①句子中的do、does没有意义,只是帮助构成疑问句和否定句,叫做助动词。do、
does、do not、does not在划分句子成分时,和后面的动词原形一起划为谓语;
②否定句中可以用缩写形式(除am not外).
Exercise 4把Exercise1中的句子变为否定句,然后朗读。
Exercise 5 汉译英。
1. 我爸爸通常早上八点上班。(go to work)
2. 他们总是晚上十点就寝。(go to bed)
3. 有时我在学校吃午饭。(have lunch at school)
4. 这个老人冬天常戴帽子。(wear a hat)
5. 今晚电影在八点开始。
6. 上课你经常迟到吗?(be late for class)
7. 这些农民每年春天都植树吗?(plant trees)
8. 她每周洗三次头吗?(wash her hair, three times a week)
9. 你爸爸懂英语吗?(know English)
10. 她每年都到国外去吗?(go abroad)
11. 星期六我们不上学。(go to school)
12. 我不是每天都看电视。(watch TV)
13. 她不喜欢篮球。(like basketball)
14. 星期一到星期五他不打电脑游戏。(play computer games)
15. Tom不知道此事。(know it)



第二讲 现在进行时

61


目标:
1. 掌握现在进行时的用法和构成;
2. 掌握现在进行时的疑问句、否定句的构成;
3. 掌握动词现在分词的构成方法。
本讲用到的单词(37):
newspaper
suggestion
tonight
theater
card
sky
hair
play
Monday
key
weekend
yourself
complain
lose
fly
feel
tie

一 现在进行时的用法和构成
1.基本用法 现在进行时表示现在正在进行的动作。
2.构成 现在进行时谓语动词由“be(amisare)+现在分词”构成。
这里be不是系动词,它们没有意义,只是帮助构成现在进行时态,是助动词。
现在分词是动词原形加上ing构成。具体方法如下:
情 况
一般情况
以不发音的e结尾的词
以重读闭音节结尾,而且
结尾只有一个辅音字母
的词
以ie结尾的词


62
['nju:speip?]
[s?'d?est??n]
[t?'nait]
['θi?t?]




['m?ndi]
[ki:]
['wi:k?nd]
[k?m'plein]
[lu:z]


[tai]
n.报纸
stop
n.建议
wonder
n.今晚
build
n.剧院
take
n.卡片
comb
n.客厅
laugh at
n.天空
play cards
n.戏剧
think of
n.星期一
up and down
n.钥匙
a little
n.周末
in the sky


[bild]

[k?m]




v.停
v.修建
vt.带
vt.梳n.梳子
嘲笑
打牌
带…到…
考虑;想到
上上下下
一点
在天空
(老师)上课
['w?nd?] v.想知道;不知道
sitting room ['siti? rum]
n.头发
take…to…
[j?:'self] pron.你自己
give lessons
抱怨…
constantly
v.丢失
anywhere
v.飞
forever
v.感觉
if
v.拴;系

['k?nst?ntli]
['eniw??]
[f?'rev?]

v.抱怨
continually [k?n'tinju?li]
adv.持续不断地
adv.继续不断地
adv.任何地方
adv.永远
conj.是否
complain about
加 法
加-ing
去掉e再加ing
先双写末尾这个辅
音字母,再加-ing
例 词
call—calling read—reading
live—living write—writing
stop—stopping begin—beginning
(注意:双音节词若后面的音节不重读,不
能双写。eg. listen—listening)
把ie变为y再加ing
lie—lying die—dying tie—tying
现在分词按照读音规则发音。


Exercise 1 英译汉,注意谓语动词形式,体会一般现在时和现在进行时的用法,然后反复朗
读并尽量背诵这些句子:
1. I am reading newspapers.
I often read newspapers after lunch.
2. He is working in the office.
He works in the office every day.
3. She is doing her homework.
She does her homework after supper.
4. We are watching TV.
We watch TV on weekends.
5. They are running.
They run every morning.
6. The teacher is giving lessons.
The teacher gives lessons from Monday to Friday.
注:1) 现在进行时的句子翻译成汉语一般带有“正在”或“在(做某事)”;
2) 表示感觉或状态的动词,一般不用于进行时态;
3) 表示无法持续的动作的动词,不宜用于进行时态,如用则表示重复、即将等。eg.
He is jumping up and down.(他正一上一下的跳着。――重复“跳”)
The old man is dying.(老头病危了。――即将“死”)

3.其它用法
1)表示现阶段正在进行的动作,即使说话时不在进行。eg.
They are building a bridge.(他们在造一座桥。――即使此刻工人在休息也可以这样说)
2)表示最近按计划或安排要进行的动作。eg.
We are leaving on Friday.(我们星期五动身。)
Are you going anywhere tomorrow?(明天你要到哪里去吗?)
此用法仅限于少数动词,如go, come, leave, start, arrive等。
*3)wonder, hope, think, want等表示心理的动词用于进行时可表示婉转的口气。
*4)有时代替一般现在时,和always, constantly, continually, forever等连用,表示一个经常
性的动作或状态,但要么带有厌烦、觉得不合理等感情色彩,要么 表示情况的暂时性。
*5)用在戏剧式的描绘中,表示过去的动作。
*6)表示暂时的情况。

Exercise 2英译汉,体会现在进行时的特殊用法,反复朗读并尽量背诵这些句子:
*1. You are always thinking of yourself.
*2. He is always doing homework.
*3. Now he is not living with me.
4. I’m reading a play by Shaw(肖伯纳).
5. I’m meeting Peter tonight. He’s taking me to the theater.
*6. I’m wondering if I may come a little late.
*7. I’m hoping you’ll give us some suggestion.
*8. She is constantly changing her mind.

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*9. I’m driving along a country road and I’m completely lost. Then I see this old fellow. He’s
leaning against a gate.
*10. I am not hearing well these days.

二 现在进行时的疑问句和否定句
现在进行时的疑问句 :把句子中的isamare提到句首(注意大小写和标点符号。这是
常识,以后不再说明。)。

Exercise 3 把Exercise1中的句子变为一般疑问句,并作肯定和否定回答,然后朗读。

现在进行时的否定句:在句子中的isamare后面加上not即可。
Exercise 4把Exercise1中的句子变为否定句,然后朗读。

Exercise 5 汉译英。
1. 他正在泰国(Thailand)旅行。
2. 她在梳头。(comb her hair)
3. 他们在喝茶。
4. 鸟在天上飞。
5. 她在客厅等你。
6. 你在干吗?
7. 他们在谈(talk about)什么?
8. 你妹妹在哪儿工作?
9. 你在找你的书吗?
10. 你们在笑(laugh at)我吗?
11. 东东不在做作业。
12. 他们不在打牌(play cards)。
13. 他老是丢钥匙(lose his keys)。(表责怪)
14. 他老是想着别人(think of others)。(表赞赏)
15. 你今天感觉怎样?(表关心)
16. 他老是埋怨(complain about)别人。(表责怪)

第三讲 一般过去时
目标:
1. 掌握一般过去时的用法和构成;
2. 掌握一般过去时的疑问句、否定句的构成;
3. 掌握规则动词过去式的构成方法。
本讲用到的单词(33):
parcel
success
successful

['pa:sl]
[s?k'ses]
n.包裹
suddenly
n.成功
ill
adj.成功的
afraid
64
['s?dnli]

adv.突然
adj.病的
[?'freid]
adj.害怕;担心


town
inventor
singer
orphan
police
hill
shut
decide
climb
catch
enjoy
invite
suffer
stop


n.城镇
be afraid of


[?'kl?k]
['intristid]



['mist?]

[b?uθ]
恐怕
prep.乘坐
坐飞机
点钟
对…感兴趣
回来
美国
生病了
先生
在睡觉
在我回家路上
pron.两个都
[in'vent?]
n.发明家
little
['si??]
n.歌唱家
by
['?:f?n]
[p?'li:s]


[di'said]
[klaim]
[in'd??i]
[in'vait]
['s?f?]

n.孤儿
by plane
n.警察
o'clock
n.小山
be interested in
vt.关闭
get back
vt.决定
the US
vt.爬
fall ill
vt.喜欢
in bed
vt.邀请
on my way home
vt.遭受
both
vt.阻止

['litl] adv.毫不,几乎不
vt.听清,领悟
Mr.
本讲用到的不规则动词过去式:
原形
am
is
are
fall
get
get up

一 一般过去时的用法和构成
1.基本用法 一般过去时表示过去某个特定的时间 内发生的动作或存在的状态。也
可以表示过去经常或反复发生的动作。
一般过去时常与yesterday, last Sunday, a week ago, in1995等时间状语连用。
2. 构成 一般过去时动词形式:过去式
有些动词过去式 构成是不规则的,要逐个记忆;规则动词是由“动词原形+ed”构成,
具体方法如下:
情 况
一般情况
以e结尾的词
以重读闭音节结尾,而且结尾
只有一个辅音字母的词
以“辅音字母+y”结尾的词
情 况

过去式
was
was
were
fell
got
got up
中文
是(连系动词)
是(连系动词)
是(连系动词)
落下;倒下;进入某种状态
得到;到达;变得
起床

原形 过去式 中文
去;走
告诉;讲(故事)
想;认为
读;看(书报)

关闭
go went
tell told
think thought
read read[red]
come came
shut shut
加 法
加-ed
加-d
先双写末尾这个辅音
字母,再加- ed
把y变成i再加-ed
发音
65
例 词
call—called want—wanted
live—lived move-- moved
stop—stopped permit—permitted
study—studied carry—carried
例 词
动词词尾加上-ed-d以后,ed-d按以下规律发音:


在[t] [d]音后
在其它清辅音后
在元音或其它浊辅音后

[id]
[t]
[d]
wanted needed hated
hoped asked laughed
planed cried played
注:系动词be的过去式沿袭一般现在时的人称和数的变化:was用于am和is所用 的第一、
三人称单数主语,were 用于are所用的第二人称单数和所有复数主语。实义动词过去式没
有人称和数的变化。
提示:一般过去时的句子中的谓语不能同时使用实义动词的和系动词
........... ................
waswere!
.........

