崔荣容英语语法

Pocket英语语法
第一讲英语五种基本句式
He learns English every day. 他每天学英语

基本句式一:S V (主+谓)
The universe remains 宇宙长存
基本句式二:S V P (主+系+表) 系动词表连系作用.表语是描述主语性质特点位置的词
The food is delicious 这个食物很好吃
基本句式三:S V O (主+谓+宾)宾语是动作执行的对象
He took his bag and left 他拿着书包离开了
基本句式四:S V o O (主+谓+间宾+直宾)注: o，一般指人。 O，一般指物。
Her father bought her a dictionary 他的爸爸给他买了一本词典。
基本句式五:S V O C (主+谓+宾+宾补)
We made him our monitor 我们选他当班长。
Nothing is impossible to a willing heart!有志者事竟成!


第二讲Be动词的形式和用法





Be动词的形式：
一般现在时：be,is,am,are。
一般过去时：was,were。
Be动词的现在分词：being。
Be动词的过去分词：been。
========================
Is:和单数主语连用的be动词。The man is back.
Are: 和复数主语连用的be动词。They are back
Was:和单数主语连用的be动词 he was back.
Were:复数主语连用的过去形式。They were back
Been：复数主语连用的现在完成时态形式 they have been back
Be动词的用法：
后面接名词，形容词，地点副词，或短语作补足语。
1．the man is a teacher a tercher 是补足语，补充说明前面的
2 Mary’s new dresses are colorful
3 My mother was in the kitchen
Be动词的练习：
现在时:They are teachers. 他们是老师。
过去时:he was a teacher before. 他以前是一名老师。(但现在不是了)
现在完成时:He has been a teacher for 3 years 他已经当了3年的老师了。














第三讲Be动词的否定提问回答






Be动词的否定
在am, is, are, was, were 后面加not
缩略式 am not,isn’t,aren’t,wasn’t,weren’t.
例子：The man isn’t back I am not back They aren’t back
Be动词提问和回答
Is he a teacher?
He wasn’t back They weren’t back

Yes,he isNo,he isn’t是的，他是不，他不是
Are you a teacher?你是一名老师么？
Yes,I amNo, I am not是的，我是不，我不是
Were they teacher? 他们以前是老师么？
Yes,they were No,they weren’t 是的，他们是不，他们不是。





Be动词的练习：
1. 他是医生么？Is he a doctor? Yes, he is No,he isn’t 不他不是
2．他们昨天在教室么？（yesterday，classroom） Were they in the classroom yesterday?
Yes，they was No，they wasn’t 是的，他们在不，他们不在
3．他们昨天不在教室 They weren’t in the classroom yesterday
第四讲代词的主格和宾格




主格代词：I he she it you we they
I am a teacher he is a teacher you are teacher
宾格代词：me him her it you us them
He likes me. 他喜欢我 We like her. 我们喜欢她 I like him 我喜欢他们
练习：我喜欢它I like it。他们认识他They know him

第五讲名词性形容词性物主代词
形容词性物主代词：
单数形式：my,your,hisherits,one’s(某人的)
复数形式：our（我们的），your（你们的），their（他们的）
形容性物主代词后直接跟名词
例子：this is my book 这是我的书 we love our motherland 我爱我们的祖国
those are your socks 那些是你的袜子
名词性物主代词：
单数形式：mine我的，yours你的，hishersits，one’s（某人的）
复数形式：ours我们的，yours你们的，theirs他们的
名词性物主代词：有名词性质，不能接任何名词，本身有了名词的概念
例子：the book is ours the apple is hers
练习：My teacher is Chinese我的老师是中国人
This computer is theirs这个电脑是他们的
Our book is on the sheif我们的书在书架上


我
他
她
它
你你
们
我们
他们
主格
I
He
She
It
You
We
They
宾格
Me
Him
Her
It
You
Us
Them
形容词性
物主代词
My
His
Her
Its
Your
Our
Their
名词性物
主代词
Mine
His
Hers
Its
Yours
Ours
Theirs
主格：放在主语的位置上
宾格：放在宾格的位置上
形容词性物主代词：后面可接名词

