自考现代英语语法学习笔记 第十一章 并列和从属q

第十一章 Coordination and Subordination 并列和从属
11.0 Introduction
Coordination: 由并列连接词（coordinator）把同一等级的单位连接起来；
Subordination: 由从属连接词（subordinator）把不同等级的单位连接起 来，从属从句提供背景信息支
持主句.
E.g.: Peter and Susan. (Coordination)
We’ll have picnic
if it’s fine tomorrow.
(Subordination)
考点1
11.1.1 Coordinators
Central Co. 中心连接词
把同一级别的词连在一起
And, Or, But

a. And & related coordinators
And
Both…and
Not only…but also
As well as
Not..or
Not…nor
Neither…nor

b. Or and related coordinators
Or
Either…or

c. But and related coordinators
But They are poor butyet proud.
He is not brave but bold.
1. But连接同一等级的词组。
2. 一般情况下可用于yet互换，除了在but接not时，表示对已经说过话的否定。
Yet

I’m objecting to his moral, not to his manner.
Which do you prefer? Tea or coffee?
表示选择性，”alternative”
Either you do it , or you will be fired.
表示2种可能性，着重强调or后面的可能性。
I gave her a cup of tea and some biscuits.
把两个类似，平行的词组合在一起，本身没有多大意义。
Both my wife and I will be coming to see you.
加强了两个词组在一起的程度，
She is not only pretty but also intelligent.
强调递增， not only +lesser important，but also + 被强调的内容.
He gave me money as well as advise.
强调递减，A as well as B, A被着重强调。
He doesn’t like football or basketball.
与“and”作用相同。
Not a fly nor a mosquito was to be found.
与“both…and”作用相同。
He neither smocks or drinks
强调程度最强。
Correlative Co.关联并列连接词
连接2个类词的单位
Both…and, either…or, not…but,
Neither…nor, not only…but also,
Semi- Co.半并列连接词 Quasi-Co,边际并列连接词
做连词用
Nor, so, yet
可做并列，从属连接词及介词
As well as, as much as,
Rather than, more than

While While Whereas they want a house, we’d rather live in a flat.
While，whereas接从句；but, yet接词组
While，whereas可在句首使用，but, ye1t只可以在句中做连词
whereas

You like sports, whereas whilebutyet I’d rather read.
11.1.2 Punctuation between coordinators 并列连词间的标点
如果只有2个unit需要连接的话，一般中间加个连接词就好，…A and B
如果有3个或者以上的单位需要连接，一般在最后一个单位前加连接词，其他的都用逗号隔开。A, B and C
He didn’t play football, basketball or volleyball.
Exception
但是也可以有以下情况， A,B,C. A and B and C

For linking 2 or more adjectives:
1. 当adj.在副词位置的时候，往往在最后一个adj.前加and
He was tall, dark and handsome.
2. 当adj.在修饰位置的时候，表示中心词的特征时，往往用逗号隔开。
A tall, dark, handsome man
3. 当adj.为不可分级形容词时，首先要判断这些adj.是否是同一等级的词，
如果是，则要在他们中间加上逗号和并列连接词。
The country’s social, economic and political crisis
如果不是，则不要加标点或者连接词。
A certain funny retired movie star

Other punctuation can stand between units
1. Semicolon, 不仅可以把单位连接在一起，而且比逗号更好的显示了词之间的等级分组。
The breakfast menu consisted of juice or cereal; a boiled, fried, or poached egg; toast and
salad.
2. Colon, 意义相当于for example, namely, that is…引出句子的第二部分并详加说明。
She had been sick for several days: this could explain her poor performance at the test.

11.2 Subordination 从属
不像coordination, subordination 从属是指将两个unit，一般是两个不同级别的从句连接起来组成一个
复杂的句子，

考点2
11.2.1 Subordinators 从属连词
Simple
Subordinators
Complex
Subordinators
Wh-words: what(ever), when(ever), where(ever), why, how(ever), who(ever), whether, which,
whom, whose…
After, although, as, because, before, for, if, once, since, that, though, till, unless, until…
With that: Assuming(that), but that, considering(that), except(that), for all(that),given(that),
grated(that), in that, in order that, insofar that, now (that), provide (that). Save that, seeing
(that), such that, supposing (that)…
With as: according as, as far as, as long as, as soon as…

Others: as if, as though, in case
Correlative关
联
Subordinators
Marginal 边缘
Subordinators
Even if, if only, just as, only if, every time(that), the instant(that), the moment(that),due to the
fact that, for the reason that, by reason that, for fear that, in spite of the fact that, in the light
of the fact that, on account of the fact that, on the ground that, regardless of the fact that…
当边缘名词可以被简单的从属连接词或者介词代替时，就不要用比较复杂的边缘连接词。

As…as, as…so, barely…when, hardly…when, scarcely…when, more…than, less…than, no
sooner…than, so…as, so…that, such…as, such…that, the more…the more, wether…or
11.2.2 Subordinate clause
根据其功能作用分为3类：
relative clause关系分句，adverbial clause状语分句，nominal clause名词分句
根据其形式分为3类：
Finite clause限定从属分句，non-finite clause非限定性从属分句，verbless clause

a. Finite s
u
bordinate clause 限定从属分句(从句有时态语态限制)
Function: have their relations with the main clause made clear
Relative clause关系分句
Adverbial clause状语分句

Nominal clause 名词分句
that, when, where, which, I think she told me all that she knew.
who(m),whose…
most of subordinator except that, We shall make it if it shines tomorrow.
which, who, whose…
That, wh-words
Whenever he is, he makes a lot of noise.
What he does is often at variance with
what he says.(subject)
I don’t like the idea that we risk
cheating. (appositive)

b. Non-Finite s
u
bordinate and verbless clause 非限定从属分句（从句时态与不定式一致）
Infinitive clause
To- 不定式从句
-ing participate clause
-ing不定式从句
-ed participate clause
-ed不定式从句
As if, as though, in order, so as,
Wh-words
Although, as if, as though, even if,
once, though, unless, until,
when(ever), while, whether or…
As if, as soon as, as though, even if, if, Work hard until told to stop.
once, though, unless, until,
when(ever), where(ever), while,
whether or…

As soon as dismissed from his position,
he started his own business.
I was wondering whether to punish him
or not.
She stood up in order to see better.
Although having a lot of connections….