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英语初级语法

作者:高考题库网
来源:https://www.bjmy2z.cn/gaokao
2020-10-21 05:14
tags:英语语法学习

沙发两用床-生旦净丑的意思

2020年10月21日发(作者:方晓天)



名词变复数变化规则

1、一般情况下,直接加-s,如:book-books, bag-bags, cat- cats, bed-beds
2、以s、 x、 sh、 ch结尾,加-es,如:bus- buses, box-boxes, brush-brushes,
watch-watches
3、以“辅音字母+y”结尾,变y为i, 再加-es,如:family-families, strawberr
y-strawberries
4、以“f或fe”结尾,变f或fe为v, 再加-es,如:knife-knives 5.不规则名词
复数: man-men, woman-women, policeman- policemen, policewoman-policewomen,
mouse-mice child-children foot-feet,、tooth-teeth fish-fish, people-people,
Chinese-Chinese, Japanese- Japanese

分析例句学冠词
乘飞机去北京花了史密斯一家人一个小时。
[误] It takes Smiths a hour to go to Beijing by a plane.
[正] It takes the Smiths an hour to go to Beijing by plane.
[析]a.表示“??一家人”用结构“the + 姓氏复数”;
b.our 一词的第一个字母不发音,它是以元音音素开头的,所以“一小时”要
用 an hour;
c.用介词by表示“乘坐”某种交通工具时,交通工具名词前不加任何冠词。

分析例句学定冠词
一、定冠词不与表示一类人或事物的复数名词连用。例如:
1. I like reading the books.(×) I like reading books.(√)
2. She likes the cats.(×) She likes cats.(√)




二、定冠词不能用在某些习惯用语中的名词前面。例如:
1. I have lunch at the noon.(×) I have lunch at noon.(√)
2. We go to school by the bus.(×) We go to school by bus.(√)

三、定冠词不能用在某些专用名词和不可数名词前面。例如:
1. I like the China.(×) I like China.(√)
2. Would you like a cup of the water? (×)
Would you like a cup of water?(√)

四、定冠词不能用在节日、日期、月份、季节前面。例如:
1. Today is the Teachers' Day. (×)
Today is Teachers' Day.(√)
2. He was born in the May in 1987. (×)
He was born in May in 1987. (√)

五、定冠词不能用在表示称呼语或某些头衔的名词前面(尤其作表语、宾补时)。例如:
1. Good morning, the sir!(×)Good morning, sir! (√)
2. I need some help, the Mummy.(×)
I need some help, Mummy.(√)

六、定冠词不能与名词前已有作定语用的this, that, my, your, some, any等代词连
用。例如:
1. This the pen is mine. (×)
This pen is mine.(√)
2. I have the some money. (×)
I have some money. (√)




七、定冠词不能用在表示科目名词的前面。例如:
1. We will learn the Chinese, the history and the Maths this afternoon.
(×)
We will learn Chinese, history and Maths this afternoon.(√)
2. The English is the most interesting of all the subjects.(×)
English is the most interesting of all the subjects.(√)

八、定冠词不能用在三餐和球类运动名词的前面。例如:
1. She goes to school after the breakfast every morning.(×)
She goes to school after breakfast every morning.(√)
2. We often play the football after school. (×)
We often play football after school. (√)


分析例句学代词
1. 这张票是她的,不是我的。
[误] This is hers ticket. It’s not my.
[正] This is her ticket. It’s not mine.
[析] 物主代词有形容词性物主代词和名词性 物主代词之分。形容词性物主代词之后
一定要接名词,而名词性物主代词之后不需接任何词。
2. 吴老师教我们英语。
[误] Miss Wu teaches our English.
[正] Miss Wu teaches us English.
[析] teach sb. sth..中的sb.作teach的宾语,因此当sb.为人称代词时要用其宾
格形式。