名词性物主代词:后面不可接名词了，本身包含名词意思。（得综合上下文看）。

第六讲反身代词
反身代词：某人自己
Myself 我自己
Yourself 你自己
Herself 她自己
Himself 他自己
Itself 它自己




yourselves 你们自己
ourselves 我们自己
themselves 它们自己
反身代词语法
please help yourself to some fish随便吃些鱼吧。
we enjoyed ourselves last night. 我们昨天晚上玩的很开心
the thing itself is not important事情本身并不重要
练习：take good care of (yourself). 照顾好自己
She gained contral of (herself) 她控制住了她自己

第七讲: 实意动词的特征
（Come read go watch play fly）具有实在意义
he comes from Shenyang. 他来自沈阳（实意动词在句子中作谓语）（一般现在时）
she is reading story books她正在阅读故事书.（现在进行时）
They went to America yesterday他们昨天去美国了（went是go 的过去时）
We have watched the game for three times我们已经看这个游戏看了3遍了（现在完成时）
My mother will fly back to china next month。我的妈妈将在下个月飞回国（将来时，前面加上will）

练习He come to Shanghai yesterday。他昨天来上海了
We are writing homework我们正在写作业
They have read this book three times他们读这本书已经读3遍了。


第八讲:实意动词的否定提问回答.
使用助动词进行否定,在助动词(一般现在式)do (三单)does (过去式)did后面加not.
Do not don’t does notdoesn’t did notdidn’t
1,I don’t go to school by bus.我不坐公车去上学.
2,she doesn’t watch TV everyday.她每天不看电视
3,they didn’t swim last night.他们昨晚没游泳
使用助动词进行提问: 助动词放句首.动词变原形.
1,he often plays golf.他经常打高尔夫球
Does he often play golf? 他经常打高尔夫球吗?
Yes, he does No, he doesn’t.
2,they go to school by bus.他们坐公车去上学.
Do they go to school by bus?他们坐公车去上学吗?
Yes, they do. No, they don’t
3,sam had breakfast yesterday. sam昨天吃早餐了.
Did sam have breakfast yesterday?
Yes, he did No,he didn’t

练习:1,他每天都学英语吗?Does he learn englidh everyday?
Yes, he does. No,he doesn’t
2,tom 昨天没吃早餐.(have breakfast) tom didn’t have breakfast yesterday.

第九讲:使用疑问词进行提问和回答
使用疑问词进行提问:when where who what how
He bought three books yesterday.他昨天买了三本书
Who bought three books yesterday.谁昨天买了三本书?
What did he buy yesterday.他昨天买了什么? 疑问词不是主语需加助动词在疑问词后面
When did he buy three books?他什么时候买的三本书? 疑问词不是主语需加助动词
They wanted to go to shanghai by air.
Who wanted to go to shanghai by air?
Where did they want to go by air?
How did they want to go to shanghai?

第十讲:使用疑问词进行提问和回答
How long多长时间, how far多远, how often多长时间一次, why为什么
1,they have been in china for three years.
How long have they been in china.
2,it is about 4 kilometers from Beijing to Xian?
How far is it from Beijing to Xian?
3,they come to visit me once a week
一星期一次
.
How often do they come to visit me?
4,she came late, because she missed the bus.她来晚了,因此错过了公车.
Why did she come late?
练习:1,他们学汉语多长时间了?
How long have they learned English.现在完成式.
2,你多长时间看一次电影?
How often do you watch movies?
你的家离学校多远?
How far is it form your house to your school?

第十一讲: 名词
1可数名词(countable noun)指数得过来的概念,有单复数之分
Apple-apples pencil-pecils student-. Tomato-tomatoes
一般加s
以结尾加es. Bus-buses
以辅音字母+y结尾,y变i加es
以o结尾,如果不是外来词或缩写就加es tomato-tomatoes 缩写hippo-hippos
可数名词前加a(an)或量词
Apple- an apple-apples a box of apples.
Tomato-a tomato-tomatoes a bag of tomatoes.
2不可数名词(uncountable noun)无法计算的数量或抽象概念,不可加a,an,没有复数,但前面可加量词
Salt coffee water history love
Coffee-a cup of coffee,
练习:he bought me a box of chocolate, a bike

第十二讲:指示代词和不定代词
指示代词:标识人或事物的代词,用来代替前面已提到的名词This these that those
This is his book. Those apples were his.
不定代词:指代不确定的人或事物.one,the other, some,any something,nothing.
No one knows there he is.
Some of the boys want to go to shanghai, but the others want to go to xian.
Each of the students has got a book.学生中的每一个人都有一本书.
练习:1,these teachers are form china
2,I know nothing about this person.
3,I have something to tell you.

