英语语法与写作基础 (2)

芆
英语语法基础

膇
一、词性

蚁
1. 名词(noun →n.)：

节
表示人或物的名称，man, teacher, book, music, time等。

莆
另有专有名词如Tom, New York, Wall Street, ATM等。

莄
动名词也是名词，由动词+ing构成，表示某种行为，如：swimming,
playing basketball, being short等。

肂
在英语中，名词可做句子的主语、宾语、表语、定语、补足语、同
位语。如：

蚁
I love studying English in my leisure spare free time. （主语、宾语）

膆
Being short is not a disadvantage. （主语、表语）

莄
The railway bridge is to be reconstructed next month. （定语）

螄
We made him monitor. （宾语补足语）

葿
We Chinese people mean what we say. （同位语）

芆
2. 各种代词(pronoun →pron.)

螅
指代人或物，如人称代词he, she, us, them, 指示代词this, that, these,
不定代词some, any, someone, something, all, each，疑问代词what,
which等。

节
代词类似于名词，在英语中通常做主语、宾语，少数可以做表语、
同位语、定语。

膈
What has happened to him? （主语、宾语）

莆
This is my book. Yours is over there. （定语、主语）

膆
They each all got a birthday present. （同位语。 当然，还有主语they
也是代词。）

羄
注意：反身代词只能作宾语、表语、同位语，绝对不能做主语! 例

如：

芁
He himself is to blame for the mistake. （同位语）

莅
He isn’t himself doesn’t look feel seem himself today. （表语）

莃
He slipped, but didn’t hurt himself. （宾语）

蒂
3. 形容词 (adjective →adj.a.)

肀
形容词的主要功能就是作定语、表语、补足语。如：

蒅
He is said to be a handsome boy. （定语）

螄
He is tall, handsome, and above all, very intelligent. （表语）

膄
He fell down to the ground, dead. （主语补足语）

蝿
4. 副词 (adverbial →.)

衿
副词通常做状语，修饰动词、形容词、另外一个副词、整个句子。

膅
He plays the piano well very well. （修饰动词短语plays the piano，
very又修饰副词well）

薂
She is very really pretty beautiful. （修饰形容词beautiful）

袂
Surprisingly, he passed the exam at first attempt. （修饰整个句子）

罿
注意一词多义、一词多性现象：

薆
She was very ill and was rushed to hospital immediately. （形容词，“生
病的”，句中作表语）

芄
ill effects discipline temper humor（形容词，“不好的；糟糕的；
有害的”，只能作前置定语）

薁
ill-equipped ill-treat speak ill of sb （副词，“坏地；糟糕地”，做状
语）

罿
a cure for all the nation’s ills （名词，“问题；困难”，作宾语。）

羇
The book is very good and worth reading a second time. （程度副词，
“非常地”，做状语。）

螁
He is the very man for the job. （形容词，“恰恰是；正是”等表示强
调的意思，只能做前置定语。）

莀
He played the instrument so well that he won first prize. （副词，“好
地”）

聿
He’ll get well soon. （形容词，“身体好的；健康的”，只能作表语。）

肃
We used to get our water from a well. （名词，“井；水井；油井；气
井）

蒃
With tears welling in his eyes, she went away. （动词，“（液体）流出；
涌出”）

膈
5. 介词 (preposition →prep.)

腿
英语中的介词不能单独使用，通常 跟后面的宾语构成介词短语，一
起做句子的状语、定语、表语、补足语。

蒄
I’ll put my name on the back of the envelope. （地点状语）

羁
She didn’t remember the name on the back of the envelope. （后置定
语）

膁
He was on holiday at the time. （表语、时间状语）

艿
He left his keys in the dormitory. （宾语补足语）

袅
6. 连词 (conjunction →conj.)

