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薄冰实用英语语法详解

作者:高考题库网
来源:https://www.bjmy2z.cn/gaokao
2020-10-21 05:22
tags:英语语法学习

穿山甲英语-脑的拼音

2020年10月21日发(作者:明亮)


被动语态
现在范畴


过去范畴


将来范畴



一般现在时
现在进行时
现在完成时
一般过去时
过去进行时
过去完成时
一般将来时
将来完成时
过去将来时
amisare made
am is are being made
hashave been made
waswere made
waswerebeingmade
had been made
shallwill be made
shallwill have been made
shouldwould be made
过去将来完成时 shouldwould have been made
1. 被动语态的各种时态
被动语态(The Passive Voice)是动词的一种形式,表示主语是谓语动词的承受者。被动
语态便于论述客 观事实,故常用于科技文章、新闻报道、书刊介绍以及景物描写。被动语态没有
将来进行时、过去将来进 行时和完成进行时形式。
(1) 一般现在时的被动语态
I am not so easily deceived. 我不会轻易上当受骗的。
Computers are widely used in the world.
计算机在世界范围内得到广泛应用。
(2) 一般过去时的被动语态
The car was seriously damaged. 汽车受到严重损坏。
Printing was introduced into Europe from China.
印刷术是由中国传入欧洲的。
(3) 现在进行时的被动语态
The question is being discussed at the meeting.
这个问题现在正在会上讨论。
The children are being taken care of by their aunt.
孩子们现在正由其姑妈照看。
(4) 过去进行时的被动语态
When I called, tea was being served.
当我来访时,正值上茶之际。
When they arrived, the experiments were being made.
他们到达时,实验正在进行。
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(5) 现在完成时的被动语态
The meeting has been put off. 会议已被推迟了。
The party has been planned since the new year.
这次聚会自新年起就已筹划了。
(6) 过去完成时的被动语态
By the end of last month,he had been robbed at least three times.
到上月底,他已被抢了至少三次。
(7) 将来完成时的被动语态
It is said that the building will have been completed before September.
据说大楼将于九月前竣工。
This class will have been taught by Mr Brown for two years by next summer.
到明年夏天,布朗先生在这两个班执教已有两年了。
2. 含有情态动词的被动语态
Water mustn't be wasted. 绝不能浪费水。
Electric energy can be changed into light enery.
电能可以转变成光能。
Cross the road very carefully. Look both ways, or you might be knocked down.
过马路时要特别小心,要往两边看,不然会被撞倒。
3. Get+过去分词构成的被动语态
Get+过去分词也可以构成被动语态,用这种结构的句子侧重于动作的结果而不是动作本
身。如:
the man got hurt on his way home. 那个男人在回家的路上受伤了。
Mary is going to get married. 玛丽准备结婚了。
How did the glass get broken? 杯子怎么破了?
4. 短语动词的被动语态
(1) 动词+介词
This matter has been talked about recently.
这件事近来一直被谈论着。
Such a thing has never been heard of before.
这样的事从未被听说过。
The old man was looked after carefully. 那位老人被精心照顾着。
He has never been listened to. 人家从不听他的话。
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(2) 动词+副词
The sports meeting was put off. 运动会被推迟了。
A short play will be put on by them at the party.
一个短剧将要由他们在晚会上演出。
What he said must be thought over. 他说的话必须仔细思考。
(3) 其他短语动词
Privileges must be done away with. 特权必须被取消。
The light has just been turned off. 灯刚被关上。
Their plans are being carried out. 他们的计划正在执行中。
5. “主+动+宾+宾补”句型变为被动结构
这种句型有两个宾语,一般地说一为间接 宾语,一为直接宾语。变为被动结构时,只将主动
结构中的一个宾语变为被动结构中的主语,另一宾语不 变。
We call him Xiao Wang. 我们叫他小王。(主动句)
He was called Xiao Wang. 他被叫做小王。(被动句)
He painted the table green. 他把桌子漆成了绿色。(主动句)
The table was painted green. 桌子被漆成了绿色。(被动句)
6. “主+动+that从句”句型的被动句
有些以that从句作宾语的主动句可以转换成两种形式的被动句。如:
People say that he is the richest man in the city.
人们说他是全市头号富翁。
→It is said that he is the richest man in the city.
据说他是全市头号富翁。
→He is said to be the richest man in the city.
据说他是全市头号富翁。
当说话人认为主动句的主语无关紧要,或者不清楚谁是谓语动作 的发出者时,便常常使用上
述形式的被动句。如:
It was reported that the boy had been found.
据报道,男孩已被找到。
The boy was reported to have been found.
据报道,男孩已被找到。
常用于上述被动句型的动词有:acknowledge, assume, believe, claim, consider,
declare, estimate, expect, find, know, presume, report, say, think等。
7. 含有被动意义的主动语态
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英语中有一些表示被动意义的主动句,其谓语所表示的不是主语的动作,而是其内在 的性能。
这种句子的特点是:主语为无生命名词,谓语动词为一般现在时;肯定句必须带方式状语;否定
句的谓语可以带情态动词。如:
She is to blame. 她应该受到责备。
The house is to rent. 这个房子要出租。
Food can keep fresh in a fridge. 食物放在冰箱里能保鲜。
The pen writes smoothly. 这支钢笔很好写。
The cloth feels soft. 这布摸上去很柔软。
The cake tastes good. 这蛋糕很好吃。
虚拟语气
第一章、虚拟语气在非真实条件句中的用法
1. 非真实条件句中谓语动词的形式