第十三讲:形容词
形容人或事物的状态,性质,大小等,通常用在名词前或be动词后.
Beautiful- the beautiful girl the girl is beautiful.
The+形容词=复数名词,表示一类,后面的动词使用复数.
Old-the old young-the young the old need more care than the young.
练习;1,she is a good student. This bike is expansive. The rich sometimes complain their empty life.

第十四讲:副词
副词可以修饰动词,形容词,其它副词以及其它结构.
He runs fast. She is very beautiful. They work very hard.
副 司的位置:根据情况,入在助动词之后,实意动词之前或之后.形容词之前,其它副词之前或之后.多个助动词时 ,
副词一般放在第一个助动词后.
He speaks very fast. They have already left . they have already been repaired.
常用的频度副词always usually,often,sometimes never的位置通常放在一般动词前面,Be动词后面,助动词和实
意动词之间.
They always come early. Sam often writes homework at 7:00
练习:please write the word slowly. They sometimes come here. The tree is very tall.

第十五讲: 不定量的表达法;不确定数量的表达法
Some any most every all
Some主要用于肯定句,希望得到肯定回答时,也可用在疑问句中,any主要用在否定或疑问句中.
I’d been expecting some letters the whole morning, but there weren’t any for me.
Most作形容词时表示大部分的.后面接复数名词.
Most people here are from china.
Every表示每一个,所有,后面接单数名词.
Every one likes the film.
All表示所有,后面接可数名词复数,不可数名词单数.
All the cars are parked in the parking lot.
All the coffee is served on time.
练习:some boys went camping yesterday.
All the children like to play football.
Most teachers want to work here.

第十六讲:不定量表达法-2
Both表示两者都,可作形容词,代词和副词,either表示二者之一, neither表示二者都不.
Both his eyes were severely burned. There are trees on either side of the street.
Neither answer is correct.
Many修饰可数名词,表示许多,much修饰不可数名词,表示许多.
A lot of (lots of ), plenty of 均可修饰可数和不可数名词.
Many books much water. A lot of lots of bookswater
练习:both the hands are washed. Tom drank a lot of coffee last night.

第十七讲: 不定量的表达法-3
A few为肯定含义几个, few 为否定含义没几个,二个词均可和不可数名词连用.
A few books are put into the box. Few books are put into the box.
A little为肯定含义一点儿,little为否定含义没多点.二个词均可和不可数名词连用
There is a little water in the bottle. There is little water in the bottle.
None, no one的意思相同,主要作代词,为一个也不,一点也不.用法稍有区别.
None 可以接of短语,动词可用单数,也可用复数.
No one不可以接of短语,动词只能用单数.
No one knows the answer. None of us have arrived.
练习:a few books are put into the box.
There is a little water in the bottle. None of us have arrived.

第十八讲: therehere be句型.
Therehere be,根据上下文,有多种翻译方法,有,是.be动词根据后面的名词有单复数变化.
There is a book on the bookshelf there are some books on the bookshelf.
Here is the bus stop. Here are your books.
练习:there is a lot of water in the bottle. Here is your car.
There are many students in the room.

第十九讲: 一般现在时和现在进行时
一般现在时表示通常性,规律性,习惯性状态或者动作,评语是三单有变化.非三单时为原形.
They often get up at 7:00 he often gets up at 7:00
三单变化,加s. 以字母.o结尾加es. Guess-guesses
以辅音+y结尾,y变为i再加es. Study-studies.
一般现在时否定和疑问句用do,does
He doesn’t like the car. Does he like the car? Yes,he doesno,he doesn’t
They don’t like the car. Do they like the car? Yes,they dono they don’t
现在进行时表示正在进行或发生的动作,通常有now等时间副词响应,形式为be+Ving
They are watching TV. He is watching TV I am watching TV.
动词现在分词Ving 的变化规则:加ing
以不发音的e结尾,去e加ing, take-taking
重读闭音节,要双写尾字母再加ing, cut-cutting
以ie结尾,变ie为y再加ing. Lie-lying.
现在进行时否定和疑问,be动词否定或提前.
They aren’t watching TV , are they watching TV? He isn’t watching TV. Is he watching TV?
Am I watching TV? Yes,you are, no,you aren’t.

练习: he works very late every day do you study English yourself? Yes,I do.
They are playing soccer now.

