英语语法分析

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一、英语中的句子成分分析
I met my best friend Tom at the ststion yesterday.
主语 谓语 定语 宾语 同位语 状语
1、主语 ：是一句的主体，是全句诉说的对象，常用名词、数词或代词担任（是
全句谈论的中心话题）。例：
(1) Students syudy.（名词）
(2)We are fridends.（代词）
(3)To go to good university is his first goal.（不定式）
(4)Doing morning exercise is good for your health.（动名词）
(5)Jane is good at playing the piano.
(6)She went out in a hurry.
(7)Four plus four is eight.
(8)To see is to believe.
(9)Smoking is bad for health.
(10)The young should respect the old.
(11)What he has said is true.
2、谓语：是对主语加以陈 述，表示主语的行为或状态，常用动词或动词词组担
任，放在主语的后面（主语做什么了、怎么了）。例 ：
(1)Students study.（实意动词）
(2)We are friends.（be动词）
(3)We love China.
(4)We have finished reading this book.
(5)He can speak English.（复合谓语）
(6)She seems tired.
(7)I saw the flag on the top of the hill.
(8)He looked after two orphans.
3、宾语：表示行为的 对象，常由名词或代词担任，放在及物动词或代词之后（动
作的对象，目标；位于及物动词之后）。宾语 分为间接宾语和直接宾语。直接宾
语指物，间接宾语指人。例：
(a)He gave me some books.
间接宾语 直接宾语
(b)Please pass me the book.
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(c)He bought me some flowers.
(1) They are teachers.
(2) I play with him.
(3) We love watching football games.
(4) He is dong her homework now.
(5) I like my job.
(6) I love you.
(7) He wanted to leave here.
(8) They enjoyed playing football games.
注：位于介词之后的成分也称之为宾语。
4、宾语补足语：是对宾语进行补充说明，宾语和宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。
例：
(1)I found the book interesting.
(2)Do you smell something burning?
(3)He made himself known to them.
(4)She asked me to lend her a hand.
(5)Please make yourself at home.
(6)Please keep the dog out.
(7)We must keep it a secret.
主动语态变成被动语态后，宾语补足语变成主补。例：
(1)I last saw him playing near the river.→He was last seen playing near the river.
(2)The teacher caught the student cheating in the exam.
→The student was caught cheating in the exam.
(3)We made him monitor.→He was made monitor.
(4)He pushed the door open.→The door was pushed open.
5、定语：是用来说明或者限制名词的成分，常用形容词或者相当于形容词 的短
语或从句担任（是用来说明名词或代词性质特点的词）。形容词放在名词前，相
当于形容词 的短语或从句放在名词之后。例：
(1)This is a red sun.
(2)The black bike is mine.
(3)He is a tall boy.
(4)She is a chemistry teacher.
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(5)The man in bllue is my brother.
(6)The girl playing the piano is my younger sister.
(7)The lady who is wearing red dress is our new teacher.
6、状语：是用来说明动词，形容词，副词、介词短语或整 个句子的成分，常由
副词担任。修饰动词的可以放在动词之前，也可以放在动词之后；修饰形容词
或副词的放在它们之前。例：
(1)The students study hard.
(2)I often write to him.
(3)The bag is too heavy.
(4)I will be back in a while.
(5)They are playing on the playground.
(6)He was late because he got up late.
(7)He got up so late that he missed the train.
(8)I waited to see you.
(9)He often went to school by bus.
(10)His parents died,leaving him an orphan.
(11)Please call me if it is necessary.
(12)This book is very interesting.
(13)He went to school in spite of his illness.
(14)He always comes late to school.
7、表语：系 动词后的部分就是表语，表语是用来说明主语的性质或状态。一般
由名词或者形容词担任。
常见的系动词有：
be(am,is,are,were,was),aapear,look,seem
fe el,smell,taste,sound,keep,turn,become,get,grow,com e,go etc.系动词不
用于被动语态。例：
(1) This table is long.
(2) The apple tastes sweet.
(3) The war was over.
(4) They seem to know the truth.
(5) Time is precious.
(6) I’m not quite myself today.
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(7) Who was the first?
(8) He is out of condition.
(9) The book is what I need.
通常情况下，主语和宾语前的成分是定语，谓语前的成分是状语，时间作状语
放在句子的后面。
（定语）主语（状语）谓语（定语）宾语（状语）。
(1)(The tall)boy(often)go(to the big)zoo.
(2)(The happy)child-went(his)home yesterday.
英语句子成分歌：
英语句子八呀八大块， 主谓宾表真呀真实在；
补语跟着宾语标语跑， 定语同位（语）专把名词踹。
状语的位置它自由自在，忽右忽左随心所欲摆。
浑身的毛病真呀真不少，前后乱窜它还会加塞。
英语五种基本句型： 基本句型一：S+V （主+谓）
基本句型二：S+V+P (主+系+表)
基本句型三：S+V+O (主+谓+宾)
基本句型四：S+V+o+O (主+谓+间宾+直宾)
基本句型五：S+V+O+P (主+谓+宾+宾补)
S V
cooks
is working
does not matter
write smoothly
is
looks
turned
study
are playing
enjoys
said
give
brought
showed
must keep
makes
P