分析例句学介词
1. 你能找到这个问题的答案吗?
[误] Can you find the answer of this question?
[正] Can you find the answer to this question?
[析] 英语中用“the answer to ?”表示“??的答案”。类似结构还有the key
to the door, the way to the zoo等。
2. 格林先生星期六上午来这里。
[误] Mr. Green will come here in Sunday evening.
[正] Mr. Green will come here on Sunday evening.
[析] 表示在上午、下午等时,介词要用in;而表示在具体的某天上午、下午时,介
词要用on.
3. 那个穿着红裙子的小女孩是我们老师的女儿。
[误] That little girl on a red skirt is our teacher’s daughter.
[正] That little girl in a red skirt is our teacher’s daughter.
[析] 用介词表示“穿戴衣物”时,只能用in,其他介词没有此用法。

数词篇
一、基数词
1)基数词写法和读法: 345 three hundred and forty-five;
2)基数词一般是单数形式,但下列情况,常用复数:
a. 与of 短语连用,表示概数,不能与具体数目连 用,如scores of people 指许多
人;
b. 在一些表示“一排”或“一组”的词组里;



如:They arrived in twos and threes. 他们三三两两的到达了。
c. 表示“几十岁”;
d. 表示“年代”,用 in +the +数词复数;
e. 在乘法运算的一种表示法里,如:3 x 5 = 15 Three fives is (are) fifteen.

二、序数词
序数词的缩写形式: first—1st second—2nd thirty- first—31st
英语序数词学习要点

(一)、序数词的表示法
1. 以下是最基本的序数词,学习者必须牢记:first(第1), second(第2), third(第3), four
th (第4), fifth(第5), sixth(第6), seventh(第7), eighth(第8), ninth(第9), tenth(第10), eleve
nth(第11), twelfth(第12), thirteenth(第13), fourteenth(第14), fifteenth(第15), sixteenth(第1
6), seventeenth(第17), eighteenth(第18), nineteenth(第19), twentieth(第20), thirtieth(第30),
fortieth(第40), fiftieth(第50), sixtieth(第60), seventieth(第70), eightieth(第80), ninetieth(第
90)。
【说明】① 许多序数词是由相应的基数词后加th构成的,如:four fourth,six si
xth,ten tenth,sixteen sixteenth,但是nine变为序数词是ninth,而不是nineth。
② twentieth, thirtieth, fortieth 等表示整十的序数词,由相应的基数词将词尾y改为ie,
再加th 构成。
③ first, second, third 通常可缩写为1st, 2nd, 3rd。凡是以th结尾的序数词可缩写为“基
数词+th”:4th, 5th, 9th, 11th, 60th, 128th等。
2. 非整十的多位数,将个位数变成序数词即可:twenty-first(第21),thirty- sixth(第36),
ninety-ninth(第99),three hundred and sixty-fifth(第365)等。
3. hundred, thousand, million 等序数词形式为 hundredth, thousandth, millionth 等:
five hundredth (500th) 第500 ten thousandth (10, 000th) 第10000)
注意:这类词前用数字“一”时,这个“一”只用one,不用a:
one hundredth 第100(不说a hundredth)

(二)、既可序数词也可用基数词的场合
1. 日期的表示法通常用序数词,也可用基数词,如“5月5日”在书面语中通常写成5
May(英)或May 5th(美),而在口语中则通常说成 the fifth of May,May the fifth(英), Ma
y fifth(美)等。



2. 在类似编号的场合,用序数词应放在被修饰词语之前,若用基数词则置于其后:
the First Lesson lesson one 第一课 the tenth chapter chapter ten 第10章
the sixth line line 6 第6 行 the third part part three 第三部分
但是,在许多情况下,用基数词比用序数词更合适、更方便:
Book One 第一册 Room 805 805房
page 110 第110页 Bus Number Ten 第10路公共汽车