第二十讲: 一般过去和过去进行式
一般过去时表示过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态,过去习惯性或经常性的行为
基本结构:主语+动词过去式+其它,一般动词在动词后面加ed,还有些不规则动词不规则变化.
Play-played come-came he worked very hard last night. They came here by car.
动词一般过去时变化规则: 一般加ed. Play-played
以字母e结尾只加d, like-liked 辅音加y结尾,变y为i加ed. Supply-supplied.
重读闭音节结尾且只有一个辅音字母的动词后,双写最后一个辅音字母+ed plan- planned
过去进行时表示在过去某一时刻或某一时间内进行或发生的动作.其形式为waswere+Ving
They were waiting for you he was talking with his friends just now.
练习:they went swimming yesterday. Sam watching TV at 7:00 last night.

第二十一讲: 将来时
一般将来时表示将来某一时刻的动作或状态或者发生的动作与状态,常常和表示将来的时间状语连用.
如tomorrow next week , in the future.
助动词willshall+动词原形,表示将来发生的事情. 主语是一般用shall.也可要以用will. 其它用will.
They will go to shanghai by ship tomorrow. We shall leave for shanghai next month.
Be going to +动词原形用来表示近期或事 先考虑过的将要发生的动作以及有迹象表明必将发生某事,意为打算:
就要.
They are going to play football this afternoon she is going to learn French next year.
Be+Ving 表示位置转移的动词. Go come leave start arrive,可用现在进行时表示将来时
They are leaving for japan she is arriving tomorrow.
练习:they are coming here soon , sam is going to learn Chinese next month.
Peter and mike will finish the job tomorrow morning.

二十二讲:完成时

现在完成时:havehas+PP,动作过去发生, 已经完成,对现在造成影响或后果,动作可能还会持续,可使用的时间状
语为already yet
They have already arrived in shanghai she has played soccer for three hours.
She hasn’t finished the homework yet.
过去完成时had+PP,表示句中的动作 发生在过去之前,即过去的过去,已经完成,对过去造成了影响或后果.
They had arrived in shanghai she had played soccer for three hours
They hadn’t finished the work yet.
练习:he has stopped the car outside. She hasn’t been to shanghai yet.
Had they planned to stay here?

第二十三讲:动词的用法
分为四类:实意动词notional verb 系动词link verb 助动词auxiliary verb 情态动词model verb
1动词有数量和时态的变化,时态通常有三大时态,现在,过去,将来
2根据动作进行的状态可分为:一般时,进行时,完成时.
使用动词时通常将1和2 结合.如一般现在时,过去进行时.
He goes to school every day he went to hospital last night.
动词形态变化总结:

原形 单三 现在分词 过去式 过去分词
Play plays playing played played
Have has having had had
Go goes going went gone

第二十四讲:情态动词:can could may might
Can could表示能力,用be able to代替cancould现在过去的能力客观可能性(can的可能性大)表示请求和允许
但在时态里(can是现在,could是过去式)
He cancouldis able to swim he cancould come tomorrow cancould I stay here?
Maymight表示可能性,may的可能性大.请求,允许,might更委婉.
口语中常用的回答: yes,please no,you can’tmustn’t()禁止,不准)
He maymight come here by bus maymight I join you? Yes,pleaseno,you can’tyou mustn’t
练习:she could speak French before. But now she can’t.
Might I come in? yes,please

第二十五讲:情太动词(2) should, ought to, must(have to)
Must,have to表示必须,必要.must表示主观多一点,而have to表示客观条件必须去做的多一点
Have to 有时态和数量的变化,must 和have to二者的否定意义不大相同.
You mustn’t go 你不准去, you don’t have to go,你不必去
You must get up early,你必须早点起床, it’s going to rain, I have to go home now.
Should表示劝告,建议,命令,其同义词是ought to,should强调主观看法,ought to强调客观要求.在疑问句中,通常
用should代替ought to.
You shouldought to do the job right now. should they stay here now?
练习: I have tomust go and see my mother in hospital tomorrow.
You shouldought to work harder than that.

第二十六讲:情态动词(3) needdon’t have to
Need:需要 a:情态动词,情态动词可直接否定 b:实意动词,否定要用助动词,有第三单和时态的变化,后面可加
to不定式
情太动词:he need come here early. He needn’t come here early.
Need he come here early? Yes,he needno,he needn’t
实意动词:he needs to come here early. He doesn’t need to come here early.
Does he need to come here early? Yes,he doesno,he doesn’t
回答must和have to提问句时,否定式使用needn’t don’t have to等回答方式
Must I come here early tomorrow? Yes, you must, no,you needn’tdon’t have to.
练习:you needn’t do it again.你不需要重复做了.
He needn’tdoesn’t have to worry about it.这件事他不需要担心
Does he need to do homework first?他需要先做作业吗?