蚃
英语中的连词有并列连词和从属连词两种，分别引导并列句和从句。

羀
并列连词主要有and, but, or, so, for；从属连词引导从句，按功能分
有引导状语从句的because, since, as, although, so that等，引导定语从
句的that, which, who, whose, when, where等，还有引导名词性从句的
that, who, which, whether, where等。

荿
We are making good progress, but we still have a long way to go. （引
导并列句，表示转折）

芆
Before I could think of a reply, she went away. （引导时间状语从句）

肁
Since everybody is here, let’s begin. （引导原因状语从句）

虿
Who is the man that is sitting at the back? （引导定语从句）

蒈
This is the hospital where in which she was born. （引导定语从句）

蒃
That no one remembered her birthday left Maria very depressed. （引导
名词性从句的主语从句）

袃
I’m delighted that we achieved what we set out to do. （两个从句，分
别有由that和what引导，都是名词性从句的宾语从句）

蒈
The question is whether we can get in touch with him. （引导名词性从
句的表语从句）

薈
7. 动词 (verb →v.)

袄
动词在英语中最复杂，有很多种分类：

芁
1）及物动词与不及物动词

蒁
2）动作动词（行为动词）与状态动词（静态动词，含系动词、结果
动词）

薈
3）实义动词与助动词（含情态助动词）

芅
4）持续动词与瞬间动词

羃
5）谓语动词与非谓语动词

芀
关于动词用法下面还有论述，请参照下文。

蚈
二、英语的句子成分小结

蚆
1. 主语：

蒀
由名词、代词、动名词、动词不定式、主语从句充当

聿
I was They were young and energetic.

螈
Who What makes him so upset?

肇
To learn Learning English is easy.

膂
Who will go there Whether or not the meeting will be held is not

decided yet.

肁
2. 谓语：

袈
由谓语动词来充当，有时态和语态（主动语态与被动语态）变化

膃
Spending money is fun.

袄
He didn’t go with us for lack of money.

袀
I have been working for hours and is in need of a rest.

羈
The car must have been stolen.

薄
3. 宾语：

莂
由名词、代词、动名词、宾语从句充当

虿
I want to go home right now.

肈
I appreciate your help your helping me.

羅
He didn’t say why when he was leaving.

肄
4. 定语：

莈
由形容词、动 词不定式、现在分词、过去分词、动名词、介词短语、
定语从句充当，分前置定语和后置定语两种。

膇
The small boy (sitting seated) under the tree is Tom.

莆
The boy (who is seated sitting) under the tree is Tom.

蒂
5. 补足语：

蒁
由名词、形容词、动词不定式、现在分词、 过去分词、介词短语充
当，有宾语补足语和主语补足语两种）

膇
The news made me happy on top of the world.

蒃
He was elected made monitor.

芄
He wanted the work to be done by Friday.

膀
Wherever you go, you see KFC advertised.

芇
He was caught smoking in the workshop and was fired immediately.

羄
6. 状语：

蚂
由副词、介词短语、动词不定式、现在分词、 过去分词、状语从句
充当。英语中状语的种类繁多，常见的有时间状语、地点状语、方式
状语、 原因状语、伴随状语、目的状语等。

罿
He remained seated there throughout the party.

莇
He jumped with joy when he heard the news.

莅
To learn English well, you should read widely.

莃
Dressed in Wearing a scarf, she looks younger.

羂
7. 表语（系动词be和半系动词之后）：

蒇
由名词、形容词、反身代词、现在分词、过去分词、介词短语充当

螅
He is like his father a student handsome.

袁
The chicken smells tastes good.

螀
He looks worried like his father.

薇
The story sounds interesting.

袂
Something must have gone wrong.

艿
8. 同位语

芅
英语中，只有主语和宾语才可能有同位语，由名词、少数代词和同
位语从句充当

莃
He praised us all in class. （宾语us的同位语）

罿
They all each got a reward. （主语they的同位语）

螇
I saw the president himself. （宾语the president的同位语）

肄
We were all surprised at the news that he had resigned. （主语we的同

位语；宾语the news的同位语从句）

蒂
三、助动词小结

莀
助动 词主要是帮助谓语动词改变形式，如否定式、疑问式、进行式、
完成式、被动式、强调式等。

葿
1．助动词has, have, had（后接过去分词，构成谓语动词的完成时，
用于肯定句、否定句、疑问句）

肇
I have finished all my homework. Have you finished your homework?
--- No, I haven’t.

薂
She has gone to Shanghai to study Chinese literature.