条件从句 结果从句
与现在事实
If I (we,you,he,they)+ 动词
I(we) would. He
相反 过去式(be的过去式用were)
would .They would+动词原形
I(we)
would .They would +have+
动词原形
I(we) would. He
would .They would +动词原形
与过去事实
If I (we,you,he,they)+had+
相反 过去分词
If I (we,you,he,they)+ 动词
过去式(be的过去式用
were)were toshould
与将来事实
可能相反

但要注意:美国英语的结果主句,不管什么人称,皆常用would。
2. 与现在事实相反的非真实条件句
虚拟语气用在与现在事实相反条件句中时,条件从句的谓语用动词的过去式 (be的过去式用
were),结果主句的谓语用should(第一人称)或would(第二、三人称)+动词原形。如:
I am sorry I am very busy now. If I had time, I would certainly come to see you.
很抱歉,我很忙。如果有时间,我一定去看你了。
If it weren’t for their support, we would be in a difficult situation.
要不是有他们的支持,我们的处境会很困难。
if places were alike, there would be little need for geographers.
如果各个地方都一样,就不需要地理学家了。
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If I were you, I would apply for the job.
如果我是你,我会申请那份工作的。
What would you do if you knew who broke the glass.
要是你知道谁打破了玻璃,你会怎么办?
Even if I had the money, I wouldn’t buy it.
即使我有钱也不会买它。
3. 与过去事实相反的非真实条件句
虚拟语气用在与过去事实相反的条件句中时,条件从句的谓语用had+ 过去分词,结果主句的
谓语用should(第一人称) 或would(第二、三人称) + have+ 过去分词。如:
If I had taken your advice, I wouldn’t have made such a mistake.
如果当时听了你的话,我就不会犯这样的错误了。
If it had not been for your help, I wouldn’t have finished the work so easily.
要不是你的帮助,我的工作不会这么容易完成。
If we had known the basic principles, we should have controlled the process even
better.
如果我们知道这些基本原理,我们早就能更好地控制这个工序了。
If facts had been collected one week earlier, we should have had more time to study
them.
假使早一个星期收集事实,我们就有更多的时间研究它们了。
The conference wouldn’t have been so successful if we hadn’t made adequate
preparation.
如果我们不做充分的准备,会议是不会开得这么成功的。
4. 与将来事实相反的非真实条件句
(1)虚拟语气用在与将来事实相反的条件句中时,条件从句的谓语用 动词的过去式(be的过
去式用were),were to或should,结果主句用should(第一人称)或 would(第二、三人
称)+ 动词原形。如:
If it rained( were to rain should rain) tomorrow, I should stay at home.
如果明天下雨,我会呆在家里。
If the teacher knew it, he would be angry.
万一老师知道了这事,他会生气的。
I wouldn’t lose courage even if I should fail again.
即使再次失败我也不会气馁。
If I made a mistake, I should try to remedy it.
假如我犯了错误,我就会设法补救。
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If something should go wrong, the control rods would drop.
万一发生什么事故,控制杆就会下落。
(2) 在与将来事实相反的条件句中,其条件从句的谓语也可用were to + 动词原形。这种虚
拟式比较正式,多用于书面语中,其假想性很强,实现性很小。如:
If I were to do it, I would do it another way.
要是我来做这件事,我会用另一种方法。
If he were to come tomorrow, I would speak to him about it.
假如明天他来,我会跟他谈这个问题。
5. 情态助动词用于虚拟语气
有不少情态助动词也可用于虚拟语气。如:
May you live a long and happy life.
愿你长寿幸福。(may只用于表示愿望)
If there were no friction, an automobile could not move.
没有摩擦力,汽车就不能开动。
But for your help, we couldn’t have succeeded.
要不是你的帮助,我们是不会成功的。
If computers had not been invited, many problems on space flight could not have
been solved.
如果没有发明计算机的话,宇宙飞行的许多问题就不可能解决。
6. were, had, should等置于主语之前
在书面语中,条件从句可以不用连词if,而将谓语中的过去式were,had或 should 等移至主
语之前。如:
Were you in my position, what would you do?
假如你处在我的位置,你会怎么做?
Were he to leave today, he would get there by Friday.
如果他今天动身,星期五前会赶到那儿。
Had some work been done, energy would have been applied.
如果做了一定量的功,就一定消耗了能量。