第二十七讲:情态动词(4) had better would rather
Had better表示最好做某事,had虽然是过去式,但不表示过去,better后面接动词原形.
He had better eat more.他最好吃多点
You’d better finish it right now,你最好马上做完这件事. Right now是强调现在.
Would rather表示宁愿,宁可,最好,还是…..为好.语感上比had better要轻
You would rather deal with it now.现在你还是把它处理掉比较好.

否定形式分别为had better not+动词原形 would rather not+动词原形.
He had better not eat more,他最好别再吃了.
You would rather not deal with it now.你最好别现在别处理那件事.
练习:you had better stay here.你最好呆在这里
I would rather not say it.我还是不说的好.

第二十八讲:情态动词(5) used to +Vwould+V
表示过去习惯性的动作,可翻译为过去常常…..
A: used to可指过去的状态或情况,而would则不能.
The novel used to be popular.
Would 表示反复发生的动作,如果某一动作没有反复性,就不能用would,只能用used to.
He would practice English every week.他去过每个星期都练习英语.
I used to live in Beijing. 我过去住在北京.
Used to表示过去经常性或习惯性的动作或状态现在已经结束,would则表示有可能再发生.
People used to believe that the earth was flat.人们过去常常相信地球是平的.
He would go to the park as soon as he was free.他过去一有时间就会去公园.
练习:the window used to be open.窗户过去一直开着的.
They would gather together every week.他们每周都聚在一起.
Sam used to play golf, but he doesn’t now. sam过去经常打高尔夫,但现在不打了

第二十九讲:情态动词的否定和疑问形式
情态动词的否定:情态动词+not+V原形.
He can’t sing an English song. He may not know her he mustn’t go there. He doesn’t have to go there.
Mayn’t:不可能 may not可能不. Mustn’t:不准 have后面接to,have当实意动词,否定要加助动词.
使用情态动词进行提问:情态动词+主语+V原形
Can he sing an English song? Yes,he can. No,he can’t
Must he go there? Yes,he must,no,he needn’t
Does he have to go there? Yes,he does, no,he doesn’t
Can I stay here? Yes,please must she go back now. no,she needn’t
Does he have to get up at 9:00, yes,he does.

第三十讲:情态动词+have+PP
a.表达过去事实.
b.推测的含义.
但助动词should除外
He must have arrived.他准是已经到了. 这个是可能性最大的.
He cancould have arrived.他可能已经到了. 这个可能性第二大.
He maymight have arrived.他可能已经到了.这个可能性最不大.
Should+have+pp:本应该…….
Needn’t +have +PP.本不需要…..
He should have arrived.他本来应该到了,但是没到
They should have finished the work.他们本来应该完成那个工作的.但是没完成.
You needn’t have done so.你本来不需要那么做的.但你做了.
Must have PP,准是已经…..
Can’t have pp不可能已经……
He must have arrived. 他准是已经到了.
He can’t have arrived,他不可能已经到了.

练习:he can可能have arrived.五个都可以.
He must准是 have arrived.
You needn’t本不需要 have done so.
They should本应该have finished the work
He can’t不可能have arrived.

第三十一讲: 被动语态(1)被动语态的构成和含义.
如果主语是动作的承受者,则用动词的被动语态作谓语
被动语态的构成:be+PP…by sb.
他被妈妈带到了美国 he is taken to America by his mother.
被动语态有各种时态:
The information is needed by us.一般时 the information is being needed by us.现在进行时
The book was being read by him 过去进行时 the book was read by him一般过去式
The computer has been used by her 完成时被动
The room will be cleaned 房间将会被打扫.
The computer could have been used by them.那个电脑可能已经被他们使用过了.
练习一个空一个时态:the information is needed.情报被需要,一般现在时
The book was read 书被读了,一般过去时
the door has been opened. 门已经被打开了.完成时被动
The book was being read 书过去一直被读, 过去进行时
the computer had been used. 那个电脑过去已经被用过了 过去完成时被动语态.
The computer could have been used.那这个电脑可能已经被使用过了. 过去完成时被动语态.
The room will be cleaned.房间将会被打扫.一般将来时