螁
The train had already left when she arrived at the station.

羇
2．助动词is, am, are, was, were, has been, have been, had been, will be

袆
a) 后接动词的-ing形式，构成谓语动词的进行式

蚂
What are you doing now? --- I’m watching TV at home.

膂
Two boys were playing football nearby when the accident happened.

虿
I have been teaching English for more than 20 years and I know how to
solve the problem.

薅
She is not working in Beijing now; she has gone to Shenzhen to seek her
fortune.

蚂
We will be flying over the Atlantic Ocean this time tomorrow.

薃
b) 后接过去分词，构成谓语动词的被动语态

肆
She was awarded the Nobel Prize twice in 5 years.

蚈
When he returned he found his house had been broken into and a lot of
things (had been) stolen.

螂
The suspension bridge will be completed next month.

螀
I can’t lend you my bike because it is being repaired now.

袈
3．助动词do, does, did

莆
a) 后接动词原形，构成谓语动词的否定式、疑问式

袂
We don’t go to school on Sunday. Do you?

膀
She doesn’t work here any longer; she has moved to Shanghai.

薀
Did you go to the cinema with her last night? --- No, I didn’t.

膅
b) 后接动词原形，构成谓语动词的强调式，常译成“确实；的确；
务必”，仅用于肯定句

羂
I did return the money to you.

薁
She does work in this school but she is now in Shanghai on business.

羈
I do believe that he is the best man for the job.

羄
Do be careful next time.

肂
4．情态助动词cancould, maymight, must, should, willwould, shall,

need, ought等。情态助动词与上述 助动词在用法唯一不同的是，情态
助动词有特定的意义，表达说话人某种特定的感情，所以叫情态助动< br>词。

羂
You’ve been working for a few hours. You must be tired.

蚀
Hurry up! They must be waiting for us.

羇
I didn’t hear the phone. I must have been asleep.

膁
You needn’t come if you don’t want to.

聿
You needn’t have hurried. There was plenty of time left.

膈
There is a knock on the door. Who can it be?

螆
I can’t find my umbrella. Who can have taken it?

芁
What shall we do now?

蒀
You should not have left her alone at home last night.

袀
四、非谓语动词小结（动词不定式、现在分词、过去分词、动名词）

薅
1．动词不定式（带to）、现在分词、过去分词都可以作状语，但动
词 不定式（带to）只能作目的状语和结果状语，其他的状语（一般为
时间状语、原因状语、条件状语和伴 随状语）用分词，其中，现在分
词表示主动、过去分词表示被动。

薅
To learn English well, you should read widely. （动词不定式作目的状
语）

袁
With this, he left, never to return. （动词不定式作结果状语）

莈
Hearing the news, he was wild with joy. （现在分词作时间状语，跟主
语是主动关系）

薈
He came running towards his mother. （现在分词作伴随状语，跟主语
是主动关系）

蚅
She came, accompanied by her mother. （过去分词作伴随状语，跟主
语是被动关系。）

节
（注：动词不定式、现 在分词、过去分词作状语，其逻辑主语必须

是主句的主语。）

肀< br>2．动词不定式（带to）、现在分词、过去分词都可以作定语，其中，
动词不定式表示将来的行 为，现在分词表示主动和正在进行，过去分
词表示被动和已经发生。）

莇
The bridge to be built next year will join Zhuhai, Macao and Hong Kong.
（动词不定式作定语）

螅
The boy wearing glasses is my next- door neighbor. （现在分词作定语）

蚃
The stolen car was discovered near a river. （过去分词作定语）
蒇
需要注意的是，某些特殊结构后面只能用动词不定式作定语，它们
是：序数词、only 、动作性名词，如refusal, attempt, effort, willingness,
pressure等。此时则不用考虑时间概念。

肅
He is always the first to come and the last to leave.

袅
He is the only teacher to understand me.

衿
I appreciate your offer to take me to the airport.

艿
另外还有一种结构being + 过去分词作定语，表示一个正在进行的
被动行为：

蚇
The matter being discussed is very important.

螇
The bridge being built was designed by a world-famous designer.