Had they time, they would come to see you.
如果他们有时间,他们就会来看你。
Should it rained tomorrow, the meeting would be postponed.
万一明天下雨,会议就会延期。
Should he come, he would be able to examine the trial run of the machine.
如果他来,他就能检验这台机器的试车情况了。
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7. 条件从句与结果主句所表示的时间不一致
(1) 当条件从句与结果主 句所表示的时间不一致(如一个是过去发生的,一个是现在发生的)
时,虚拟语气的形式应作相应的调整 。如:
If you were in better health, we would have asked you to come.
如果你身体好一些,我们早就请你来了。
If we had consulted him on the question yesterday, we should know what to do now.
假如昨天我们向他请教了这个问题,现在就知道该怎么办了。
You would be much better now if you had taken my advice. 假如你接受了我的意见,
你现在就会好得多。
(2) 如果条件从句用if I were...,结果主句则可用任何时间的虚拟形式。如:
If I were not busy, I would have come.
假如我不忙,我就会去的。(were表过去)
8. 虚拟语气在含蓄条件句中的用法
(1) 条件暗含在短语中。如:
We didn’t know his telephone number; otherwise we would have telephoned him.
我们不知道他的电话号码,否则我们就会给他打电话。(暗含条件是otherwise)
Without your help, we wouldn’t have achieved so much.
没有你的帮助,我们不可能取得这么大的成绩。
(暗含条件是介词短语without your help)
But for your help, I would not have succeeded in the experiment.
如果没有你的帮助,我的实验就不会成功。(暗含条件是but for your help)
It would cause great trouble not to lubricate the bearing immediately.
不立即润滑轴承就会引起很大的故障。
(暗含条件是not to lubricate the bearing immediately)
Alone, she would have been terrified.
(2) 条件暗含在上下文中。如:
I would not have done it that way.
我是不会那么做的。(可能暗含if I were you)
I was busy that day. Otherwise I would have come to help you.
我那天很忙。否则我会来帮你的。(可能暗含if I hadn’t been so busy.)
You might come to join us in the discussion.
你可以参加我们的讨论。(可能暗含if you wanted to)
I would have bought the DVD player.
我是会买下那台影碟机的。(可能暗含if I had the money)
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But for the storm, we should have arrived earlier.
要不是碰到暴雨,我们还会早些到。(可能暗含if it had not been for the storm)。
9. 省去结果主句的非真实条件句
非真实条件句若省去结果主句,则常表示一种不可能实现的愿望。这种条件句常用if only来引
导。如:
If I could see him once我只要再见到他一次就好了。
If only he were here.
如果他在这儿就好了。
If only I hadn’t done that.
我要是没做那事就好了
If only I had more time to think about it.
我要是有更多的时间考虑这个问题就好了。
If only you would take my advice.
你如果听我的意见就好了。
If only she didn’t drive so fast!
她要是别开那么快就好了。
10. 不用if引导的条件句
非真实条件句的条件从句除用if引导外,还可用when, unless, lest, as if, for fear, in case,
on condition that等词语来引导。如:
The government prepared to award them when the experiment should be
completed.
政府已准备在实验完成后嘉奖他们。
Steel parts were usually covered with grease lest they should rust.
钢部件通常涂有油脂以免生锈。
Unless I were well, I wouldn’t be at work.
除非我好了,否则我不会去上班。
The electric current flows through a conductor as if it were a fluid.
电流好像液体般地流过导体。
He handled the instrument with care for fear (that) it should be damaged.
他小心地摆弄那仪器,生怕把它弄坏。
Take some more money with you in case you should need it.
多带点儿钱以备急用。
He can use the car on condition that he should return it tomorrow.
如果明天车能还回来,他就可以把车借去。
Suppose you were given a chance to get the job, would you accept?
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假如你有机会得到那份工作,你会接受吗?
但要注意:与if一样,上述词语所引导的条件从句也可用直陈语气,表可能实现或发生的事。