(三)、序数词前使用冠词应注意的两点
1. 序数词前通常要用定冠词
It’s the third time I’ve been here. 这是我第三次来这儿。
The second is better than the first. 第二个比第一个好。
【说明】① 表示考试或比赛等的名次时,通常省略定冠词:
She was (the) third in the exam. 她考试得了第三名。
②序数词用作副词时也通常不用冠词:
He came first. 他先来。
I’ll have to finish my homework first. 我得先把作业做完。
③有些习语中的序数词前没有冠词:
at first 开始 at first sight 乍看起来 first of all 首先
④ 但若序数词前用了物主代词或名词所有格,则不能再用定冠词:
his second wife 他的第二个妻子 Tom’s third book 汤姆的第三本书
2. 序数词前有时可用不定冠词,表示次第在原有基础上的增加:
A second student stood up. 又一个(第二个)学生站了起来。
I want to read the book a third time. 这本书我想读第三次。
序数词前用定冠词和不定冠词的区别在于,定冠词表特指,不定冠词表泛指,有类似a
nother的 意思,但比another 的意思更明确:
I like the third girl. 我喜欢第三个女孩。(至少有三个女孩供选择,特指)
I saw a third girl. 我又看见了第三个女孩。(暗示原来已看见两个,这已是第三个)

三、 数词的用法
1)倍数表示法
a. 主语+谓语+倍数(或分数)+ as + adj. + as
I have three times as many as you. 我有你三倍那么多。
b. 主语+谓语+倍数(分数)+ the size (amount,length?) of?
The earth is 49 times the size of the moon. 地球是月球的49倍。



c. 主语+谓语+倍数(分数)+ 形容词(副词)比较级+ than?
The grain output is 8 percent higher this year than that of last year.
今年比去年粮食产量增加8%。
d. 还可以用by+倍数,表示增加多少倍
The production of grain has been increased by four times this year.
今年粮食产量增加了4倍。
2)分数表示法
构成:基数词代表分子,序数词代表分母。分子大于1时,分子的序数词用单数,分母
序数词用复数:
13 one-third ; 337 three thirty-sevenths.

一般现在时的用法
1) 经常性或习惯性的动作,常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用。
时间状语: every?, sometimes, at?, on Sunday
I leave home for school at 7 every morning.
2) 客观真理,客观存在,科学事实。
The earth moves around the sun.
Shanghai lies in the east of China.
3) 表示格言或警句中。
Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。
注意:此用法如果出现在宾语从句中,即使主句是过去时,从句谓语也要用一般现在时。
例:Columbus proved that the earth is round..



4) 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。
I don't want so much.
Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well.
比较:Now I put the sugar in the cup.
I am doing my homework now.
第一句用一般现在时,用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作,表示言行的瞬间动作。
再如:Now watch me, I switch on the current and stand back. 第二句中的now是进行
时的标志,表示正在进行的动作的客观状况,所以后句用一般现在时。

一般将来时
1) shall用于第一人称,常被will 所代替。
will 在陈述句中用于各人称,在争求意见时常用于第二人称。
Which paragraph shall I read first.
Will you be at home at seven this evening?
2) be going to +不定式,表示将来。
a. 主语的意图,即将做某事。
What are you going to do tomorrow?
b. 计划,安排要发生的事。
The play is going to be produced next month。
c. 有迹象要发生的事
Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.
3) be +不定式表将来,按计划或正式安排将发生的事。
We are to discuss the report next Saturday.



4) be about to +不定式,意为马上做某事。
He is about to leave for Beijing.
注意:be about to 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。

现在完成时
现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状 态,其结果的确和现在有联系。动作或
状态发生在过去 但它的影响现在还存在;也可表示持续到现在的动作或 状态。其构成:
have (has) +过去分词

一般过去时的用法
1)在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。
时间状语有:yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。
Where did you go just now?
2)表示在过去一段时间内,经常性或习惯性的动作。
When I was a child, I often played football in the street.
Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcom
e.
3)句型:
It is time for sb. to do sth 到??时间了 该??了
It is time sb. did sth. 时间已迟了 早该??了
It is time for you to go to bed. 你该睡觉了。
It is time you went to bed. 你早该睡觉了。
would (had) rather sb. did sth. 表示'宁愿某人做某事'
I'd rather you came tomorrow.
4) wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时,作试探性的询问、请求、建议等。



I thought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些。
比较:
一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去,现已不复存在。
Christine was an invalid all her life.
(含义:她已不在人间。)
Christine has been an invalid all her life.
(含义:她现在还活着)
Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years.
(含义:达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)
Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years.
( 含义:现在还住在肯塔基州,有可能指刚离去)
注意: 用过去时表示现在,表示委婉语气。
1)动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。
Did you want anything else?
I wondered if you could help me.
2)情态动词 could, would.
Could you lend me your bike?

