PETS3英语 语法配套学习

PETS 3 语法学习
PETS3英语语法配套学习
一、 切入理解一句英文
1、 一句完整的英语语句应该包括的成分有六种：主语（subject）、谓语 （predicate）、表语（predicative）、
宾语（object）、定语（attr ibute）、状语(adverbial)和补语。
（1） 主语：是执行句子的行为或动作的主体，如“我写字”中的“我”，就是主语。
位置多在句首。
① 名词：Tom likes music.
② 代词：He is interested in music.
③ 数词：Two is a number.
16 divided by 2 equals 8.
④ To do（v.不定式）：To learn English well is important.
⑤ 动名词：Swimming is my hobby.
⑥ 主语从句：Who will be in charge of us is still under discussion.
That the Great Wall was built 2000 years ago made the visitors surprised.
It做形式主语：It made the visitors surprised that the Great Wall was built 2000 years
ago.
（2） 谓语：对主语动作或状态的陈述或说明,指出“做什么”、“是什么”或“怎么样”. 谓语动词
的位置一般在主语之后。
在英语中应该注意以下2点：①动词，②时态变化。
（3） 宾语：又称受词，是指一个动作（动词）的接受者。
位置一般在①及物动词后，②介词后
宾语分为直接宾语和间接宾语两大类，其中直接宾语指动作的直接 对象，间接宾语说明
动作的非直接，但受动作影响的对象。
一般而言，及物动词后面最少要有 一个宾语，而该宾语通常为直接宾语，有些及物动词
要求两个宾语，则这两个宾语通常一个为直接宾语， 另一个为间接宾语。
① 名词：I love ice cream.
② 代词：I love you.
③ To do（v.不定式）：I want to watch TV.
④ 动名词：I love swimming.
⑤ 宾语从句：I want to know how old the little girl is.
I want to know whether he will come or no.
I am curious about how much he earns every mouth.
（4） 定语：定语是用来修饰、限定、说明名词或代词的品质与特征的。 主要有形容词此外还有名
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PETS 3 语法学习
词、代词、数词、介词短语、动词不定式（短语）或相当于形容词的词、短语或句子都
可以作定语。
数词作定语相当于形容词。
①形容词：She is a tall girl.
②名词：a pencil box.
③To do（v.不定式）：The money to buy a bicycle with was given by grandfather.
④动名词：a swimming pool.
⑤分词：a interesting book
A broken window
The car waiting by the roadside will carry us to school.
⑥定语从句：The city where I was born is a seaport
The rubbish was left by the tourists is disgusting.
I fell in love with a girl who holds a PhD from Yale University.
The palace to which I often pay a visit was built in the 17
th
Century.

（5） 状语：是句子的重要修饰成分。状语是谓语里的另一个附加成分,它附加在谓语中心语的前面、
从时间、方式、所处、方式、对象、肯定、否定、范围、目的和程度等方面对谓语中心
进行修饰和限制。 （修饰动词）。
（6） 补语：分为主语补足语（即表语），和宾补。
补语是述补结构中补充说明述语的结果、程度、趋向、可能、状态、数量等的成分。补
语与述语之间是补 充与被补充、说明与被说明的关系。
① 表语：The problem is puzzling
② 宾补：We made Tom our monitor.
（7） 非谓语：从动词在句中所起语法作用的角度看，动词可以分为两类：谓语动词和非谓语动词。
非谓语动词分为三类：不定式(infinitive)、动名词(gerund)和分词(participl e)。
① To do（v.不定式）：
a) 做主语：To go Europe is my dream.
→It is my dream to go Europe
It took me 15 minutes to finish the homework.
b) 做宾语：I want to watch TV.
c) 做定语：I have something to eat.
d) 做状语：?目的：I come here to pick you up.
?结果：I arrived at the station only to find that the train had left.
e) 做补语：?表语：My dream is to go to Europe.
?宾语补足语：The teacher asked me to answer his question.
② 动名词：
a) 做主语：Swimming is my hobby.
b) 做宾语：?及物动词：Missing the train means minting for another 2 hours.
?介词后：I am interested in reading.
c) 做定语：（表明名词的性质和用途）swimming pool.
d) 做补语：（表语）My job is teaching English.
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PETS 3 语法学习
③ 分词：
a) 做定语：a interesting book
A broken window
The man talking to Marry over there is my father.
b) 做状语：?时间：Walking on the street, I saw a movie star.
Shown around the city ,I was impressed by the city’s new looks.
?原因：Thinking that he might be at home, I called him.
?方式：He came running to me.
?伴随：The children walked around the playground, talking and
smiling.
Yang walked out the return capsule, smiling and waving to
the recovery term.
He is sitting there, absorbed in the book.
c) 做补语：?表语：The book is interesting.
The window is broken.
?宾补：I found the book interesting.
We found the bank robbed.