Exercise 1 英译汉,注意谓语动词形式,体会一般过去时的用法,然后反复朗读并尽量背诵
这些句子:
1. She suddenly fell ill yesterday.
2. I got up at six o’clock this morning.
3. We invited them to our party but they decided not to come.
4. The police stopped me on my way home last night.
5. It was cold, so I shut the window.
6. His grandpa died last month.
7. They were both orphans.
8. He suffered a lot in his childhood.
9. I was a teacher. Now I am a headmaster.
10. The party was a great success.
11. Edison(爱迪生) was a great inventor.
12. The train was ten minutes late.
13. He went to the US last month.
14. We studied in Guangzhou last year.
15. They lived here five years ago.
16. Who shouted here just now?

二 一般过去时的疑问句、否定句
1.一般过去时的疑问句
1) 含有连系动词be(was, were)的句子,直接把陈述句中的was或were提到主语前面。
eg.
Were you busy yesterday? (昨天你忙吗?)
Was the girl a singer? (这个女孩以前是歌手吗?)
2)含有实义动词的句子:在陈述句的句首加Did, 并将谓语动词(过去式)恢复成
............
原形。eg.
..
Did you see Mr. Li a moment ago?(刚才你看到李先生了?)
Did she climb the hills with you?(她和你一起爬山了吗?)

Exercise 2 把下列句子变成一般疑问句,并作肯定和否定回答,然后朗读。
1. She suddenly fell ill yesterday.
2. I was a teacher two years ago.

66


3.
4.
5.
6.

I got up at six o’clock this morning.
We invited them to our party.
The police stopped me on my way home last night.
He suffered a lot in his childhood.
2. 一般过去时的否定句
1)含有连系动词be(was, were)的句子,直接在陈述句中的was或were后面加上not。
eg.
They weren’t at the meeting.(他们没有去开会。)
I wasn’t at home then.(当时我不在家。)
2)含有实义动词的句子:在陈述句的谓语动词前面加di dn’t,并将谓语动词(过去
.......
式)恢复成原形。eg.
.......
I didn’t get the letter until yesterday.(这信我直到昨天才收到。)

Exercise 3 把 下列句子变成否定句,并朗读。
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

They were at school.
The train was ten minutes late.
He went to the US last month.
We studied in Guangzhou last year.
They lived here five years ago.
Exercise 4 英译汉。
1. In which year did this happen?
2. Where did you find this parcel?
3. They weren’t interested in going there.
4. Who told you this?
5. I thought you were in bed.
6. I was afraid you were ill.
7. I thought you were in town. When did you get back?
8. We little thought you were so successful.
9. I didn’t know you sang so well.
10. Where were the boys last night?
11. How did you find your way here?
12. Why didn’t you come by plane?
13. What did you say? I didn’t catch it.
14. –Did you go out last night? –Yes, I went to the cinema but I didn’t enjoy the film.
15. Tom didn’t come to class yesterday.


第四讲 过去进行时
目标:
1. 掌握过去进行时的用法和构成;
2. 掌握过去进行时的疑问句、否定句的构成;

67


3. 掌握when引导的时间状语从句和that引导的宾语从句。
本讲用到的单词(26):
dam
hometown
countryside
shop
question
wave
notice
knock
knock at the door
burst
into
tears

一 过去进行时的用法和构成
1. 基本用法 过去进行时表示过去某一时刻或某 段时间内正在进行的动作。过去进行
时常跟下列时间状语连用:this time yesterday, at that moment, when引导的状语从句等。
2. 构成 过去进行时谓语动词形式:waswere+现在分词

Exercise 1 英译汉,注意谓语动词形式,体会一般过去时和过去进行时的用法,然后反复朗
读并尽量背诵这些句子:
1.
2.
3.
4.
I first met Lisa three years ago. She was working at a radio shop at that time.
It was raining at 6 o’clock this morning.
They were building a dam last winter.
–Hey, where are you going? –Oh I’m terribly sorry. I wasn’t noticing.
['int?]
[ti?z]
['n?utis]


in the countryside

['kwest??n]


['k?ntrisaid]
n.堤坝
burst into tears
n.家乡
hear(heard,heard)
n.农村
all those years
在农村
at that time
n.商店
all day
n.问题
this time yesterday
['h??gri]
['sili]
['ter?bli]

[θri:]
[t?'w?:dz]
v.注意到
silly
vi.敲
when
敲门
terribly
prep.进入
three
n.眼泪
towards
v.挥动,舞动
hungry




哭起来
vt.听到
所有这些年
在那时
整天
昨天这时候
adj.饥饿
adj.傻的
adv.当…的时候
adv.很,极
adv.向上
num.三
prep.朝着
vi.突然发作,爆炸
up
5. This time last year I was living in Brazil(巴西).
6. I waved to her but she wasn’t looking.
7. She didn’t see me. She was drawing pictures.
8. I was thinking of you all those years.
9. A tiger was running towards us.
10. I looked back. A car was driving up.

3.其它用法
1) 表示过去将要发生的动作。eg.
When he came in, I was going out.(他进来时,我正要出去。)
此用法仅限于少数动词,如go, come, leave, start, arrive等。
*2) 和always, constantly, continually, forever等连用,表示赞扬、不满、厌烦等感情色彩。eg.
He was continually asking such silly questions.(他不停地问这种愚蠢的问题。)
*3) wonder, hope, think, want等表示心理的动词用于进行时可表示婉转的口气,仍可用于过

68


去进行时。
I was hoping you would help me with the work.(当时我希望你会帮助我做这项工作。)
过去进行时的各种用法都可以看着是现在进行时把时间平移到过去。

二 过去进行时的疑问句和否定句
疑问句:将陈述句中的waswere提前;否定句:在陈述句中的waswere后加not。eg.
Was he singing this time yesterday?(昨天这个时候他在唱歌吗?)
We were not reading at that time.(那时我们并不在阅读。)eg.

Exercise 2 把下列句子变成一般疑问句,并作肯定和否定回答,然后朗读。
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

She was working at a radio shop at that time.
It was raining at 6 o’clock this morning.
They were building a dam last winter.
This time last year I was living in Brazil.
She was drawing pictures.
I was thinking of you all those years.
A tiger was running towards us.
Exercise 3 把下列句子变成否定句,并朗读。
She was working at a radio shop at that time.
It was raining at 6 o’clock this morning.
They were building a dam last winter.
This time last year I was living in Brazil.
She was drawing pictures.
I was thinking of you all those years.
A tiger was running towards us.
三 when引导的时间状语从句和that引导的宾语从句
1.什么是从句
试比较以下两个句子:
It was raining at 6 o’clock this morning.(今天早上六点钟的时候正在下雨。)
It was raining when I woke up this morning. (今天早上我醒来的时候正在下雨。)

第二句中when I woke up this morning(今天早上我醒来的时候)与第一句中at 6 o’clock
this morn ing(今天早上六点钟的时候)作用相当,都表示“正在下雨”的时间,都是句子
的时间状语。。但w hen I woke up this morning这个时间状语里面又有一个完整的主谓结构:
I woke up〈this morning〉. 它前面加上一个when以后,就用来充当句子的状语了(when
在此是连词, 叫做“引导词”,意思是“当……的时候”。)。这种用来充当句子的某个成分的
“引导词+完整的主谓 结构”叫做从句。(除了定语从句中关系代词和名词从句中连接代词
作引导词时要充当从句的主语或宾语 以外,其它情况下引导词后面都是完整的主谓结构。)
从句根据其充当的成分而分为主语从句、宾语从句 、表语从句、定语从句、状语从句和同位

69


语从句。英语句子中,除了谓语外,其余成分均可由从句充当。
It was raining when I woke up this morning.这个句子中,when I woke up this morning是时
间状语从句,It was raining叫做主句。整个句子是复合句,也称主从句。句子成分划分如下:
It was raining 〈when I woke up this morning〉.

2.when引导的时间状语从句
由于时态学习的需要,这里先学when引导的时间状语从句。
与时间状语的位置一样,wh en引导的时间状语从句可放在主句之前,也可放在主句
之后。如果主句是疑问句,从句要放在主句之后 。eg.
I was cooking when you called me. = When you called me, I was cooking.(你打电话给我
时,我正在做饭。)
What were you doing when they saw you?(他们看到你的时候,你在做什么?)
注意主句和从句中各自使用的时态:“call(打电 话)”是过去发生的一个行为,用一般
过去时;而“cook(做饭)”是当时正在进行,故用过去进行 时。
另外,主句和从句都必须有自己的主语。如翻译句子“她听到这个消息时哭了。”主
句和 从句的主语都是she:When she heard the news, she burst into tears. 英语句子中主句和
..............
从句的主谓部分都要完整,不 要受汉语影响而把其中一个主语省略了。
..............................