第三十二讲:被动语态(2)被动语态和情态动词结合
Cancould+be+动词过去分词PP
Maymight musthave to shouldought to had betterwould rather used towould
Need+doingto be+动词过去分词PP.
和情态动词结合的形式:
The food could be taken away. 食品可以被带走.
The food might be taken away. 食品可以被带走.
The food must be taken away食品必需被带走.
The food should be taken away食品应该被带走.
The food meeds taking away食品需要应该被带走. 三单,实意动词
The food had better be taken away食品最好被带走.
Books used to be returned in two days.书过去常常在二天内被还回去.
练习:the room may be cleaned 门可能被打扫了.
The door must be locked.门必须被锁上.
The house should be furnished 房子应该被整修了.
The tree had better be watered now.这树最好现在被浇水.

第三十三讲:被动语态(3) by+行为者(可以省略)
动作的行为者不分明,或不重要,或上下文中提到了行为者时,by+行为者省略掉.
The information is needed. The book is being read the door was opened.
练习:the door is opened 门被打开了. 一般现在时
The book is being read. 书正被读着.现在进行时被动语态

The computer has been used 电脑已经被用了. 完成时被动语态
The pencil had been sharpened,铅笔已经被削尖了. 过去完成时态.

第三十四讲: 被动语态(4) 被动语态的疑问句.
被动语态的一般疑问句:助动词+主语+其它助动词+动词过去分词….?
Is the information needed by him? Yes, it is no,it isn’t
Has the computer been used by her? Yes, it has, no,it hasn’t
Will the room be coeaned? Yes,it will , won’t
被动语态的特殊疑问句:
疑问词+助动词+主语+(其它助动词)+动词过去分词….?
The information is needed by them
What is needed by them?
The girl is taken to shanghai
Where is the girl taken?
The book has been read three times.
How many times has the book been read?
练习:is the book being read by her? 那本书正在被她读吗?
Has the computer been used by them?电脑被他们用过了吗? 现在完成时的被动语态
How often is English class taken? 英语课多长时间被上一次? 现在时被动语态.

第三十五讲: 非谓语动词(1) to +动词原形,动词原形+ing
动词不定式:由to +动词原形,可以做主语,宾语,宾补,定语,表语和状语
To get there by bike will take us an hour, The driver failed to see the car in time.
We believe him to be guilty.有罪的 the next train to arrive is from seoul.
My suggestion is to put off 推迟the meeting I come here only to say goodbye to you. < br>动词原形+ing可作动名词用,具有动词的特征和变化形式,但在句子中的用法及功能类同名词,在句子 中可以作
主语,宾语,定语,也可以被副词修饰或者支配宾语
Reading is an art. They went on walking and never stopped talk.
Your task is quickly cleaning the windows. This is a reading room
练习:to finish the work will take us an hour. I come here to say goodbye to you
Talking is an art.

第三十六讲: 非谓语动词(2)假主语真主语 不定式动名词的否定式.
To不定式或动名词可以在主语的位置上,但一般用it代替它作形式主语,这种情况it叫形式主语.
It’s a great honor to be invited.被邀请很荣幸.
It is no use crying over spilt milk. 覆水难收. Crying over:对…..哭 .
在宾语的位置上,用it代替它作形式宾语,这种情况叫形式宾语.
We think it importart to learn English 我们认为学英语很重要.
I found it pleasant walking in the park. 在公园走是件乐事.
对动名词或不定式进行否定时,在不定式或动名词前加not否定就可以.
He pretended not to see her he regrets not joining them.
练习:it is no use crying over spilt milk. We think it important to learn English.
He pretended not to see her.

第三十七讲:非谓语动词(3)to 不定式表示目的

In order to+V表示目的.可置于句首或句尾 So as to +V表示目的.只能置于句尾
I’ve written it down in order to remember it. In order to remember it, I’ve written it down.我把它写下来为了记住
它.
He shouted and waved so as to be noticed. 他大声的喊并且挥手目的是被注意到.
它们的否定形式分别为to前加not
I’ve written it down in order not to forget it.我写下它为了不忘记它.
He said nothing so as not to be noticed.他什么都没说,目的是不被注意.
练习:he gets up early in order toso as to arrive at school on time.
He wrote it down in order not toso as not to forget it.