情态动词如何表猜测
情态动词用于肯定猜测

1. must用于肯 定句,表示较有把握的推测,意为“准是,一定”。后面接动词原形,表
示对现在的推测。如:

-I've had no sleep for 48 hours. 我已经48小时没睡觉了。



-You must be very tired. 你一定很累了。

2. should用于肯定句中,语气次之,意为“很可能,应该”,指按常理推测。如:

They left yesterday. They should be home by now. 他们昨天就离开了,现在该到家了。

3. can用在肯定句中,表示理论上的可能性。如:

Smoking can cause cancer. 吸烟有可能引起癌症。

4. may用在肯定句中,表示对现在把握不大的推测,意为“也许,可能”。如:

Don't play with the knife. You may cut yourself. 不要玩小刀,你可能会伤了自己。

5. could, might也可表示推测意义 ,常用在过去时态中;但在某些场合下,为了使语气
更缓和、更委婉,常用could, might代替can, may。如:

They saw something in the sky last night. It couldmight be a UFO. 昨天晚上他们看见天空
中有个东西。它有可能是不明飞行物。

You maymightcould be very tired. 你可能很累吧!

情态动词用于否定猜测

1. 表示否定的推测时,can'tcouldn't语气最 强,指“不可能”,带有惊异、怀疑的感情色
彩。如:

The story sounds reasonable, but it can't be true. 这个故事听起来合情合理,但不可能是真
的。

2. 语气不很肯定时,常用may not或might not表否定推测,意为“可能不,也许不”。
如:

He may notmight not be at home. 他可能不在家。

情态动词用于疑问句表猜测

疑问句中的推测,常用can或could,意为“可能”。如:

Who can it be? Can it be Jenny? 那会是谁呢?是珍妮吗?

The money has disappeared! Who could have taken it? 钱不见了!会是谁拿去的呢?

Oh, how could you be so stupid? 哦,你怎么会这么愚蠢呢?




Can 可以,Could 过去

May 和 Might两准许

Must have to 两必须

Should 表应该

Need 需不需

had better 最好去


形容词与副词的比较级
大多数形容词(性质形容词)和副词有比较级和最高级的变化,即原级 、比较级和最高级,
用来表示事物的等级差别。原级即形容词的原形,比较级和最高级有规则变化和不规 则变化
两种。

1) 规则变化
单音节词和少数双音节词,加词尾-er,-est来构成比较级和最高级。

构成法 原级 比较级 最高级 -----------------------------
-- -------------------------
一般单音节词 tall(高的) taller tallest
未尾加-er,-est great(巨大的) greater greatest
以不发音的e结尾 nice(好的) nicer nicest
的单音词和少数 large(大的) larger largest
以- le结尾的双 able(有能力的) abler ablest
音节词只加-r,-st
以一个辅音字母 big(大的) bigger biggest
结尾的闭音节单 hot热的) hotter hottest
音节词,双写结
尾的辅音字母,
再加-er,-est

以辅音字母+yeasy(容易的) easier easiest
结尾的双音节词,busy(忙的) busier busiest
改y为i,再加



-er,-est
少数以-er,-ow clever(聪明的) cleverer cleverest
结尾的双音节词 narrow(窄的) narrower narrowest
未尾加-er,-est

其他双音节词和 important(重要的)
多音节词,在前 more important
面加more,most most important
来构成比较级和 easily(容易地)
最高级。 more easily
most easily