3.that引导的宾语从句
试分析句子:
He said the words.(他说了这些话。)
He said that his father was writing.(他说他爸爸在写作。)
两句都是“主谓宾”句型,第一句宾语是名词the words,第二句的宾语是从句that his
father was writing。其中t hat是引导词,在此没有意义,可以省略。因为他爸爸在他说的时
候正在写作,所以write用过去 进行时。主句用一般过去时的时候,从句会用到过去进行时、
一般过去时等。eg.
She said (that) she liked music.(她说她喜欢音乐。)
She said (that) she was cleaning the room.(她说她在打扫房间。)

Exercise 4 汉译英,注意主句和从句的主语和时态。
1.我进入教室的时候,他们正在谈话。
2.他来的时候,我们正在吃早餐。
3.她到达那里时,他们正在等她。
4.你见到他的时候,他在做作业吗?
5.你离开的时候,她在干吗?
6.你听到有人敲门时,在做什么?
7.当我十五岁的时候,离开了家乡。
8.我上学的时候,每周看一次电影。
9.我在农村劳动的时候,整天都感觉到很饿。

70


10.你年轻的时候,喜欢足球吗?
11. 他说他们正在看电视。
12. 他说他在做饭。
13. 这小男孩说他是一个中学生。
14. 老师说她在上课。
15. 爸爸说他在工作。

第五讲 一般将来时
目标:
1. 掌握一般将来时的用法和构成;
2. 掌握一般将来时的疑问句、否定句的构成;
3. 了解表示将来的其它结构和用法;
4. 了解will和be going to的区别。
本讲用到的单词(45):
gate
zoo
professor
result
kid
term
half
parade
cloud
composition
hand
argue
argue with
graduate
clean
play
attend
hold(held, held)
tear(tore, torn)
rewrite
finish school
be going to
just a minute

一 一般将来时的用法和构成

71

[zu:]
[pr?'fes?]
[ri'z?lt]



[p?'reid]

[? k?mp?'zi??n
]

['a:gju]

['gr?djueit]

[?'tend]
[t??]
[ri'rait]

['g?ui?]

n.大门
be due to
n.教授
be about to
n.结果
be to
n.小孩
give a party
n.学期
hot dog
n.一半
hand in
n.游行
right now
[dju:]






定于
服装秀
即将
即将
举行聚会
热狗
上交
现在
在一年之后
主持会议
z ??u]
n.动物园
clothes show
[kl?u?
n.云
in a year's time
n.作文
take the chair
v.递给
think over
与…争吵
in a month
vi.毕业
in the future
vt.把…弄干净
free
vt.扮演
next
vt.出席
only

vt.举行;握
nine
vt.撕
past
vt.重写
per
毕业
outside
打算;将要
for
等一等

['autsaid]


['?unli]

['fju:t??]


['?uv?]
仔细考虑
在一个月之后
在将来
adj.空闲
adj.下一个
adv.只,仅仅
num.九
prep.过,经过
prep.每
prep.在…外
prep.总共
v.争吵

for two weeks 总共两星期


1.基本用法 一般将来时表示将要发生的动作 或情况。一般将来时常跟表示将来的
副词或副词短语连用,如tomorrow, soon, in a month, in the future, next weekmonthyear等。
2.构成 一般将来时谓语动词由“will+动词原形”构成。
助动词will与人称代词主语经常缩写:
I’ll = I will you’ll = you will they’ll = they will
he’ll = he will she’ll = she will it’ll = it will

Exercise 1 英译汉,注意谓语动词形式,体会一般将来时的用法,然后反复朗读并尽量背诵
这些句子:
1. I’ll be eighteen next week.
2. She’ll be here at half past nine.
3. We’ll know the result in an hour.
4. The professor will be free this afternoon.
5. The students will have five English classes per week this term.
6. I will arrive tomorrow.
7. I’ll think it over.
8. We’ll only stay for two weeks.
9. She will come.
10. Who will take the chair?
注:1)主语是第一人称时,也可用shall代替will;
2 )shall在问句中还有征询对方意见的意思。eg.
Shall I go now?(我可以走了吗?)
Where shall we meet?(我们在哪里碰头?)
Shall I wait for you?(要不要我等你?)
3 )Will you please……?用于请求对方。eg.
Will you please go to the station with me?(请你和我一起去车站好吗?)

二 一般将来时的疑问句、否定句的构成
一般将来时的疑问句的构成:把willshall提前到句首;
一般将来时的否定句的构成:在willshall后面加not。

Exercise 2把 Exercise 1中1-9句变成一般疑问句,并作肯定和否定回答,然后朗读。

Exercise 3把 Exercise 1中1-9句变成否定句,并朗读。

*三 表示将来的其它结构和用法介绍:
结构
be going to+
动词原形
be about to+
动词原形

意义
表示打算、计划、决定要做的事情
或有迹象表明即将发生的事情
表示打算或根据安排就要发生的事
情。它不与表示时间的动作或其他
72
举例
They are going to meet outside the school
gate.他们将在校门外见面。
I’m about to hand in my composition.我
就要交作业了。


时间状语连用。
be due to+动
词原形
be to+动词
原形
现在进行时
表将来
一般现在时
表将来

表示安排好、决定要做的事情。译
为“定于”
表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作
或要求做的事。
常用于表示位置转移的动词如
come, go, leave, start等。
They are about to start.他们就要出发了。
They are due to meet tomorrow.他们定
于明天见面。
Two of you are to clean the classroom.你
们两个打扫教室。
动身去巴黎。
表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作。He is leaving for Paris next week.他下周
表示计划好、安排好的将来的动作。The train from Dalian arrives at 11:05.从
常用于表示位置转移的动词如
come, go, leave, start等。
大连开来的火车11:05到。
Tomorrow is Sunday.明天是星期天。
注:上述结构be going to、be about to、be to中be为助动词,一般疑问句、否定句通过将
be(amisare)提前或在be后 面加not构成。

*Exercise 4 英译汉,注意谓语动词形式,体会表示将来的各种结构的用法,然后反复朗读并
尽量背诵这些句子:
1. Look at the cloud. It’s going to rain.
2. Where are they going to hold the English party?
3. I’m going to play you a waltz(华尔兹舞曲).
4. He’s going to buy her some flowers.
5. I’m not going to argue with you today.
6. How are you going—by train or by plane?
7. I’m taking the kids to the zoo on Sunday.
8. They are giving a party on Friday.
9. He’s finishing school in a year’s time.
10. The plane takes off in ten minutes.
11. Tomorrow is Sunday.
12. The children have no classes tomorrow.
13. There’s to be a clothes show this evening.
14. Who is to play Macbeth(麦克白――人名)?
15. The parade(游行) is about to begin.
16. He is about to come out. Please wait a moment.
17. She is due to graduate next summer.
18. They are due to meet tomorrow.
19. Shall I shut the window? It’s so cold here.
20. What shall I do?
21. --Shall we go right now?
--Just a minute. I’m not ready yet.
22. Will you please be quiet?
23. Will you buy me a hot dog, Mum?

73



*四 be going to和will的区别

be going to
表示打算、计划、决定要做的事或已有迹象表明肯
定要发生的事。
He is going to get better.(他的病就要好了。)
表示事先考虑过的意图
--Why have you torn the paper into pieces?(你为什
么把纸撕成碎片?)
--I am going to rewrite it.(我打算重写。)
可用在条件状语从句中表示将来。
If you are going to attend the meeting, you’d better
leave now.(如果你准备去参加会议,你最好现在就
走。)

*Exercise 5翻译并背诵这些例句,体会be going to和will的区别:
1. He is going to get better.
2. He wil get better.
3. --Why have you torn the paper into pieces?
--I am going to rewrite it.
4. --Listen! Someone is knocking at the door.
--I’ll answer it.
5. If you are going to attend the meeting, you’d better leave now.
Exercise 6汉译英,注意一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时的动词形式。
1. 我经常在这里看报。
2. 我昨天在这里看报。
3. 我明天将要在这里看报。
4. 你每天都起得早吗?
5. 你昨天起得早吗?
6. 你明天要早起吗?
7. 他不常来这里。
8. 他上星期没来这里。
9. 他下星期不来这里。
10. 你为什么迟到?
11. 前天你为什么迟到?
12. 我去年住在广州,现在住在深圳,明年要去北京住。

第六讲 (一般)过去将来时
目标:
will
表示说话人认为、相信、希望或假定要
发生。可指遥远将来。
He wil get better.(他的病会好的。)
表示未经事先考虑过的意图
--Listen! Someone is knocking at the
door.(听!有人敲门。)
--I’ll answer it.(我去开。)
不可用在条件状语从句中表示将来。

74


1. 掌握(一般)过去将来时的用法和构成;
2. 掌握(一般)过去将来时的疑问句、否定句的构成;
3. 了解表示过去将来的其它结构和用法;
4. 了解would和waswere going to的区别。
本讲用到的单词(29):
storm
conference
traffic
passenger
race
victory
railway
picnic
stumble
try
succeed
last
sell
believe

一 (一般)过去将来时的用法和构成
一般过去将来时简称过去将来时。
1.基本用法:过去将来时表示从过去的某一时间看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。
过去将来时经常用在宾语从句中。
2.构成:would/should+动词原形
(其中 would 用于各种人称, should 常用于第一人称)。
过去将来时的疑问句:把句子中的助动词would/should提到句首; 否定句:在句子中
的助动词would/should后面加上not。
eg.
He said his mother would buy a bike for him. 他说他妈妈将要给他买一辆自行车。
My brother told me he wouldn’t believe Jack any more. 我哥哥告诉我他将不再相信杰克。

Exercise 1 英译汉,注意谓语动词形式,体会过去将来时的用法,然后反复朗读并尽量背诵
这些句子:
were sure they would win the final victory.
didn't expect that we should(would)all be there.
was four o’clock. soon the sun would come up.
was sixty-eight. In two years he would be seventy.
5.I little thought you would object to the plan.

75

['k?nfr?ns]
['tr?fik]
['p?s?nd??]

['vikt?ri]
[reilwei]
['piknik]
['st?mbl]

['s?ksi:d]
[a:]

[bi'li:v]
n.暴雨
expect
n.交通;运输
get to
n.旅客
object to
n.赛跑
bus stop
n.胜利
come up
n.铁路
May Day
n.野餐
be sure
vi.拌倒
final
vi.尝试
too
vi.成功
when
vt.卖
seventy
vt.相信
nothing
vt.赢

[iks'pekt]

['?bjekt]



[?u?]
['fainl]


['sevnti]
['n?θi?]
vt.预料
不再
到达
反对
公共汽车站
升起
五一节
肯定;确定
adj.最后的
adv.太
adv.正在这时
num.六十八
num.七十
pron.没有事物
n.会议
not…any more
vi.持续
sixty-eight ['siksti eit]
win(won, won)


that time I knew we should succeed.
said he would wait for us at the bus stop.