肂
（注：动词不定式、现在分词 、过去分词作定语，其逻辑主语必须
其修饰的那个名词；动词不定式有主动和被动之分。）

葿
3．动词不定式、现在分词、过去分词都可以作宾语补足语，有以下
3种情况：

虿
a）动词不定式带to，跟在某些动词后，构成固定结构，如：ask tell
order persuade allow forbid sb to do，其否定式是not to do。变为
被动结构时，宾语补足语相应变为祝语补足语。此种用法仅限于动词
不定式。

螇
I persuaded him not to go there alone.

蒃
We are not allowed to smoke at school.

膁
The novel is believed is reported is said to have been translated into
Chinese.

蒈
b）动词不定式（不带to）、现在分词、过去分词跟在感官动词see, hear,
notice, observe后作宾语补足语，构成固定结构，其中，动词不定式
表示动作 的全过程，现在分词表示主动和正在进行，过去分词表示被
动和已经发生。

袇
I noticed him enter the school gate.

袄
They saw him walking towards the school.

虿
She was frightened to see the old man knocked down by a car.

芇
变为被动结构时，动 词不定式要加to，现在分词和过去分词不变，
同时宾语补足语变为主语补足语。

羇
He was noticed to enter the school gate.

羁
They were never heard to have a quarrel.

莁
A woman with two children was seen begging in the square.

羆
c）动词不定式（不带to）、现在分词、过去分词跟在使役动词let, make, < br>have后作宾语补足语，构成固定结构，其中，动词不定式表示动作的
全过程，现在分词表示持 续的行为，过去分词表示被动和已经发生。

肆
The teacher had me rewrite my composition.

莂
She made me wash the car for a week.

蝿
I’d like to have this package weighed, please.

聿
He soon had us all laughing at his jokes.

膆
（注：从词义上来说，let sb do = allow sb to do，have sb do = ask sb to
do，而make sb do = force sb to do，其被动式be made to do （动词不
定式要加to）= have to do：He was made to wash the car for a week.）

螃
4．动名词作主语、宾语、表语、定语

薁< br>（动名词，顾名思义是一个名词，虽然它是由动词+ing构成，但它
不再是一个具体的动作，而 是指一件事。另一方面，动名词可以加宾

语或状语，也有否定式、被动式和完成式，仍然 保留了一些动词的用
法。）

螈
Walking is a good form of exercise. （主语）

芆
One of his hobbies is collecting antique coins. （表语）

膄
I’m considering immigrating to Canada. （动词宾语）

罿
He made an apology to me for not having been able to help. （介词宾
语）

薇
There was much opposition to pulling down the school and building a
refuse collection point.

芆
（介词宾语，两个并列）

薅
Building materials often emit (= give off) volatile organic chemicals
(VOCs) into the air. （定语）

蚀
注意：

薀< br>a）带to的动词不定式也可以作主语，但与动名词表示一件事不同，
动词不定式是一个动作，而 且是一个尚未发生的动作。

莆
To learn a foreign language well is not easy.

蚁
To start a sentence with an infinitive sounds awkward as if one is giving
a formal speech.

蒂
动词不定式作主语通常会用it作形式主语：

莈
It is not easy to learn a foreign language well.

蒆
It is important to give her all the help available.

肂
但无论哪种形式作主语，在并列结构中，前后的形式必须一致：

袀
Buying a new TV is as cheap as repairing the old one.

膇
It is as cheap to buy a new TV as it is to repair the old one.

薆
Starting a sentence with an infinitive is not as common as using a
gerund.

艿
b）动名词和现在分词都可以作定语，但现在分词是一个正在进行的
行为：a sleeping bag （动名词） the sleeping baby （现在分词）

莈
a swimming-pool （动名词） the boy swimming in the pool （现在
分词）

蚂
关于非谓语动词还有几点说明：

莁
1．非谓语动词作定语相当 于一个定语从句，作状语相当于一个状语
从句（但作伴随状语时相当于一个并列句），两者基本上可以互 换。

蚀
The boy (who is) swimming in the pool is my half brother.

螆
The car (which was) stolen last week has been found by the police.

蚅
Looking from the top of the hill, we could overlook the whole city.