虚拟语气
如果你看到下列的句子,你会认为它们是正确的还是错的呢?
1.I wish I were a bird.
request that you be here tomorrow.
也许你会说:哈哈,第一句的 I were 错了,应该是 I was;而第二句中的 you be是
什么东东呀?不是 you are, 也不是 you will be, 什么 you be?!其实上面的句子都是
一种称为 Subjunctive 类型的句子。Subjunctive Mood 有的书译为假设语气,虽不很贴
切;但在相当大的程 度上,告诉我们这种句子的特点。Subjunctive Mood中文译作虚拟语
气,似乎不及假设 语气那么容易明白。它是一种动词形式,表示说话人的某种假设、愿
望、怀疑、猜测、建议等含义。基本 上,虚拟语气可分为虚拟现在(Subjunctive Present)
和虚拟过去(Subjunctive Past)两种;但它们和时态(Tenses)上所指的现在时态(Present
Tense)和过去时态(Past Tense)是有所不同的。
一、虚拟现在(Subjunctive Present):
虚拟现在的句子,在任何时候都要用动词的原形(root form),就算是第三人称(he,sh
e, it)也是如此。如:
1.1 现在时态(Simple Present): (右边为虚拟语气)
I work ---- I work



you work ---- you work
he works ---- he work (注意到了吗,是 work,不是 works)
she works ---- she work (不是 she works 喔)
it works ---- it work (同样不是 it works 喔)
we work ---- we work
they work ---- they work
1.2 现在进行时态(Present Continuous):(右边为虚拟语气)
I am working ---- I be working (注意用的是 be,怪怪的!)
you are working ---- you be working
he is working ---- he be working
she is working ---- she be working
it is working ---- it be working
we are working ---- we be working
they are woring ---- they be working
1.3 现在完成时态(Present Perfect):(右边为虚拟语气)
I have worked ---- I have worked
you have worked ---- you have worked
he has worked ----- he have worked (用的还是have喔)
she has worked ---- she have worked
it has worked ---- it have worked
we have worked ---- we have worked
they have worked ---- they have worked



1.4 现在完成进行时态(Present Perfect Continuous):(右边为虚拟语气)
I have been working ---- I have been working
you have been working ---- you have been working
he has been working ---- he have been working (是 he have, 不是 he has )
she has been working ---- she have been working
it has been working --- it have been working
we have been working ---- we have been working
they have been working ---- they have been working
谈谈虚拟语气(Subjunctive Mood)(二)
二、虚拟过去(Subjunctive Past)
虚拟过去的动词无论在什么情况之下都要用过去复数形式。如:动词 be,在虚拟过去
中要用 were。
2.1 过去时态(Simple Past):(右边为虚拟语气)
I worked ---- I worked
you worked ---- you worked
he worked ---- he worked
she worked ---- she worked
it worked ---- it worked
we worked ---- we worked
they worked ---- they worked
2.2 过去进行时态(Past Continuous):(右边为虚拟语气)
I was working ---- I were working (注意是 I were)



you were working ---- you were working
he was working ---- he were working (是 he were 喔)
she was working ---- she were working
it was working ---- it were working
we were working ---- we were working
they were working ---- they were working
2.3 过去完成时态(Past Perfect):(右边为虚拟语气)
I had worked ---- I had worked
you had worked ---- you had worked
he had worked ---- he had worked
she had worked ---- she had worked
it had worked ---- it had worked
we had worked ---- we had worked
they had worked ---- they had worked
(耶,全部都用 had ! )
2.4 过去完成进行时态(Past Perfect Continuous):(右边为虚拟语气)
I had been working ---- I had been working
you had been working ---- you had been working
he had been working ---- he had been working
she had been working ---- she had been working
it had been working ---- it had been working
we had been working ---- we had been working