*二 过去将来时的一些其它表达形式:
1.was/were+going to+动词原形
He said he was going to try.他说他准备试试。
2.was/were+to+动词原形
They said the railway was to be opened to traffic on May Day.
他们说这条铁路将在五一节通车。
3.was/were about+动词原形
We were about to go out when it began to rain.我们正要出去天(突然)下起雨来。
4.waswere due to+动词原形
He was due to speak that night. 他定于那天晚上发言。
5. 过去进行时(动词go,come, leave,start, open,begin 等)也可用于表示过去将来。
I didn't know when they were coming again.我不知道他们什么时候再来。

*三 用法注意点:
1.在时间和条件状语从句中,常用一般过去时来表示过去将来时。例如:
He said he would come to see you when he had time.他说他有时间就来看望你。
2.“would+动词原形”可表示过去习惯性的动作。此时,不管什么人称,都可用would。
When he was a child he would get up early.他年幼时,总是很早起床。
3. would和waswere going to的区别与will 和be going to 的区别类似,参看第三讲“will 和
be going to 的区别”

*Exercise 2 英译汉,注意谓语动词形式,体会表示过去将来的各种形式,然后反复朗读并尽
量背诵这些句子:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.


I thought there was going to be a storm soon.
She was going to sell her old car and buy a new one.
He told me he was leaving in an hour.
She said she wasn’t going out that night.
We were about to leave when a car drove up.
He was about to win the race. Suddenly he stumbled and fell.
The conference was due to last five days.
The passenger plane was due to take off in five minutes.
She was to take the 10:30 train, but she got to the station too late.
We were to have a picnic that afternoon. Suddenly it began to rain.
He would sit for hours doing nothing.
第七讲 现在完成时
目标:

76


1. 掌握现在完成时的用法和构成;
2. 掌握现在完成时的疑问句、否定句的构成;
3. 掌握规则动词过去分词的构成方法;
4. 掌握一般过去时和现在完成时的区别;
5. 掌握since引导的时间状语从句。
本讲用到单词(51):
cup
novel
light
ton
army
age
for ages
friend
public
in public
soldier
leg
necklace
star
meal
concert
dictionary
join
break
reach
water
close
injure
complete

一 现在完成时的用法和构成
1.谓语动词构成::“havehas+过去分词” 助动词has用于第三人称单数;have用于非第三人称单数;has与主语缩写成“’s”(与
is 类似,注意区分);have与主语缩写成“’ve”。
不规则动词过去分词要逐个记忆;规则 动词是由“动词原形+ed”构成,构成方法和读
音规则与过去式相同。
['w?:t?]
[z]
['ind??]
[k?m'pli:t]
[frend]
['pЛblik]

['s?uld??]

['neklis]


['k?ns?t]
['dik?n?ri]
[d??in]
[breik]

['n?vl]

[t?n]
['a:mi]


n.杯子
catch
n.长篇小说
set off
n.灯;光
so far
n.吨
up to now
n.奖学金
take place
n.军队
get to know
n.年龄,长时间
be away from
很久
nobody
n.群众;公众
go out
当众
film star
n.腿
turn out
n.项链
recently
n.星星
invalid
n.一餐
past
n.音乐会
closed
n.字典,词典
several
vt.参加
lovely
vt.打破
dead
食言
farther
vt.到达
already
vt.给…浇水
yet
vt.关闭
since
]
vt.使伤

than [?
vt.完成


['risntli]
['inv?lid]


['sevrl]
['l?vli]
[ded]
['fa:??]
[?:l'redi]
[sins]

['n?ubedi]

n.朋友
get a letter from



vt.抓住;捕捉
出发;动身
到目前为止
到目前为止
发生
开始认识
离开
pron.没有人
收到…来信
熄灭
影星
造出
adv.近来
adj.病弱的
adj.刚过去的
adj.关闭的
adj.几个
adj.可爱的
adj.死的
adv.更远
adv.已经
conj.&prep.自从
conj.比
scholarship
['sk?l??ip]
n.士兵

in the past five years 在过去的五年中
break one's word
adv.已经;还(没)

77


2.疑问句:把句子中的助动词havehas提到句首;
3.否定句:在句子中的助动词havehas后面加上not。
4.主要用法:
1)表示一件已发生的事,这事往往与现在情况有联系,对现在产生了结果或影响:
I have lost my key. 我的钥匙丢了。(结果:现在无法进屋)
I have washed my car. 我洗过车了。(结果:现在车很干净)

Exercise 1 英译汉,注意谓语动词形式和时间状语,体会现在完成时的用法,然后反复朗读
并尽量背诵这些句子:
1. So far, no man has traveled farther than the moon.
2. It has been hot this summer.
3. I have written two letters this morning.
4. I have met her several times.
5. I haven’t seen her these days.
6. I’ve drunk four cups of coffee today.
7. I’ve lost my car key.
8. The train has just left.
9. I’ve never broken my word.
10. We’ve planted 30,000 trees this week.
11. They have caught 80,000 ton of fish this season.
12. A lot of changes have taken place there.
13. Have you got any letter from them?
14. I haven’t watered the flowers today.
15. Who’s taken my dictionary away?
16. Have you had breakfast yet?
17. Has Jane left any message?
18. You have phoned them, haven’t you?
19. -Has the rain stopped?—Not yet.
20. Have you ever talked to her about it?
21. Have you seen Tom recently?
22. They haven’t completed the bridge yet.
23. Nobody has spoken to me about it.
24. Junior has won a scholarship.
25. He’s only written me one letter since he left home.
26. Sorry, I’ve broken your cup.
(试总结:现在完成时常与哪些时间状语连用?already和 yet用法有何区别?)

2)表示从过去某时开始一直延续到现在的动作或状态。
此用法通常用于具有延续意义的动词如live, stay, work, be等,常带时间状语“for+一段
时间”或“since+表示起点的时间、从句”。
I have known him for many years. 我认识他很多年了。
He has lived here all his life. 他一辈子都住在这里。

78



Exercise 2 英译汉,注意谓语动词形式和时间状语,体会现在完成时的用法,然后反复朗读
并尽量背诵这些句子:
1. He has been away from here for three years.
2. -I’m sorry to keep you waiting. ―Oh, not at all. I have been here only a few minutes.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

They have lived here since 1980.
We’ve been friends since we were children.
How long have you known him?
The strike has continued for two weeks.
How long have you had a headache?
She has been home for two weeks.
How long has he been ill?
二 一般过去时和现在完成时的区别
一般过去时和现在完成时都表示发生在过去的动作,现在完成时强调这一动作对现在
.....
产生的影响或结果,强调的是现在的情况,所以它只能和包括现在在内的时间状语连用,不
.. ................
能和表示过去的时间状语连用。而一般过去时表示过去的动作或状态 ,和现在不发生关系,
.............
它可以和表示过去的时间状语连用。eg.
1) I have seen the film.(我看过这部电影。――了解这部电影内容)
I saw the film last week.(我上星期看了这部电影。――只说明上星期看了这部电影,
不涉及现在的情况。)
2) He has lived here since 1972.(一九七二年以来他一直住在这里。――住到现在)
He lived here in 1972.(一九七二年他住在这里。――不涉及现在是否住在这里)

根据一般过去时和现 在完成时的特点,我们在句子没有时间状语的情况下,也可以准
确理解句子。(一般过去时表示的动作或 状态都已成为过去,现已不复存在。)eg.
He was an invalid all his life. (他一生都是一个病号。――他已不在人间)
He has been an invalid all his life. (他一生都是一个病号。――他现在还活着)
I lived here for seven years. (我在这里住过七年。――我不再住在这里)
I have lived here for seven years. (我在这里住了七年了。――现还住在这里,或刚离去)

Exercise 3 英译汉,注意区别现在完成时和一般过去时:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Did you get up early?
Has he got up?
What did you have for lunch?
Have you had lunch?
I got the news from Tom.
I have got no news from him.
I have known him for 10 years.
When did you got to know him?
We have finished our work.
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10. We finished our work last week.
11. I have seen the film star twice.
12. I saw the film star in 1999 and 2005.
13. I saw the film star in Beijing .
14. I saw the film star twice when I was in Beijing.
15. Has he come?
16. Did he come?
17. The light has gone out.
18. The light went out.
19. He has injured his leg.
20. He injured his leg.

三 since与for的用法
si nce后面跟表示起点的时间或从句(从句中常用一般过去时);for后面跟表示一段时
...... .........
间的短语。如我十年前来到这里居住,现在是2008年,可以说:
....
I have lived here for 10 years.= I have lived here since 1998.
= I have lived here since 10 years ago.=I have lived here since I came here.