2、 而一般句子的固定搭配又不外乎以下几种：
（1） Ｓ Ｖ （主＋谓）
（2） Ｓ Ｖ Ｐ （主＋谓＋表）
（3） Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ （主＋谓＋宾）
（4） Ｓ Ｖ ｏ Ｏ （主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾）
（5） Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ Ｃ （主＋谓＋宾＋宾补）


二、 模糊以及冲撞的概念
1、 分词与动名词的区别？
答：现在分词与动名词， 形态上完全相同，都是动词以ing结尾，但两者有一个最本质的区别，那就
是现在分词是形容词，而动 名词是名词，因此在一个句子中，凡是可以放形容词的地方，都可以
放现在分词，凡是可以放名词的地方 ，都可以放动名词
①Stay away from running water.（现在分词running是形容词，意思是流动的，做定语）
②I enjoy running.（动名词running是名词，意思是跑步，做宾语）
另外，在英语中，现在分词 与动名词除了单独使用之外（比如上面两个例句），通常还可以引导一
个短语，此时的现在分词短语仍然 是形容词，动名词短语也仍然是名词，不要因为它们后面有一
个尾巴而感到混乱，比如下面两个例句：

①I admire the woman finishing the report.（现在分词短语finishing the report仍然是形
容词）我赞赏 [完成这份报告的] 那位女士。（强调那位女士）
②I admire the woman's finishing the report.（动名词短语finishing the report仍然是名
词）我赞赏 [那位女士] 完成这份报告。（强调完成这份报告）
通常还可以是副词，在句子中做状语：
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PETS 3 语法学习
Being short of money, I decided to apply for the work.（手头缺钱，所以我想申请这份工
作。）


2、 什么叫名词性从句？
答：名词性从句（Noun Clause）在句子中起名词作用 ，根据它们在句中所起的语法作用，这类从句又
可分别称为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句 和形容词补语从句。由于名词从句和名
词作用相同，因此，可用作句子的主语、表语、宾语和介词宾语等 。
（1） 主语从句
① that引导的主语从句：that引导的主语从句可以位于句首， 而常见的形式是将作形式
主语用的先行词it置于句首。
That he will come to the discussion is certain.
② 连接代词和连接副词以及连接词whether引导的主语从句：
Whether it will do us harm or good remains to be seen.
Where we shall do the test is still under discussion.
③ 名词性关系代词what， whatever， whichever， whoever引导的主语从句：
Whoever breaks this law deserves a fine.
Whichever (of you) comes in first will receive a prize.
（2） 表语从句
① that引导的表语从句：
My idea is that you should make good use of your time.
The reason Tom failed in the exam was that he didn’t work hard.
② 连接代词和连接副词以及连接词whether引导的表语从句：
The question is whether we can finish our work by tomorrow evening.
③ as if等引导的表语从句：
It looks as if it is going to rain.
I felt as though my head were splitting.
Things are not always as they seem to be.
It is because he doesn’t know hers.

（3） 宾语从句
① that引导的宾语从句：
I know that he is friendly and hospitable.
② 连接代词、连接副词以及连接词whetherif引导的宾语从句：
History innguists stdudy how languages evolve over time
③ 名词性关系代词what，whatever，whichever，whoever引导的宾语从句：
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PETS 3 语法学习
He gave whoever asked for it a copy of his latest paper.

（4） 介词宾语从句
① that引导的介词宾语从句：th at引导的介词宾语从句仅限于用在except，but，
notwithstanding 等少数介词后。
His account is correct except that some details are omitted.
② 连接代词和连接副词引导的介词宾语从句：
I have no definite information yet as to which route he will take.
③ 名词性关系代词what， whatever， whichever， whoever引导的介词宾语从句：
The boy was interested in whatever he saw here
（5） 同位语从句
① that引导的同位语从句：
We are very excited at the news that our Chinese athletes won many gold medals
② 连接代词和连接副词引导的同位语从句：同位语从句通常由that引导，但随着与 其同位
的名词的不同，也可由whether, when, which, who, how, what,why等引出。
The question , whether we need it , has not yet been considered
③ 同位语从句的位置：同位语从句有时不是紧跟在有关的名词后面，而是被其他的词隔开了。
We’ve just heard a warming on the radio that a typehoo may be on its way .
（6） 形容词补语从句
① that引导的形容词补语从句：
We are certain that he will get over his illness
② 连接代词、连接副词和连接词whether引导的形容词补语从句：
The beggar was too sleepy to be aware how cold it was.
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