第三十八讲:非谓语动词(4) 常见的不定式和动名词句型
包含不定式和动名词的一些固定结构
Too….to…..:太…..以至于不能……(是否定的意思)
The room is too small to live.房间太小以至于不能住.
Enough +n+toV:足够……可以……(是肯定的意思), adj+enough +V:什么足够……可以……
There is enough food to eat.有足够多的食物可以去吃.
The box is big enough to contain six apples.
包含不定式和动名词的一些固定结构
On+Ving: 一……就…….
On seeing the snake, the girl was very frightened.一看到那条蛇,这个女孩就非常害怕.
There is no hope of Ving:没希望….
There is no hope of seeing him.没希望看见他了
Feel like Ving:想要….. I feel like eating ice cream now.
Hve a hard time Ving:做…艰难. They have a hard time solving the problem themselves解决这问题对他们来说很困
难.
练习:there are enough books to read I feel like drinking coffee now. the room is too small to live.

第三十九讲:非谓语动词(5) 现在分词过去分词,分词句
Ving可称为动名词,也可称为现在分词.
Writing动名词 books is his job. He is writing现在分词 a book.
动词的PP形式可称之为动词的过去分词,用在完成时和被动语态当中.
He has written the homework.完成时,他已经写完了作业.
The homework is written.被动语态,作业被写了.
分词句是包含现在分词和过去分词的分句.
The students went out of the colassroom, laughing and talking.学生们一边笑一边谈去到课室外了.
Accompanied伴随着 by his friend, he went to the railway station.被他的朋友伴随着去了火车站.
练习:he likes drinking coffee. The door was locked. Given better attention, the plants could grow better.

第四十讲: 原形不定式(1) 使役动词
使役动词,表示”使让”, have,make,let+宾语+V.
He made me laugh.他使我笑了,过去时态. I let him go. Please have him come here.请让他来这儿
Get让,help帮.都做使役动词,get的使役动词句为get+宾语+to+V, help的使役动词句为help+宾语+(to)V.
I can’t get anyone to do the work properly. 我不能让任何人准确的做这份工作.
I helped him (to) repair the car. 我帮他修理了他的小汽车
ha ve,make,let,Get,help所有使役动词+宾语+过去分词,表示让某物人被别人…….
I must get my hair cut he couldn’t make himself heard. Can you get the work finished in time.

练习: he made me laugh I let him go. I must get my hair cut.

第四十一讲:原形不定式(2)感官动词
See, watch,obwerve, notice, hear, smell,taste,feel+宾语+动词原形现在分词
A,加动词原形:表示动作的真实性
B,加现在分词,表示动作的连续性,进行性.
I saw him work in the garden yesterday.表示看见他做这件事的真实性
I saw him working in the garden yesterday.表示看见他正在工作.连续性,进行性.
和使役动词相似,感官动词后可接过去分词,感官动词+宾语+过去分词.
John saw the man knocked down by the car. 看见被小车撞倒了.被动语态.
I watched a dog runrunning in the garden yesterday.
I heard sam sent to the hospital.

第四十二讲: 假设(1)只单纯表示条件假设
条件状语从句,用if引导条件状语从句,从句为现在时,通常译作如果…..
If you get up early, you will catch up with the train.赶上
If引导的条件状语从句,可以放在句首,也可以放在句尾.
If you ask him,he will help you. She will be upset if you fail the exam.
练习:if he runs, he will get there in time.
The cat scratches you, if you pull her tail.

第四十三讲: 假设(2)与现在事实相反的虚拟语气.
If从句是一种虚拟的条件或假设,和现在事实相反的,主从句时态具体如下:
从句:动词过去式(be用were)
主句:wouldcouldshouldmight+动词原形
If I were you, I would join them.
She would come with you if you invited her.
If I knew his telephone number,I would tell you.
If I had any money with me, I would lend you some.
If I were you, I would take an umbrella.

第四十四讲:假设(3) 与过去事实相反的虚拟语气.
If从句是一种虚拟的条件或假设,和过去事实相反的.
主从句的时态具体如下:
从句: had+动词过去分词
主句: 形态动词过去分词wouldcouldshouldmight+have+动词过去分词.
If I had got there earlier, I should have met him.
If he had taken my advice, he would not have made such a mistake.
练习:if he had studied harder, he might have passed the exam.
If there had been a heavy snow, we should not have gone skating.
If I had get there earlier, I would have met her.

第四十五讲: 假设(4) wishas if+过去过去完成时.
Wish后面的从句,译为希望….就好了.是不可能实现的假设.