有些动词表示连续动作或状态,叫做延续性动词;而有些动词不能表 示连续动作或状态,
叫做短暂性动词或终止性动词。延续性动词可用于现在完成时的第二种用法(与si nce或for
连用,肯定句),终止性动词则不能。要表示类似的意思,一般用be、have等来表 示。eg.
他离开学校五天了。
误:He has left school for 5 days.
正:He has been away from school for 5 days.
我爷爷去世三年了。
误:My grandpa has died for 3 years.
正:My grandpa has been dead for 3 years.
下表列出了常用终止性动词表达连续动作或状态(跟since或for连用)的转换方 法,
请同学们自己体会例句并将它们翻译成汉语:
短暂性动词
come
go
arrive
reach
beginstart
beginstart
do

延续性动词
be
be
be
be inat
be on
例句
He came here two hours ago.
He has been here for two hours.
He went there two hours ago.
He has been there for two hours.
He arrived here two hours ago.
He has been here for two hours.
He reached Guangzhou two hours ago.
He has been in Guangzhou for two hours.
The film began five minutes ago.
The film has been on for five minutes.
I began to work here ten years ago.
I have worked here for ten years.
80
to do


borrow
buy
close
open
die
get up
join
keep
have
be closed
be open
be dead
be up
be (in)
He borrowed the book last week.
He has kept the book for two weeks.
My father bought the car three years ago.
My father has had the car for three years.
The shop closed last month.
The shop has been closed for two months.
The shop opened last month.
The shop has been open for two months.
His uncle died in 2002.
His uncle has been dead for 5 years.
I got up two hours ago.
I have been up for two hours.
He joined the army in 2000.
He has been a soldier since 2000.
He has been in the army since 2000.
He left home last week.
He has been away from home for two weeks.
I lost my bike three days ago.
I haven’t had my bike for three days.
leave
lose

be away from
not have
since 还可以用于句型“It is +一段时间+since从句”。eg.
It is three years since I came here. =I have been here for three years.(我到这儿三年了。)

四 havehas gone 与havehas been 的区别
havehas gone(to)表示“去某处去了(可能在路上或已经到达某处)”;
havehas been(to)表示“去过、到过某处(人已经离开某处)”,可跟once、twice等连用。
(havehas been还表示到现在为止的状态,如I have been a teacher for ten years.这与“到某
处”无关。)

Exercise 4汉译英.
1. 他去过美国。
2. 他们去美国去了。
3. 她以前到过这儿。
4. 她到这儿了。
5. 她到这儿十分钟了。
6. 我奶奶去世了。
7. 我奶奶是1995年去世的。
8. 我奶奶去世十二年了。
9. 他入党了。
10. 他去年入党了。
11. 他入党两年了。

81


12. 这本词典我买了三年了。
13. 他来深圳十年了。
14. 他们到达那儿两个小时了。
15. 我离开家乡三十年了。
16. 我的商店开张一年多了。
17. 宝宝已经起来二十分钟了。
18. 这杂志我已经借了一周了。
19. 那串项链她已经丢失了。
20. 那串项链她已经丢失三天了。

五 现在完成时的其它用法
1.用在“It is the firstsecondetc. time(that)…….”或“It is the bestworstetc.+名词+从
句. ”句型中。eg.
It is the second time (that) I have seen this man.我是第二次见到这个人。
This is the best tea I have ever drunk. 这是我喝过的最好的茶了。
(注意: “It is +一段时间+since从句” 句型中since从句用的是一般过去时,而上述句型从
句中用现在完成时。)

Exercise 5英译汉,注意主句和从句的时态。
1. It is the first time he has driven a car.
2. –Do you know our town at all?
-No, this is the first time I have been here.
3. It’ll be the second time I’ve spoken in public.
4. That is the fourth time he’s been out with him.
5. This is the most interesting novel he has ever written.
6. This is the easiest job I have ever had.
7. This is a lovely meal. It’s the first good meal I’ve had for ages.
8. It’s two years since I left home.
9. It is a long time since I saw you last.
10. How long is it since you came here last time.


第八讲 过去完成时
目标:
1.掌握过去完成时的用法和构成;
2.掌握过去完成时的疑问句、否定句的构成。
本讲用到的生词(16):
treat
vt.医治
university
n.病人
intend
prep.…多
mean
82
patient
['pei??nt]
over

[ ?ju:ni'v?:siti
n.大学
]
[in'tend]
vt.打算;企图

vt.计划;图谋 ['?uv?]


rush
out of
serve
retire
appear



[ri'tai?]
[?'pi?]
vi.冲
mistake
vt.服役
be able to
vi.退役
make it
vi.出现
return
[mis'teik]
['eibl]

[ri't?:n]
n.错误

办成功
vi.返回
prep.出…外
make a mistake
犯错误;出错
一 过去完成时的用法和构成
1用法:
1)过去完成时表示在过去某个时间以前某事已经发生(可以说是过去的过去)。
2)表示由过去某一时间之前开始,一直持续到过去的这一时间。常和since 、for
引起的短语或从句连用。(可以看成是现在完成时把时间往前平移)
2构成:had+过去分词
疑问句把had 提前;否定句在had后面加 not。eg.
When I arrived Jane had just left. 我到时简刚刚离开。(过去到,到之前离开――“离开”
发生的时间是过去的过去)
By the end of June they had treated over 10,000 patients. 到六月底他们已经治疗了一万多
人。(六月底是过去,“治疗”在六月底之前―― 治疗发生在过去的过去)
She found she had left her case on the train. 她发现她把箱子遗忘在火车上了。(过去发现
的,遗忘在发现之前――“遗忘”发生在过去的过去)
Before he slept, he had worked for 12 hours. 他睡觉前已经工作了十二小时。

Exercise 1英译汉,注意各个动词的时态。然后朗读并背诵这些句子。
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

二 其它用法说明:
*1用于hope, intend, mean, think等动词表示尚未实现的愿望。eg.
I had hoped to be back last night, but I didn’t catch the train. 我本来希望昨晚回来,但没搭上火
车。
过去完成时可以看成是现在完成时把时间往过去平移, 所以现在完成时的一些用法都可
以此类推:
2用于It was the firstsecondthird…time (that) …句型中。eg.
It was the first time I had made such a mistake. 这是我首次出这样的错。
3had been和 had gone 的区别与havehas been和 havehas gone的区别类似。eg.
The play had already started when we got to the theatre.
She had rushed out of the door before I could stop her.
He had served in the army for ten years, last year he retired.
He believed that he had done the right thing.
When she had sung her song she sat down.
We had waited there for 2 hours when the film star appeared.
I had learned 5,000 English words before I went to university.
He said he had been in china for over ten years.

83


He said he had been to Beijing twice. 他说他去过北京两次。
Mum said Dad had gone to Shanghai. 妈妈说爸爸去上海去了。
4“表示由过去某一时间之前开始,一直持续到过去的这一时间 ”这一用法要求持续
性动词。

Exercise 2英译汉,注意各动词的时态,然后朗读并背诵这些句子。
was the second time he had been in that house.
was the third time she had been out with him.
teacher said he had been to Paris.
4.I didn’t know where my brother had gone.
5.I’d intended visiting him this weekend but wasn’t able to make it.
had thought to return early but they wouldn’t let us go.

第九讲 现在完成进行时
目标:
1. 掌握现在完成进行时的用法和构成;
2. 掌握现在完成进行时的疑问句、否定句的构成;
3. 掌握现在完成进行时和现在完成时的区别。
本讲用到的生词(1):
turn up

一 现在完成进行时的用法和构成
1构成 havehas been +现在分词
现在完成进行时的疑问句把havehas提前;否定句在havehas后面加not。
2用法 现在完成进行时表示一个持续到现在的动作(这个动作可能刚刚停止,也可能还在
进行)。eg.
I’ve been waiting for an hour and he still hasn’t turned up.我等了一个钟头,他还没来。
I’m very tired. I have been working all morning. 我很累,我干了一上午。
现在完成进行时有时表示动作的重复。eg.
You’ve often been making mistakes like this. 你老犯这样的错误。

Exercise 1英译汉,注意现在完成进行时的用法,然后朗读并背诵这些句子。
1 What have you been doing all these years?
2 I’ve been looking for my dog and still haven’t found it.
3 Tom has been digging in the garden. I’ve been helping him.
4 How long have you been wearing glasses?
5 We’ve been living in this city since 1980.
6 They have been quarrelling ever since they got married.
7 It has been raining for two hours now.
8 Her phone has been ringing for ten minutes. Why doesn’t she answer it?
9 I’ve been using this typewriter for 6 years.
来到;出现

84


10 He has been coughing a lot lately. He ought to give up smoking.

二 现在完成进行时和现在完成时的区别
1现在完成时强调动作到现在为止已经完成,而现在完成进行时强调动作的继续。eg.
I have made a cake. 我做了一个蛋糕。(已做好)
I have been making a cake. 我一直在做蛋糕。(不一定做好)
2表示动作从过去持续到现在(持续性动词),与since 或for连用时,现在完成时与现
在完成进行时意思差别不大。eg.
It has rained for two hours.= It has been raining for two hours.下了两个小时的雨。
不过强调时间长度时用完成进行时较好:
I have been coughing all night.我咳了一整夜。(比I have coughed all night.更强调咳得更久)

Exercise 2英译汉,注意区别现在完成时和现在完成进行时,朗读并背诵这些句子。
1 I have written an article.
2 I have been writing an article.
3 They have built a ship.
4 They have been building a ship
5 We have looked for mushrooms but have not found any.
6 We have been looking for mushrooms but have not found any.
7 They have been working very well this term.
8 They have worked very well this term.

第十讲 其它时态概览
目标:
1. 掌握各类时态构成规律,能根据学过的时态推演出其它时态的构成;
2. 了解将来进行时、将来完成 时、将来完成进行时、过去完成进行时、过去将来进
行时、过去将来完成时的用法。
本讲要用到的生词(21):
exam
take an exam
while
bring in
save
train
dawn
kitchen
mountain
outside

一 各类时态构成规律
至此,我们已经学习了常用的九个时态。每一类时态都接触过了,现在我们来总结各

85
[ig'z?m]




[d?:n]
['kit??n]
['mauntin]
[aut'said]
n.考试
act
进行考试
flat

vi.演戏;表演



['k?v?]