蒁
= When we looked from the top of the hill, we could overlook the whole
city.

螇
Looked at from this angle, the situation doesn’t seem too disappointing.

蒈
= If it is looked at from this angle, the situation doesn’t seem too
disappointing.

蒄
Not having received a reply, I wrote again.

薁
= Because I didn’t receive hadn’t received a reply, I wrote again.

膈
They came in, singing and dancing.

羆
= They came in and they were singing and dancing.

芃
2．非谓语动词都有一般式和完成式，动词不定式还有进行式 ，其中，
一般式表示该行为与谓语动词同时发生，或在谓语动词之后发生，而
完成式表示该行为 在谓语动词之前发生，进行式当然表示动作正在进
行。

蚁
He is said to live to be living in Canada.

蕿
He is said to have gone to Canada.

蚈
He sat at a table by the window, gazing into space.

芆
Having finished all my homework, I went to the cinema.

螁
I dream of going to Beijing University to study.

羀
Not having been trained as a nurse is his one regret.

膅
3．除了作定语和补足语 ，其他情况下的非谓语动词的逻辑主语通常
就是主句的主语：

肄
To become a college teacher, you must at least have a master’s degree.

袁
Looking out of the window, I saw a man running after a car.

莀
Inspired by his good deeds, I determined to do more volunteer work.

袇
Do you mind closing the door?

螃
非谓语动词作定语时，其逻辑 主语是它所修饰的那个名词，作补足
语时，则是它前面的那个名词：

袁
The sleeping baby looks so cute.

薇
The baby sleeping in the cradle looks so cute.

芅
The first newspaper to be printed in English came out over 100 years
ago.

薂
Life is very difficult for those laid-off workers.

羁
Convinced Believing that he didn’t take the money, I let him go.

羈
His words set me thinking.

羇
A phone call sent him hurrying to the hospital.

薅
She left the baby crying left the car unlocked.

肀
（最后三句中的setsendleave sb doing属于固定用法，表示“让某
人做某事；使…处于…状态，后接形容词、现在分词或过去分词）

螄
4．现在分词、过去分词作状语时，其逻辑主语也可以是另外的名词，
而 不是主句的主语，通常是在分词前加上该名词，构成名词 + 分词
结构，叫做独立主格结构。试比较：

袀
An old man walked past, followed by a dog. （分词的逻辑主语是主句
的主语）

蝿
An old man walked past, a dog following him. （独立主格结构）

薅
Having lost the key, I couldn’t enter my office. （分词的逻辑主语是主
句的主语）

膅
The key lost, I couldn’t enter my office. （独立主格结构）

薁
Having been damaged by the heavy rain, the bridge was no longer safe.

薈
（分词的逻辑主语是主句的主语）

蚅
All the flights having been cancelled because of the heavy rain, we had
to wait. （独立主格结构）

薅
5．动名词作主语、宾语、表语时也可以另带逻辑主语。试比较：

聿
Do you mind turning down the air conditioner a little? （动名词的逻辑
主语是主句的主语）

薀
Do you mind my me smoking? （动名词的逻辑主语是me）

螅
Imagine living alone on a lonely island for a few years. （动名词的逻
辑主语是主句的主语）

蚂
I can’t imagine Tom Tom’s cooking dinner. （动名词的逻辑主语是
Tom）

螁
He is used to living in such cold weather. （动名词的逻辑主语是主句
的主语）

荿
He is used to his students his students’ being late. （动名词的逻辑主
语是his students）

袅
动名词另带主语时 ，可在动名词前加名词、宾格代词或物主形容词，
但作主语的动名词，要加逻辑主语就只能用物主形容词 。比较：

肃
We were very happy at Tom Tom’s him his coming to visit.

蒃
Tom’s His coming to visit made us very happy.

膈
6．动词不定式的逻辑主语有以下三种：

羄
a) 是主句的主语，如：I want to go home. To find more information,
visit .

蒄
b) 是前面的名词，如：He told me to stay. Permit me to introduce the
guests to you.

羁
c) 由for sb of sb构成，如：It’s easy for me to make a cake. It’s kind
of you to say so.