they had been working ---- they had been working

名词所有格
在英语中,特别是表示有生命的名词,可以加's表示所属关系,名 词的这种形式我们称之
为名词的所有格。
一、名词词尾加's的所有格
1. 一般情况在名词后加's
例如:
That girl's coat is in the room. 那个女孩的衣服在房间里。
2. 在以s结尾的名词(包括以s结尾的复数名词)后面,只加 '。 如果复数名词不是
以s结尾的,末尾也要加's。例如:
Today is September 10th, Teachers' Day. 今天是九月十日,教师节。
Children's Day is coming, I should buy something new for my son. 儿童节马上
就要到了,我应该为我的儿子买一些新东西。
3. 表示词组内的并列名词各自的所有关系时,须在各个名词后加's;如果一个东西为
两个人或者两 个以上的人共同拥有,只在最后一个名词后面加's。例如:
They are John's and Kate's rooms. How beautiful they are! 这是约翰和凯特的
房间。它们(指房间)太漂亮了!
He is Lily and Lucy's father. 他是莉莉和露西的爸爸。
4. 表示某人的家、店铺等的所有格,一般可以省略它后面所修饰的名词。例如:
My father and I will have dinner at the Johnson's (home )。 我爸爸和我将要
去约翰逊的家吃晚饭。
We will have our hair cut at the barber's(shop) tomorrow afternoon. 明天下
午我们要去理发店理发。
5. 有些指时间、距离、国家、城镇等的名词,也可以加's构成所有格。例如:
There is something important in today's newspaper. 今天的报纸上有一些重要的
东西。
It's about ten minutes' walk from school to our home every day. 每天从学校
到我们家步行大约需要十分钟。
6. 英语名词所有格修饰的词,如果前面已经提到过,后面则可以省略,以防止重复。



例如:
This is not Dick's dictionary, but is Tom's. 这不是迪克的字典,但是是汤姆的。

二、由of短语构成的所有格
1. 表示无生命的名词一般与of构成短语,表示所有关系。如There is a river on
the other side of the road. 在公路的另一边有一条河。
2. 有时我们用名词 + of +名词所有格构成双重所有格的形式。例如:
This is a photo of Mr Brown's. 这是一张布朗先生的照片。
名词所有格用法口诀
英语名词所有格,表示物品所有权。
名词后加 's,这种情况最常见。
两者共有添最后,各有各添记心间。
复数名词有s, 后面只把 '来添。
名词若为无生命,我们常把of用。
A of B是B的A,体现英汉序不同。

主动与被动
语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。
主语是动作的发出者为主动语态;主语是动作的接受者为被动语态。
1)若宾语补足语是不带to 的不定式,变为被动语态 时,该不定式前要加。此类
动词为感官动词。
feel, hear, help, listen to, look at, mak英语e, observe, see, notice, watc
h
The teacher made me go out of the classroom。
--> I was made to go out of the classroom (by the teacher)。
We saw him play football on the playground。
--> He was seen to play football on the playground。
2)情态动词+ be +过去分词,构成被动语态。
Coal can be used to produce electricity for agriculture and industry。



全部倒装
全部倒装是只将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用与一般现在时和 一
般过去时。常见的结构有:
1) here, there, now, then, thus等副词置于句首, 谓语动词常用be, come, go, l
ie, run。
There goes the bell.
Then came the chairman.
Here is your letter.
2) 表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首,谓语表示运动的动词。
Out rushed a missile from under the bomber.
Ahead sat an old woman.
注意:上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词,如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒
装。
Here he comes. Away they went.

部分倒装
部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词
或情态动词 ,则需添加助动词do, does或did,并将其置于主语之前。
1) 句首为否定或半否定的词语,如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at
no time, in no way, not until? 等。
Never have I seen such a performance.
Nowhere will you find the answer to this question.
Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room.
当Not until引出主从复合句,主句倒装,从句不倒装。



注意: 如否定词不在句首不倒装。
I have never seen such a performance.
The mother didn't leave the room until the child fell asleep.
典型例题
1) Why can't I smoke here?
At no time___ in the meeting-room
A. is smoking permitted B. smoking is permitted
C. smoking is it permitted D. does smoking permit
答案A. 这是一个倒装问题。当否定词语置于句首以表示强调时,其句中的主谓须用倒
装结构。 这些否定词包括no, little, hardly, seldom, never, not only, not until
等。本题的正常语序是 Smoking is permitted in the meeting-room at no time.
2) Not until the early years of the 19th century ___ what heat is.
A. man did know B. man know C. didn't man know D. did man know
答案D. 看到Not until?的句型,我们知道为一倒装句,答案在C,D 中选一个。
改写为正常语序为,Man did not know what heat is until the early years of th
e 19th. 现在将not提前,后面就不能再用否定了,否则意思就变了。