[ski]


n.一套房间
n.雪vi.下雪
n.地面
vt.覆盖
被…覆盖
vi.滑雪
到…末为止


conj.正当…的时候
snow
带来;引进
ground
vt.储蓄;存
cover
vt.训练
be covered with
n.黎明
ski
n.厨房
by
n.山脉
by the end of
adv.在外面


prep.到…为止


类时态的构成规律:
1一般时态
一般现在时: 动词原形/第三人称单数
一般过去时:
一般将来时:
过去将来时:

2完成时态
总公式: have + 过去分词
过去分词表示完成;现在、过去、将来、过去将来等由have 变化:
现在完成时:
过去完成时:
将来完成时:

3进行时态
总公式: be + 现在分词
现在分词表示进行;现在、过去、将来、过去将来等由be 变化:
现在进行时:
过去进行时:
将来进行时:

4完成进行时
总公式: have been + 现在分词
现在分词表示进行;现在完成、过去完成、 将来完成、过去将来完成由be的各种完
成时态来表示:
现在完成进行时:
过去完成进行时:
将来完成进行时:

Exercise 1 以work为例,填写下表,写出work的各种时态的构成:

一般
现在
过去
将来
过去
将来


86
过去式
will
+ 原形
would
+ 原形
have

has + 过去分词
had
+ 过去分词
will have
+ 过去分词
过去将来完成时:
would have
+ 过去分词
amisare
+ 现在分词
waswere
+ 现在分词
will be
+ 现在分词
过去将来进行时:
would be
+ 现在分词
havehas been
+ 现在分词
had been
+ 现在分词
will have been
+ 现在分词
过去将来完成进行时:
would have been
+ 现在分词
进行




完成




完成进行








*二 将来进行时的用法
1基本用法:表示将来某时将正在进行的动作。eg.
This time tomorrow we’ll be sitting in the cinema and watching a film. 明天这时我们会坐在电
影院看电影。
What will you be doing on Saturday? 星期六你会在干什么?
2其它用法
1) 将来进行时还可以表示安排要做的事或预计要发生的事。eg.
He’ll be taking his exam next week. 他下星期考试。
He won’t be coming to the party. 他不会来参加聚会。
2)有时可以和一般将来时换用,两者有细微的差别。eg.
I won’t see him while I’m in Shanghai. 在上海时我不会去看他。
I won’t be seeing him while I’m in Shanghai. 在上海时我不会见到他。
Will you please bring the TV in here? 请把电视机搬到这里来好吗?
Will you be bringing the TV in here? 你准备把电视机搬到这里来吗?

*三 将来完成时的用法
将来完成 时表示到将来某个时间动作已经完成。它可看着是把现在完成时的时间往将来
推移。eg.
By the end of the year I’ll have saved $$1,000. 到今年年底我就存了1000美圆了。
Tom will have had his exam by 18 December. 汤姆12月18号就已经考完试了。

*四 将来完成进行时的用法
将来完成进行时表示在将来某时某个动作已经进行多久了。它可以看着是把现在 完成进
行时的时间往将来推移。eg.
By the end of this year she’ll have been training horses for ten years. 到今年年底她干训马工作
就满十年了。
In another month’s time I’ll have been studying here for three years. 再过一个月我在这里学习
就满三年了。

*五 过去完成进行时的用法
过 去完成进行时表示持续到过去某时的一个动作。它可以看着是把现在完成进行时的时
间往过去推移。eg .
He asked how long I had been waiting. 他问我等多久了。
He was tired. He had been working since dawn. 他很累,天亮起就一直在工作。
过去完成进行时与过去完成时的区别(同现 在完成进行时与现在完成时的区别类似):
过去完成时表示动作已经完成,过去完成进行时表示动作一直 在继续(可能还在进行)。eg.
She had cleaned the kitchen.他已经打扫了厨房。
She had been cleaning the kitchen.他一直在打扫厨房。

*六 过去将来进行时的用法

87


过去将来进行时表示从过去观点看将来某时会正在进行的动作。eg.
I asked him what he would be doing that night. 我问他那天晚上他将会干什么。
这个时态和将来进行时是相似的,只不过是把观点移到过去而已。试比较:
I’ll be waiting for you outside.
He said he’d be waiting for me outside.

*七 过去将来完成时的用法
过去将来完成时表示从过去观点看将来某时前会已发生的事。eg.
I thought you’d have left by this time. 我想到这时你会已经走了。
She hoped that they would have got every thing ready before she got back. 她希望在她回来以前
他们把一切都准备好。

后面这些时态用得都不多,只要前面九个时态掌握得好,后面这些时态无论是构成还是
用法,都 可以推演出来。还有一个时态――过去将来完成进行时,很少用,它可以看着是将
来完成进行时把观点往 过去推移。eg.
She said she would have been teaching for 20 years by this summer. 她说到今年暑假她教
书就已经满20年了。(比较:she will have been teaching for 20 years by this summer.)
至此,英语各种 时态的构成和主要用法都学习了。掌握了主要用法,如果碰到某些特殊
用法,把它补充进我们的知识框架 里就行了。

Exercise 2英译汉,注意辨别动词用的是什么时态,朗读并背诵这些句子。
1 On Saturday morning, Bill will be working in the garden and Ann will be shopping.
2 I will be seeing you tomorrow.
3 By this summer we’ll have been here for 5 years.
4 The train will have left when we get to the station.
5 By this summer she’ll have acted for twenty years.
6 On November 1
st
we’ll have been living in this flat for thirty years.
7 It had been snowing all night. The ground was covered with thick snow.
8 They were just back. They had been skiing in the mountains.
9 He said he would be watching TV that night.
10 He told me he would have finished by 8 o’clock.

*时态综合练习题
选择填空
1 Mary ___ a dress when she cut her finger.
A. made B. is making C. was making D. makes
2. — Look! How wonderful my car is! Oh, Jack. What are you thinking about? Don’t you like it?
— I’m sorry I ______ any remark about it in time. I certainly think it’s smart.
A. wasn’t making B. don’t make
C. won’t make D. didn’t make
3. To find the street where I lived in my childhood is no easy task because the city ______ so
rapidly all these years.

88


A. is changing B. has changed
C. will have changed D. will change
4. He ______ quite well, but he hasn’t had time to swim since this summer.
A. will swim B. have swum C. swam D. swims
5. Jimmy said that he would come to pick me up, but he ____ by now.
A. hasn’t turned up B. doesn’t turn up
C. won’t turn up D. hadn’t turned up
6. I’m terribly sorry for being late, but I _____ the wrong bus.
A. catch B. had caught C. caught D. catching
7. The truth, sir, is that the old man _______ across the road when my car hit him.
A. was to walk B. had been walking
C. walked D. was walking
8. The computers made by our company sell best, but several years ago no one could have
imagined the role in the markets that they _________.
A. were playing B. were to play
C. had played D. played
9. — Kate is in hospital.
— Oh, really? I _______. ________ visit her.
A. didn’t know; I’ll go and B. don’t know; I’ll go and
C. don’t know; I’m going to D. didn’t know; I’m going to
10. — Where _______ the guidebook? I can’t see it anywhere.
— I _______ it right here, but now it’s gone.
A. did you put; have put B. had you put; have put
C. have you put; put D. were you putting; put
11. — Do you live in this city?
— No, we ______ it for holidays.
A. just visit B. just visited C. are just visiting D. have visited
12. — How is the old man now?
— Sorry, he ______ though they did all they could to save him.
A. was dead B. had died C. has been dead D. died
13. Michael ______ here to see you and he ______ a note on your desk .
A. has come has left B. has been has left
C. has come ; left D. has been left
workers _____ busily when the boss came to look for something he ______ in the office.
A. had worked, had left B. were working had left
C. working had left D. had worked; left
notice ______ “No smoking”.
A. is told B. reads C. tells D. is read
16. You don't need to describe her. I ___ her several times.
A. had met B. have met C. met D. meet
17. --- I'm sorry to keep you waiting.
--- Oh, not at all. I ___ here only a few minutes.
A. have been B. had been C. was D. will be
18.We were all surprised when he made it clear that he ____ office soon.(MET93)

89


A.leaves B.would leave C.left D.had left
19.— Alice, why didn't you come yesterday?
— I ____ ,but I had an unexpected visitor.(NMET97)
A.had B.would C.was going to D.did
20. The old man _____ two days after he had been sent to hospital.
A. died B. would die C. had died D. has died
21. Old McDonald gave up smoking for a while, but soon ______ to his old ways.
A. returned B. returns C. was returning D. had returned
22. I _____ my son _____ a doctor, but he wasn’t good enough at science.
A. hoped; would become B. had hoped; would become
C. had hoped; will become D. hope; will become
23. I _____ to take a good holiday this year, but I wasn’t able to get away.
A. hope B. have hoped C. had hoped D. hoped
24 By the end of this month, we surely ____ a satisfactory solution to the problem.
A. have found B. will be found
C. will have found D. are finding
25 The conference ____ a full week by the time it ends.
A. must have lasted B. will have lasted
C. would last D. has lasted
26. He stepped into the office, _____ down and began to fill in the forms.
A. sitting B. to sit C. sat D. having it
27. She said she would telephone but we _____from her so far.
A. haven’t heard B. didn’t hear C. hadn’t heard D. won’t hear
28. When I got to the cinema, the film ____for ten minutes.
A. has begun B. had begun C. had been on D. was
29. She is going to be a nurse when she _____ up.
A. is going to grow B. grows C. growing D. grew
30.“这本书我已经买了三个月了。”,下列哪一句不对?
A.I have had this book for three months.
B.I have bought this book for three months.
C.I bought this book three months ago.
D. It is three months since I bought this book.
31. — Come in, Peter, I want to show you something.
— Oh, how nice of you! I _____ you _____ to bring me a gift.
A. never think; are going B. never thought; are going
C. didn’t think; were going D. had’t thought; were going
32. When I was at college I _____ three foreign languages, but I _____ all except for a few words
of each.
A. spoke; had forgotten B. spoke; have forgotten
C. had spoken; had forgotten D. had spoken; have forgotten
33. — We haven’t heard from Jane for a long time.
— What do you suppose ____ to her?
A. was happening B. to happen
C. has happened D. having happened

