自考现代英语语法学习笔记 第二章 句子类型

第二章 句子类型 Sentence type
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2.0 Introduction 句子类型和作用
4种主要句型，陈述句(declar ative)，疑问句(interrogative)，祈使句(imperative)，感叹句(excl amatives)
1. Statements are associated with declaratives and primary concerned with giving information.
2. Questions are associated with interrogatives and primary concerned with requiring info.
3. Commands are associated with imperatives and primary concerned with requiring actions.
4. Exclamations are associated with exclamatives and primary concerned with expressing the
speaker’s impression of something.

2.1 Statements 陈述句
陈述句通常分为肯定陈述句（Assertion肯定句）和非肯定句（Non Assertion非 肯定句），与这两种陈述
句用法相关联的有3类词，肯定词(Assertive)，否定词(Nega tive)和非肯定词(Non assertive)。
Assertion Positive and Declarative
Positive
Sentence Interrogative
Non Assertion Negative
Negative

2.1.1 肯定词(Assertive)，否定词(Negative)和非肯定词(Non assertive) 以及使用
Assertive Non assertive
Assertive Words Non assertive Words Negative Words
Some Any No
Somebody Anybody Nobody
…. …. …
One or the other Neither Neither
Still Any more, Any longer No more, No longer
Already Yet
*Positive statements usually make assertion, therefore we use assertive words.
Questions are usually non assertive, but they can be assertive when an positive answer is
excepted, therefore, both assertive & non assertive words can be used.
*Negative statements often use 1: not + Non assertive word; 2: Negative word
I do
not
have
any
news for you. I have
no
news for you.
*Non assertive words in Non assertive context.
1. 接在有否定意思的词后They
refused
to stay here
any longer.
2. If 从句 if anyone calls me, it must be John.
3. putative should 从句 it’s odd that she should say anything like that.
4. 比较句， he is better than anyone else in the class.

2.1.2 Negation 否定句
a. 否定词
一般是no, not, 加强否定词： never, not at all, not a single, by no means, not a bit, not in the least,
半否定词，negative in meaning but not in appearance. Seldom, Hardly, Rarely, barely, scarcely, little,
few…
b. 否定范围
1. the scope extends from negative words to the end of the sentence.
2. Different intonation on end place adverbial.
3. the scope doesn’t include disjunction or conjuncts.
4. A particular stress. (intonation)
5. All and every in different stress. (Intonation)
c. 否定转移 transfer negation
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normally occurs with the words express”: opinion”
think, believe, suppose, image, expert,
I don’t think he will come.
but these words: assume, fear, surmise, presume.
I don’t assume that they’ve already won the game.
≠ I assume that they haven’t won the game.

2.2 Questions 疑问句
4种句型，一般疑问句YES-NO Question, 特殊疑问句WH-question, 选择疑问句alternative
question, 附加疑问句tag question.
YES-NO QUESTIONS
作用: querying the truth of a statement.
特点： 用non- assertive words.
作用 : asking for confirmation of speaker’s assumption.
特点 : A YES-NO Question with positive orientation use assertive words instead of non assertive.
Do you have some questions? ( expect to say yes,)
作用 : express the speaker’s negative attitude towards his own assumption.
特点：negative orientation, with negative words.
Don’t you have any sense of humor? (I thought you had, but you don’t)
作用：as imperative
特点：negative orientation, with negative words.
Won’t you come in ? sit down?
作用：as exclamation
特点：negative orientation, with negative words.
isn’t it lovely?

WH QUESTIONS 特殊疑问句
作用：require some specific information In the reply. Not query the truth of the statement, but ask
for details about a part of it.

Alternative Question 选择疑问句
Two subclasses: 1) formed on the basis of YES-NO Question, 2) formed on the basis of
WH- Question.
Would you like tea or coffee?
Tea, please. No, thanks .(coffee升调)
What would you like, tea or coffee?
Tea, please.

Tag Question 附加疑问句
The tag can be spoken with rising tone and falling tone.
Rising tone (like a yes-no question): Express the speaker’s neutral expectation of the hearer’s
response, and invite the hearer to verify the truth of the proposition in the statement.
Falling tone（similar to exclamation）: the speaker ask for the hearer’s confirmation of the
statement rather than verification the truth.
Irregular question tags.
*Let’s….., shall we?
*Everyone is here, isn’t he?
Isn’t they?
*Have做助动词时，反义疑问句用 haven’t


You have already heard the news, haven’t you?
Have to词组，用 do
They have to live on their own, don’t they?
Have 除了表述“占有，拥有”时，都用 don’t
You had your hair cut, don’t you?
You have a lot of friends, haven’t you? Don’t you?
May 用can’t做反义疑问句。
Ought to 用shouldn’t 做反义疑问句。

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2.3 Commands 祈使句
祈使句的强调形式：
1. 加主语You, 但不可加please了。
You be patient; you shut up.
2. 句首加do
Do be quiet.
祈使句的否定形式
1. Don’t + Non assertive words.
Eat something
Don’t eat anything.
2. Let 祈使句，在let后加not 或在句首加don’t
Let me try again.
Let me not try again.
Don’t let me try again.

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2.4 Exclamations 感叹句
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2 major types: What- exclamations and How- exclamations.
What-exclamations: can be subject, object, complement, adverbial 可修饰单数，复数以及
不可数名词。
What a large ant is approaching! (Subject)
What a strange friend you have. (Object)
What a good idea it is! (Complement)
What a long time he is been working! (Adverbial)
介词一般在what前面
In what a dangerous situation these refugees are!

How-exclamations: adjective, adverb, verb
How foolish you are!
How I love you !
How + Adj. only modifies singular noun.