袇
In order for you to hear clearly, I will speak slowly and carefully.

羄
（of结构仅用于描述人的句式中，即前面有描述人的品性的词，如
kind, wise, silly等。）

袅
五、英语句子小结

蚃英语句子主要有简单句、并列句、主从复合句三大类。简单句又可
分为肯定句、否定句、疑问句、祈 使句、感叹句等。从语气上来说，
英语句子有陈述语气（陈述句，用于陈述一个事实）、祈使语气（祈< br>使句，用于表达命令和要求）、虚拟语气（用来表示一个与事实相反

的假设）三种 。

羀
1. 简单句（一个句子）：主谓宾定补状6部分组成，最小是主谓结
构，如：He left (early).

肄
The teacher said something.

肂
主谓
（注意时态和语态）
宾

袇
The shy teacher said something.

蒅
（shy是形容词，作定语，修饰名词）

袀
The shy teacher said something quietly in a low voice.

腿
（
quietly
是副词，
in a low voice
是介词短语，都作方式状语）


蕿
The shy teacher said something quietly in the classroom yesterday.

膄
（
in the cl assroom
是介词短语，作地点状语，
yesterday
是时间副词，
做时间状语）

芄
The teacher asked me to write The teacher made me write the
composition again.

薀
(to write…和wr ite…都是动词不定式短语作宾语补足语。不带to的
动词不定式只跟在感官动词如see, hear, notice, observe和使役动词
make, let, have后。)

肆
英语中也有一种无主语的句子，就是祈使句：

芆
Sit down please. Please be seated. Take a seat. 请坐。（肯定句）

莄
Don’t leave me alone. Don’t be late again. （否定句，也可加主语：
Don’t you be late again. ）

羀
2. 并列句和主从复合句（主句 + 并列句从句）

螈
英语中，两个和两个以上的句子必须是一个主句 + 一个或以上的并
列句从句。

羅
并列句和从句的标志就是前面都必须有引导词或连接词。

蒄
1) 主句 + 并列句（由并列连接词and, but, or, so引导）

莁
The teacher said something and (he) left the classroom. （后一句是并
列句）

膆
Hurry up, or we’ll be late. （第一句是主句，没有引导词 --- 是一个
祈使句，即无主句）

螄
He is world- famous but he is very modest.

薄
（第一句是主句，第二句是并列句，有并列连接词but引导。）

蒈< br>注意：英语中有一种连接副词常被中国学生误用为并列连接词，常
见的有however, therefore, furthermore, consequently, as a result,
otherwise等。主要原因是这些副词在意思上分别相当于but, so和or，
而位置也正好在两句之间：He is not rich, however, he is honest. || He
got up late, therefore, he didn’t catch the early bus.这样的句子当然是错
误的。连接副词有三种正确的形式：a) 另起一句; b) 前面用分号; c)
用and引导。如：

袈
I got up early and therefore I caught the early bus.

莅
I got up early; therefore, I caught the early bus.

莆
I got up early. Therefore, I caught the early bus.

蚁
2) 主从复合句

膈
英语的从句有状语从句、定语从句和名词 性从句（即主语从句、宾
语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）三大类，相当于一个句子作状语、
作 定语、作主语、作宾语、作表语、作同位语。

莈
a) 主句 + 状语从句（斜体为从句引导词）

蒆
I got up early so that I could catch the train. 主句 + 目的状语从句

肂
As long as you work hard, you will eventually succeed. 条件状语从句
+ 主句

袀
I have put the picture where I can see it every day. 主句 + 地点状语
从句

膇
b) 主句 + 定语从句（斜体为从句引导词）

薅
由关系代词who, whom, whose, which, that引导（也有关系副词when,

where, why）。关系代词、关系副词必须代替先行词（就是定语从句
所修饰的那个词），是定语从句必不可少 的句子成分：

蒃
The teacher who was shy said something.

莈
（who指人，代替先行词the teacher，在定语从句（划线部分，下同）
中作主语。）

羆
All (that) we need All that is needed is a continuous supply of money.