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34. -When ______ and visit our exhibition next month ?
-When _______ , I will let you know .
A. will he come he will come B. will he come he comes
C. does he come he will come D. does he come he comes
_____ into the house when no one _____.
A. slipped; was looking B. had slipped; looked
C. slipped; had looked D. was slippping; looked
last time I _____ Jane she ____ cotton in the fields.
A. had seen; was picking B. saw; picking
C. had seen; picked D. saw; was picking
37 ---Oh, it’s you! I ____ you.
---I’ve just had my hair cut and I’m wearing new glasses. (NMET97 上海)
A. didn’t recognize B. hadn’t recognized
C. haven’t recognized D. don’t recognize
38. ---Do you know our town at all?
--- No, this is the first time I ___ here. (NMET 92)
A. was B. have been C. came D. have gone
39. She ___ Robert for a year. (NMET84)
A. married B. married with
C. has been marrying D. has been married to
40. I first met Lisa three years ago. She ___ at a radio shop at the time. (NMET 97)
A. has worked B. was working
C. had been working D. had worked
41. Shirley ___ a book about China last year,
but I don’t know whether she has finished it. (NMET 98)
A. has written B. wrote
C. had written D. was writing
42. ---- Hey, look where you are going!
---- Oh, I’m terribly sorry,______. (NMET 99)
A. I’m not noticing B. I wasn’t noticing
C. I haven’t noticed D. I don’t notice
43.(NMET 2000) The reporter said that the UFO ___ from east to west when he saw it.
travelling B. travelled
been travelling D. was to travel
44. Jack ___ a postman for about six years.
A. has become B. has turned C. has changed D. has been
45. --- Has Tom finished his composition yet?
--- I have no idea; he ___ it this morning.
A. wrote B. had written C. has written D. was writing



第四部分 动词被动语态


91


第一讲 被动语态常用时态(1)一般时态
目标:
1知道什么是主动语态,什么是被动语态;
2会根据主语和谓语的关系,确定谓语动词的语态;
3掌握被动语态的构成总公式“be+过去分词”;
4掌握被动语态一般现在时、一般过去时 、一般将来时、一般过去将来时的肯定句、
否定句和疑问句的构成;
5会把以上时态的主动语态变成被动语态或用以上时态的被动语态翻译句子。
本讲要用到的生词(33)):
praise
punish
publish
transfer
launch
employ
educate
sweep(swept, swept)
use
send(sent, sent)
announce
forget(forgot,
forgotten)
mend
grow
respect
the Olympic Games

一 主动语态与被动语态
及物动词充当谓语时,句子主语和动词的关系有两种:
(1)主语是动作的发出者、执行者。eg. I wrote this article.我写了这篇文章。
(2)主语是动作的承受者。eg. This article was written 〈by me〉.这篇文章是我写的。
第一种谓语动词是主动语态,第二种 谓语动词是被动语态。我们在前面第二、第三部
分中学习的句子都是主动语态。被动语态可以看成是主动 语态变化而成的。从例句中可以看
出:
① 主动语态的宾语变成被动语态的主语;
②主动语态的主语在被动语态句子中,变成介词by的宾语(by在此意思是“被、由、
受”等)。by 短语作句子的状语,有时可以省略:A new bridge will be built (by them) over
the river.
③谓语动词形式也有相应变化(这正是本部分我们要详细学习的)。

[?'nauns]
[f?'get]([f?'g?t],
[f?'g?tn])


[ris'pekt]
[?u'limpik]
vt.表扬;赞扬
as soon as possible
['p?ni?]
['p?bli?]
[tr?s'f?]

[im'pl?i]
['edju:keit]
vt.惩罚
project
vt.出版
company
vt.调动
south
vt.发射
rice
vt.雇佣
mop
vt.教育
wheat
vt.扫(地)
training

vt.送;派
dinner
vt.通知
over
vt.忘记
by
possible
vt.修理
electric
vt.种植
widely
vt.尊敬
bring up
奥运会
throw away
[i'lektrik]
['waidli]

[pr?'d?ekt]
['k?mp?ni]
[θ]
尽可能
n.工程
n.公司
n.南方

n.水稻;大米
n.拖把vt.拖(地)

['treini?]
n.小麦
n.训练
vt.使用
spacecraft ['speiskr?ft]
n.宇宙飞行器
['din?]
n.正餐;宴会
['?uv?]
prep.跨过
prep.被
['p?s?bl] adj.可能的
adj.电的
adv.广泛地
抚养;培养
扔掉

92



前面学习的五种基本句型中,主谓宾型、主谓宾宾 型、主谓宾补型都可以变为被动语
态。主谓型和主系表型不能变为被动语态,因为不及物动词和连系动词 没有被动语态。
................

二 被动语态的构成
被动语态的谓语动词由“be+过去分词”构成。
被动语态的时态、人称和数的变化主要体现 在助动词be的变化上,其形式与系动词
be的变化形式完全一样。其中将来进行时和过去将来进行时没 有被动语态;有些时态很少
用到被动语态。在这一部分着重学习被动语态常用的八种时态。

三 被动语态常用时态(1)一般时态
1. 一般现在时的被动语态: 由“amisare+过去分词”构成。否定句在amisare 后加not,
疑问句把amisare 提前。eg.
Rice is grown in the south of the country. 该国南部种植水稻。
Is rice grown in the south of the country? 该国南部种植水稻吗?
Rice is not grown in the south of the country. 该国南部不种植水稻。

Exercise 1 英译汉,注意句子的谓语动词形式及其与主语的关系。朗读并背诵这些句子。
1 The Olympic Games is held every four years.
2 The boy is called Little Tiger.
3 Is English spoken here?
4 I’m not often invited to parties.

Exercise 2 汉译英。
1他受到大家的尊敬.
2地板每天都拖的.
3这里种小麦。
4现在电脑被广泛地运用。
5这里不说日语。

2. 一般过去时的被动语态:由“waswere+过去分词”构成。否定句在waswere后加not, 疑
问句把waswere提前。eg.
His lessons were easily forgotten. 他的课容易忘记。
Were his lessons easily forgotten? 他的课容易忘记吗?
His lessons were not easily forgotten. 他的课不容易忘记。


Exercise 3 英译汉,注意句子的谓语动词形式及其与主语的关系。朗读并背诵这些句子。
1 She was brought up by her aunt.
2 Was the book written by Dickens?
3 Where were you educated?

93


4 The house was built in 1935.
5 One hundred people were employed by the company.
6 The work wasn’t done by me.

Exercise 4 汉译英。
1这座桥建于1895年。
2电灯是一百多年前发明的。
3地是你扫的吗?
4昨天我们受到老师的表扬。

3. 一般将来时的被动语态:由“will be+过去分词”构成。否定句在will后加not, 疑问句
把will提前。eg.
Cars will be sent abroad by sea. 车将用船送到国外。
Will cars be sent abroad by sea? 车将用船送到国外吗?
Cars will not be sent abroad by sea. 车不会用船送到国外。
表示将来的其它结构同样有被动语态,它们的构成如下:
amisare going to be +过去分词。
amisare to be +过去分词
amisare about to be +过去分词
amisare due to be +过去分词

Exercise 5 英译汉,划出句子的谓语。朗读并背诵这些句子。
1 The spacecraft will be launched tonight.
2 He won’t be invited to the party.
3 When will the project be completed?
4 The result will not be announced until 6 o’clock.
5 How many people are going to be sent there?
6 This book is to be published next year.
7 He is about to be transferred to another place.
8 The meeting is due to be held on Saturday.

Exercise 6 汉译英。
1你将受到惩罚。
2班会定于明天召开。
3这些书不会被扔掉。

4. 一般过去将来时的被动语态:由“would be+过去分词”构成。否定句在would后加not,
疑问句把would提前。eg.
The manager said the project would be completed by the end of the year. 经理说工程将于年底
完工。


94


Exercise 7 英译汉,朗读并背诵这些句子。
1 The workers told me that the car would be mended as soon as possible.
2 She little thought she would be invited.
3 They would be sent to the army when they finished the training.
4 We knew she would be praised for it.

Exercise 8 汉译英。
1老师说你将受到惩罚。
2我们班长说班会定于次日召开。
3他说这些书不会被扔掉。

Exercise 9 把下列句子变为被动语态:
1 My aunt invited me to her dinner party.
2 People use computers in this office.
3 This boy broke the window.
4 The workers clean the room every day.
5 People will build a new school here.
6 Someone will do it.
7 They would finish the work when the sun rose.(变主句)
8 He said they would punish him. (变从句)

第二讲 被动语态常用时态(2)进行时态和完成时态
目标:
1掌握被动语态现在进行时、过去进行 时、现在完成时、过去完成时的肯定句、否定
句和疑问句的构成;
2会把以上时态的主动语态变为被动语态,会用以上时态的被动语态翻译句子。
本讲要用到的生词(38):
broadcast
beat (beat, beaten)
investigate
correct
follow
widen
reduce
trouble
gather
crop
gather crops
discuss
notify
[in'vestigeit]
[k?'rekt]
['f?l?u]
['waidn]
[ri'dju:s]
['tr?bl]
['g???]


[dis'k?s]
['n?utifai]
['br?:dka:st]
vt.& n.广播
bring down
vt.打;打败
sell out
vt.调查
put off
vt.改正
case
vt.跟随;跟踪
test
vt.加宽
production
vt.降低
cost
vt.使烦恼
highway
vt.搜集;采集
machine
n.庄稼;作物
price
收庄稼
ticket
vt.讨论
paper
vt.通知
behavior
[m?'?i:n]

['tikit]

[bi'heivi?]

[pr?'d?k?n]



降低;削减
卖完
延期
n.案子
n.测验;试验
n.产品
n.成本;费用
n.公路
n.机器
n.价格
n.票
n.试卷
n.行为;表现

95


repair
print
paint
translate
translate…into…
close down

[ri'p??]