可数名词与不可数名词
一、可数名词与不可数名词的区别
普通名词所表示的人或事物是可以按个数计算的,这类 名词叫可数名词。可数名词分为
个体名词(表示某类人或事物中的个体,如worker, farmer, desk, factory等)和集体名词
(表示作为一个整体来看的一群人或一些事物,如people, family 等)。如果普通名词所
表示的事物是不能按个数来计算的,这类名词就叫不可数名词。不 可数名词分为物质名词(表
示无法分为个体的物质,如meat, rice, water, milk, orange 等)和抽象名词(表示动作、
状态、情况、品质等抽象概念,如work, homework, time, health, friendship等)。



二、关于可数名词
可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。指一 个人或一件事物时,用单数形式;指两个或多个
人或事物时用复数形式。名词由单数形式变成复数形式的 规则如下:
1. 一般的名词词尾直接加-s 。如:
book → books room → rooms
house → houses day → days
2. 以s, ss, ch, sh, x 结尾的名词,在词尾加-es 。如:
bus → buses glass → glasses
watch → watches
dish → dishes box → boxes
3. 以辅音字母+y结尾的名词,要先将y改为i再加-es。如:
city → cities body → bodies
factory → factories等等。
4. 以f 或fe 结尾的名词,要将f或fe改为v再加-es。如:
half → halves leaf → leaves
knife → knives wife → wives
5. 特例 [悄悄话:特例常常考,要记住。]
① child → children
② man → men woman → women
policeman → policemen
(规律:man → men)
③ tomato → tomatoes
potato → potatoes
[悄悄话: 初中英语以o 结尾的名词变复数时只有这两个词加- es,其余的当然加-s
喽!如:photo → photos ]
④ foot → feet tooth → teeth
[悄悄话: oo变成ee。]
⑤ sheep, Chinese, Japanese单、复数同形 [悄悄话:变复数时词形不变。]
⑥ people单数形式表示复数意义,要求谓语动词用复数; people的复数形式peopl
es通常指“多个民族”。

三、关于不可数名词



1. 不可数名词没有复数,当它作句子的主语时,谓语动词要用单数形式。
如:The food is very fresh. 食品很新鲜。
2. 有的不可数名词也可以作可数名词,有复数形式,但他们的意义往往发生变化。
如:water (水) → waters (水域)
orange (橘汁) → oranges (橘子)
3. 很多的不可数名词表示泛指时为不可数,表示种类时就可数,但意义大多不发生变
化。
如:fruit → fruits food → foods
fish → fishes hair → hairs

四、名词可数不可数“六注意”
1、可数名词是可以用来计数的名词。可数名词有单数和复数形式。如:desk-desks,
apple-apples等。不可数名词是不可以直接用来计数的名词。不可数名词没有复数形式,< br>只有单数形式。如:some bread, a little milk等。
2、单数可数名词表示泛指时,前面要用不定冠词a(an),表示特指时,前面要用定冠
词the; 而不可数名词前不能用a(an)修饰,表示特指时,前面一定要用定冠词the。如:
He is a factory worker. 他是一名工人。
No one can see air. 没有人能看见空气。
3、可数名词和不可数名词前都可以用some, any, a lot of, lots of 等来修饰,表
示一些,许多。如:
There are some oranges on the desk. 桌子上有一些桔子。
There is a lot of water in the bottle. 瓶里有许多水。
4、可数名词前可用具体的数词来表示具体的数量。如:two apples, four books等。
不可数名词前通常用单位词+of来表示数量。如: a piece of paper, three pieces of
paper等。
5、可数名词作主语时,谓语动词的单复数与主语的单复数保持一致。如:
This picture is very beautiful. 这幅画很美。
不可数名词作主语时, 谓语动词要用单数形式,但是不可数名词前有复数单位词时,
谓语动词要用复数形式。如:
There are two cups of tea on the table. 桌上有两杯茶。



6、对可数名词前的修饰语提问用how many; 对不可数名词前的修饰语提问用how muc
h。 如:
How many apples are there in the box?盒子里有多少个苹果?
How much tea is there in the cup?杯里有多少茶水?
注意:对不可数名词前的单位词的修饰语提问时,疑问词用how many。 如:
How many pieces of bread are there on the plate?盘子里有多少片面包?


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