happy
nice
red









She
句
He
型
What he said
一
The pen
句
He
型Everything
二
His face
We
句
They
型
三
He
She
句
I
型My mother
四
I
We
The news
o











him
me
him


O







English everday
football
reading
“Good morning”.
a book
a pen yesterday
my picture
the door
me
C














open
happy
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We
He
I
call
told
saw






him
me
a thieft
Jim
to wash the plates
going into your room

二、从句
从句是相对于主句而言的，即它是从属于某一个主句，而不能单独做一个
句 子。英语中主要有三大从句，即名词性从句（包括主语从句，定语从句，表
语从句，同位语从句）、形容 词性从句（即定语从句）、副词性从句（即状语从
句，包括时间，结果，条件，目的，原因，让步，地点 ，方式等）
1、 主从作主语，例：That the earth is round is truth.
2、 宾从作宾语，例：Do you know where he lives?
3、 表从左表语，：My opinion is that you should not go alone.

(一)主语从句
一、1、定义：作句子主语的从句叫做主语从句。
2、引导词：主语从句通常由从属连词that,whether,if和连接代词
what, who,which,whatever,whoever以及连接副词how,when,where,why 等词引导，
that在句中无词义，只起连接作用；连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑
问含义、又起连接作用，在从句中充当从句的成分。例：
(1)What he wants to tell us is not clear.他要跟我们说什么，还不清楚。
(2)Who will won the match is still unknown.谁能赢得这场比赛还不得而知。
(3)It is known to us how he became a writer.我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。
(4)Where the English evening will be held is has not yet been announced.
英语晚会将在那里举行，还没有宣布。
二、1、找主语从句时，先找到句子的谓语，主句的谓语前面的从句，就是主语
从句。
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(1)Why he left wasn’t important.
主语从句 主句的谓语动词
(2)That he became an artist may have been due to her father’s influence.
主语从句 主句的谓语动词
2、that引导的主语从句可以放在主语的位置，这时that不可省略。例：
That prices will go up is certain.
3、that主语从句放在句首的情 况不是很常见，绝大部分主语从句都借助形式主
语it，主语从句放在后面。
(1)It is strange that he knows nothing about it.
(2)It is a pity that he can’t swim.
(3)It happened that he wasn’t in that day.
(4)It is said that there has been an earthquake in India.
在口语中,用it作形式主语是，主语从句的that可以省略。
4、有时为避免句子头重脚 轻，常用形式主语it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句
首，而把主语从句置于句末。主语从句后的谓语动 词一般用单数形式。常用句
型如下：
(1)It+be+名词+that从句
(2)It+be+形容词+that从句
(3)It+be+动词的过去分词+that从句
(4)It+不及物动词+that从句
注意：主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时，谓语动
词要用虚拟语气“ should+do”，常用的句型有：
(1) It is necessary(important,natural,strange,etc)that…
(2) It’s a pity(a shame,no wonder,etc)that…
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(3) It is suggested(required,proposed,desired,etc)that…
5、wh-疑问词引导的主语从句，可以放在句首(1)，也可以借助形式主语it(2)。
(1)When he’ll be back depends much on the weather.
How it was done was a mystery.
Whether we’ll succeed remains to be seen.
(2)It is uncertain whether the game will be held.
It’s a puzzle now life began.
It doesn’t matter much where we live.
Is it known where he went?
（二）定语从句
一、1、定义：修饰一个名词或代词的从句称为定语从句，一般紧跟在所修饰的
先行词后面。
2、关系词：引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词。
关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有 that,which,who,whom,whose,as等；
关系副词有where,when,why等。
关系词常有3个作用：（1）引导定语从句， （2）代替先行词，（3）在定语从句
中担当一个成分。
二、关系代词引导的定语从句：
1、who指人，在从句中作主语。
(1)The boys who are playing football are from Class One.
(2)Yersterday I helped an old man who lost his way.
2、whom指人，在定语从句中充当宾语，常可省略。
(1)Mr. Liu is the person whom you talked about on the bus.
(2)Mr. Ling is just the boy whom I want to see.
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注意：关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替，可省略。
(3)The man whowhom you met just now is my friend.
3、which指物，在定语从句中作主语或者宾语，作宾语时可省略。
(1)Football is a game which is liked by most boys.
(2)This is the pen which he bought yersterday.
4、that指人时相当于who或者whom；指物时，相当于which 。在宾语从句中作
主语或者宾语，作宾语时可省略。
(1)The number of the people thatwho come to visit the city each year rises one
million.
(2)Where is the man thatwhom I saw this morning?
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