A,与现在事实相反愿望;
I wish I were as tall as you(一般过去时)
B.与过去事实相反愿望.
He wished he hadn’t said htat(过去完成时)
C,将来不大可能实现的愿望.
I wish it would rain tomorrow. Wouldshouldcould
As if,翻译为看起来好像….
A,如果从句表示与现在事实相反.
You look as if you didn’t care.
B,从句表示与过去事实相反.
He talks about Rome as if he had been there before.
C,从句表示与将来事实相反.
He opened his mouth as if he would say something.
练习: I wish I were as tall as you. He talks as if he knew where she was.
I wish it would rain tomorrow.

第四十六讲:定语从句(关系代词) that,who,which,whom.
定语从句 :在句中做定语,修饰一个名词或代语,被修饰的名词,叫先行词.其后的从句就是定语从句,由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出.
关系代词:在从句中做一定的成分,代替先行词,起到连接先行词和从句的作用.常用关系代词.
That,who,which,whom,whose
The girl whomthat I spoke to is my cousin.
先行词是人的话用that ,who,whom,whose来引导定语从句.whom在从句中做宾语.
Who,that在从句中妈既可作主语也可作宾语
They are people thatwho were seen yesterday.先行词作主语. 被动语态,被看见.
They are the people whomthatwho I saw yesterday.先行词做宾语.
They are the people whose wallets were lost yesterday.先行词做主语.,被动语态.
先行词是物事物的话,用which,that,whose来引导定语从句
Which,that在从句中可作主语和宾语,作宾语时可以省略
He came back for the book whichthat可省略 he had forgotten.先行词做宾语.
He came back for the book whichthat was on the desk. 先行词做主语.
This is the chair whose legs were broken.先行词做主语.
主语: 指人:whothat 指物:whichthat
宾语: 指人:whomwhothat 指物:whichthat
属格: 指人:whose 指物:whose
练习: he was the person whothat joined the army that year.
He came back for the book whichthat可省略 he had forgotten.
He is the man whose wife is a teacher.

第四十七讲:定语从句(关系副词) when where why表时间地点原因.
Why:用于修饰表示原因的名词. reason
We don’t know the reason why he didn’t show up
When修饰时间的名词. week.
We’ll put off the picnic until next week, when the weather may be better.
Where: 修饰表示地点的名词.e.g. the place
We don’t know the place where he lives.
练习:he works in a factory where TV sets are made.

We’ll put off the picnic until next week, when the weather may be better
She didn’t tell me the reason why she refused the offer.

第四十八讲:宾语从句的连词
宾语从句:在句子中起宾语作用的从句.
从属连词:that if whether可翻译是否.
He told me (that)he would go to college the next year.
He said that he was there yesterday. That可不翻译,可省略,
He doesn’t know if whether he was there.
连接代词:who whom whose what
Do you know who has won the game? Do you know whom he likes?
Do you know whose book it is ? do you know what he is looking at?正在看
连接副词:when where why how.
He wants to know when the party is. He wants to know there the party is
He wants to know why they have a party he wants to know how they come.
练习:he doesn’t know that(ifwhether) she is at school.
He wants to know where she is. He wants to know whetherwhenwherewhyhow she comes.
He wants to know what she is reading. He wants to know whose book it is.

第四十九集:比较级最高级(1)
1,通常在形容词和副词后面加erest. hard-harder-the hardest.
2,词尾是不发音的单音节e时,加r,st. nice-nicer- the nicest
3,词尾是辅音+y的双音节时,去掉y加ier,iest dry- drier-the driest.
4,以一个辅音结尾的重读闭音节时,双写最后一个字母,加er,est hot-hotter- the hottest
5,多音节和双音节,在形容词和副词前加:程度加强:more,the most. 程度减弱:less,the least.
Interesting- moreless interesting-the mostthe least interesting.
6,不规则变化:good-better-the best many-more-the most.
练习:high-higher-the highest late-later-the latest heavy-heavier-the heaviest
Thin-thinner-the thinnest famous-more famous- the most famous. Little-less- the least

第五十集:比较级最高级(2)
形容词或副词的比较级:表示比较…..be……than…..
He is taller than his brother. The book is more expensive than the pen.
Her English is better than his.
形容词的最高级:表示最….
He is the tallest in his class the book is the most expensive of the three.
Her English is the best among the three.
练习: the girl is cleverer than the boy. The computer is the most expensive among the three
The man is hearther than his wife.