[tr?s'leit]


vt.修理
hospital
vt.印刷
language
vt.油漆;粉刷
sports meet
把…译为…
nervous
关掉;封闭
whole[h]
['h?spitl]
['l??gweid?]
n.医院
n.语言
运动会
vt.翻译

at the news 听到这个消息
['n?:v?s]
adj.紧张
adj.整个的;全部的
一 进行时态的被动语态
1. 现在进行时的被动语态:由“amisare being+过去分词”构成。否定句在amisare后
加not, 疑问句把amisare提前。eg.
I’m being troubled by his behavior. 我正在为他的行为苦恼。
Are you being troubled by his behavior? 你正在为他的行为苦恼吗?
I’m not being troubled by his behavior. 我不是在为他的行为苦恼。

Exercise 1 英译汉,注意句子的谓语动词形式及其与主语的关系。朗读并背诵这些句子。
1 The road is being repaired.
2 The case is being investigated.
3 The machines are being repaired.
4 I always feel nervous when I am being watched.

Exercise 2 汉译英。
1那儿正在建一所新学校。
2试卷正在印刷。
3道路正在加宽。

2. 过去进行时的被动语态:由“waswere being+过去分词”构成。否定句在waswere后
加not, 疑问句把waswere提前。eg.
He was being looked after by his sister at that time. 当时他正在被他妹妹照顾着。
Was he being looked after by his sister at that time? 当时他正在被他妹妹照顾着吗?
He was not being looked after by his sister at that time. 当时他并非在被他妹妹照顾着。

Exercise 3 英译汉,注意句子的谓语动词形式及其与主语的关系。朗读并背诵这些句子。
1 He said the problem was being discussed.
2 The crops were being gathered.
3 The new highway was being built at that time.
4 There was someone walking behind us. We were being followed.

Exercise 4 汉译英。
1他说那儿正在建一所新学校。
2他说试卷正在印刷。
3他说道路正在加宽。

96



二 完成时态的被动语态

1. 现在完成时的被动语态:由“havehas been+过去分词”构成。否定句在havehas后加
not, 疑问句把havehas提前。eg.
My brother has been sent to work in Tibet(西藏).
Has your brother been sent to work in Tibet?
My brother has not been sent to work in Tibet.

Exercise 5 英译汉,注意句子的谓语动词形式及其与主语的关系。朗读并背诵这些句子。
1 Have they been notified about it?
2 She hasn’t been told about it yet.
3 This book has been translated into several languages.
4 The mistakes in your composition have been corrected.
5 Such a thing has never been heard of before.

Exercise 6 汉译英。
1我妹妹被派到国外去了。
2他们以前被打败过。
3他们以前从未被打败过。
4你的单车已经修好了。

2. 过去完成时的被动语态:由“had been+过去分词”构成。否定句在had后加not, 疑问
句把had提前。eg.
The factory had been closed down when I went there.我到那里时工厂已经倒闭。
The factory had not been closed down when I went there.我到那里时工厂还没有倒闭。
Had the factory been closed down when you went there?你到那里时工厂已经倒闭吗?

Exercise 7 英译汉,注意句子的谓语动词形式及其与主语的关系。朗读并背诵这些句子。
1 I heard she had already been sent to hospital.
2 I couldn’t go to the party because I hadn’t been invited.
3 They said that production costs had been reduced.

Exercise 8 汉译英。
1他说我妹妹被派到国外去了。
2他说他们以前被打败过。
3他说他们以前从未被打败过。
4他说你的单车已经修好了。

Exercise 9 把下列句子变为被动语态(复合句或问答句中,变划线部分):
1 The radio is broadcasting English lessons.

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2 We are painting the rooms.
3 — Why didn't they drive there on time?
— Because the workers were mending the road.
4 This time last year we were planting trees here.
5 Someone has told me the sports meet might be put off.
6 We have brought down the price.
7 When I got to the theatre, they had already sold out the tickets.
8 The whole country was very sad at the news of his death; People had considered him to be a
great leader.

三 各时态的被动语态总结
除了将来进行时和过去将来进行时 以外,其它时态都有被动语态。有些时态用得不多,
这里就不详细讲了。只要掌握了主动语态的各个时态 ,以后遇到被动语态的其它时态,也不
难理解。

Exercise 10 写出give下列各时态的被动语态。
一般现在时:

一般过去时:

一般将来时:

一般过去将来时:

现在进行时:

过去进行时:

现在完成时:

过去完成时:

将来完成时:

过去将来完成时:


第三讲 情态动词(1)
目标:
1知道英语的动词分为哪四类,能区分一个动词属于哪一类;
2掌握情态动词的四大特点;
3掌握情态动词cancould, maymight, must的用法。
本讲要用到的单词(40):
report
address
restaurant
fire
prisoner
footbridge
entrance

[ri'p?:t]
[?'dres]
['rest?r?nt]
[fai?]
['priz?n?]
['futbrid?]
['entr?ns]
n.报告

n.地址

n.饭店

n.火

n.囚犯

n.人行天桥

n.入口

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without
must
mean
spread
escape
park
disappear
[wi'?aut]


[is'keip]

[ ?dis?'pi?
prep.没有
mod.v.一定;肯定
Vt.意思是;意味着
v.蔓延;传播
vi.逃跑
vi.停车
vi.消失


]
matter
twins
line
nursery
copy
take photographs
license
alive
same
foreign
through

一 英语中的动词种类
英语中的动词分为四大类: < br>行为动词:也叫实义动词,表示具体的动作行为。它包括及物动词和不及物动词。有些
动词可兼作 及物和不及物动词的动词。实义动词能够在句子中独立作谓语。前面学习的五种
基本句型中,主谓宾型、 主谓宾宾型、主谓宾补型、主谓型都离不开实义动词。
连系动词:用于主系表句型的一类特殊动词。
助动词:本身没有实际意义,用来帮助构成时态、语态、语气、疑问句或者否定句。如
do(含 doesdid)――用于构成一般现在时和一般过去时的疑问句、否定句;be(含
amisarew aswerebeenbeing)――用于进行时态、被动语态; have(含hashad)――用于完成
时态;will(含would)用于一般将来时和过去将来时态。
情态动词:有一定意义,但必须与实义动词或连系动词一起使用。
行为动词、连系动词、助动词前面都详细学习过,现在来学习情态动词。

二 情态动词
情态动词主要有can(could), may(might), must等;should(应该), ought to(应该), need,
dare等也可以作情态动词用。情态动词有以下几大特点:
① 没有人称和数的变化(即第三人称单数也不加s);
② 后面要跟动词原形(ought例外,或把ought to看着一个整体);
③ 疑问句直接将情态动词提前;
④ 否定句在情态动词后面加not(注意意义上的搭配).
另外,情态动词can, may, must等既可以表示现在,又可以表示将来,不用将来时态;
表示过去则可用过去式could, might等。

1can的用法:

99
['m?t?]


['n?:s?ri]
['k?pi]
n.事情;事件

n.双胞胎

n.铁路线;航线

n.托儿所

n.一份

n.照片

拍照

n.执照

adj.活着

adj.外国的

adj.重要的

prep.穿过

get
forbid[f?'bid](forbade[f?'beid],
forbidden[f?'bidn])
cross
start off
turn on
break down
cut down
be on
might
vt.搞到;弄来
vt.禁止
vt.通过
出发
打开(电器)
发生故障
削减,砍倒
(灯)亮着
mod.v.可以,或许
photograph['f?ut?ugra:f]
['lais?ns]
[?laiv]
['f?rin]
[θru:]
adj.同样的,同一个

could [kud] mod.v.能,会,可能
beforehand[bi'f?:h?nd] adv.事先,提前
seriously['si?ri?sli] adv.严肃的,认真的
really
['ri?li] adv.真地
important [im'p?:t?nt]


① 表示能力。eg. I can speak English.我会说英语。
② 表示可能。eg. What can he mean?他可能是什么意思呢?
③ 表示允许。eg. You can go now.你可以走了。
④ 表示怀疑、惊讶(仅用于疑问句),常译为“可能……吗?”eg. Can he have told a
lie?他可能撒谎吗?(不相信)
⑤ 表示请求(疑问句)。eg. Can you help me ?你能帮我吗?
⑥ 表示提议(疑问句)。eg. Can I make you some tea?我来给你沏茶好吗?
could是can的过去式,都可以用于以上用法,表示过去;但could还有其它用法:
① 用于现在,表示请求、提议、惊讶等,语气比can婉转。eg. Could you help me ?
你能帮我吗?I could get you a copy.我可以帮你找一份。Could this be true? 这能是真的吗?
② could have+过去分词 表示过去“可能”。eg. Tom could have taken it; he was here
alone yesterday. 可能是汤姆拿了,昨天他一个人在此。
③ could have+过去分词 表示“本来可以做某事而未做”。eg. He could have sent a
message.他本来可以捎个口信来的。

Exercise 1 英译汉,注意情态动词cancould的用法,然后朗读并背诵这些句子。
1. I can swim.
2. I could drive a car when I was a middle school tudents.
3. We can eat in a restaurant.
4. He said he couldn’t come.
5. You can park here.
6. He said I could park here.
7. Could you show me the way?
8. You could have a nursery here.
9. You could have started a little earlier.
10. The money has disappeared! Who could have taken it?
11. You could have told me beforehand.
短语be able to与can意思差不多,有时可以互换,但表示能够做某事而且成功地做了,
用be able to。另外,be able to有各种时态变化(由be变化),can只有现在时和过去时。eg.
Are you able to speak any foreign language?= Can you speak any foreign language?你会说
外语吗?
The fire spread through the building quickly but everyone was able to escape.大火很快在
大楼蔓延,不过大家都能够逃出来。(不用could escape)

2may的用法:
① 表示许可或请求许可。eg. You may leave now.你可以走了。
May I come in?我可以进来吗?
② 表示可能性。eg. He may be alive.他可能还活着。
might是may的过去 式,表示过去许可、过去请求对方许可、过去可能性。另外它也可以用
于现在:
① 表示现在请求对方许可,比may 更客气,回答时用may。eg. ――MightMay I use

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