蚅
（that既可以指人又可以指物，本句中 指物，代词先行词all，在定
语从句中分别作宾语（第一句）、作主语（第二句），加括号表示可以< br>省略。）

蚀
注意：关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时可以省略，但作介词的宾 语
且介词提前时就不能省略。

肀
I will never forget the day when on which I first met her.

蚅
Do you know the reason why for which he resigned?

螅
另外，定语从句中介词提前时，后面只 能跟which和whom，不能用

who和that，介词不提前则都可以，还可以省 略（用括号表示）：

肁
Do you know the teacher (who whom) he is referring to?

蒈
Do you know the teacher to whom he is referring?

螈
（在定语从句中，who既是主格又是宾格，但whom只是宾格。）

薁
c) 主句 + 主语从句宾语从句表语从句同位语从句（统称为名词
性从句）

膈
He told me He said that he came from China. 主句 + 宾语从句（划
线部分，斜体为引导词）

羅
He asked when why how whether I was leaving Shenzhen, 主句 +
宾语从句

节
The problem is how we can solve the problem in such a short time. 主
句 + 表语从句

蚁
That China is a developing country is known to all. 主句 + 主语从句

薈
= It is known to all that China is a developing country. （that引导主语
从句常用it作形式主语）

莃
I was surprised at the news that he was leaving Shenzhen. 主句 + 同
位语从句

羁
（一个名词是另外一个名 词的同位语表示两个词指的是同一个人或
物，第二个名词是同位语。同位语从句常跟在fact, news, suggestion,
impression, belief, idea, thought, sign等词之后，表示这些名词的具体
内容。又如： Shenzhen, once a small fishing village, is now a
metropolitan city. || There’re signs that the economy is recovering. 划线
部分均为同位语。）

螁
3. 并列句和从句引导词小结

罿
1) 并列句引导词

膅
and, but, or, for, so

肄
2) 定语从句引导词

袁
which, that, who, whom, whose, when, where, why, as

膆
3) 名词性从句引导词

袇
that (用于陈述事实), if whether (用于一般疑问), when, where, what,
which, who, whose, how (用于特殊疑问)

螃
4) 状语从句引导词

袀
英语有12种状语从句，引导词也有近百个，举例如下：

薇
as, because, when, before, since, so that, although, as long as,
providingprovided, in case, immediately (= as soon as), however (= no
matter how), whatever (=1. no matter what 2. anything that), so … that …,
on that (= because), now that (=since), where, whether, while

羅
4．存在句(There be)小结

节
基本结构：There be + 名词 + 状语

蚀
复合结构：There be + 名词 + 定语（介词短语、动词不定式、现在
分词过去分词、从句）

薈
There were two boys (swimming) in the lake at the time.

蚆
So far there have been 2 cars stolen.

羀
Nowadays there are a growing number of students going abroad to
study.

螀
There will be a lecture on health in Room 101 at 4 pm next Monday.

羈
Once there was an island on which no one lived.

膄
六、基础练习-修改病句

肃
1. Many student are will go to work after graduating.

袀
2. However, there are also some study choice go on studying.

膅
3. I think they went to college was in order to found a good job.

袆
4. But someone maybe go on studying to increase their knowledge.

袂
5. However, there are some others students go on studying after

graduation.

羀
6. Only world full of love we can live better life.

薆
7. Each people all have own dream.

肀
8. Meanwhile, they face with a problem that is find a job or to go on
studying after graduating.

莇
9. When people retire is appropriate?

螅
10. There have some people support this way

蚃
11. I’m agree with the don’t postponed the retirement age.

螂
12. With the development of the society, the retirement age more and
more get the attention of people.

莀
13. In recent years, the problem that Should Retirement Age Be
Postponed has become a hot topic.

袅
14. But smoking in public place not only harms their own health, but

also harm the health of others.

肄
15. In order to yourself and your family health, quit smoking.

膀
16. They earn some money so that they can independence.

腿
17. There are many ways to know the society. For example, by TV, radio,
newspaper and so on.

袅
18. Once one have money，he can do what he want to do.

蒅
19. And we can also know the society by serving it yourself.

羂
20. The fresh water，it is the most important things of the earth.
（此部分没有标准答案，只要修改后的句子没有语法错误即可。）