第二章、虚拟语气在从句中的用法
1. 主语从句中的用法
(1) 在以it为形式主语的复合句中,虚拟语气在主语从句中表示建议、要求、命令等,谓语动词用should be型或be型虚拟式,在美国英语中常用be型虚拟式。如:
It’s natural that she should do so.
她这么做是很自然的事。
It is essential that we should tell her the news.
我们有必要告诉她这个消息。
It is important that we should make full use of our mineral resources.
对我们来说,充分利用我国的矿产资源是重要的。
It is strange that the result of the experiment should be unsatisfactory.
奇怪的是实验结果竟然如此令人不满意。
It is desired that we should get everything ready by tonight.
希望一切在今晚准备好。
It was arranged that Mr Sam should go and help Bettie.
他们作了安排,由萨姆先生去帮助贝蒂。
(2) 主句的谓语为某些动词的被动语态,常用在It is (was) desired (suggested,settled,
proposed, recommended,requested,decided,etc.) that...句型中。
It is suggested that the question should be discussed at the next meeting.
有人建议在下次会上讨论这个问题。
It is vital that he should be warned before it is too late.
在还不太晚的时候警告他是非常必要的。
It has been decided that the sports meet should be postponed till next Friday.
已决定运动会延期到下星期五。
It was requested that a vote (should) be taken.
有人要求进行表决。
2. 在宾语从句中的用法
(1) wish的宾语从句中的谓语动词形式
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① 动词的过去式表示对现在情况的假设。如:
I wish prices would come down.
我真希望物价会下降。
I wish you would stop asking silly questions.
我希望你不要再问这种愚蠢的问题。
I wish I knew his address.
可惜我不知道他的地址。
I wish we could go with him.
我们要是能跟他一起去该多好。
② had+过去分词表示对过去情况的假设。如:
I wish I had known it before.
我真希望我预先知道这件事。
He wishes he hadn’t been rude to his parents.
他真希望他没有对父母无礼。
She wished that she had stayed at home.
她想那时要是留在家里就好了。
I wish I could have been there yesterday.
要是我昨天到过那里该多好。
(2) would rather等的宾语从句中的谓语动词形式
用would rather(=would sooner)和would(just)as soon(=would sooner)等表示愿望,
但其宾语从句常用虚拟过去式。如:
I would rather you came tomorrow than today.
我宁愿你明天来,而不是今天。
I could do it myself but I would sooner you did it.
我自己也可以做,但我宁愿你去做。
I would rather you had told me the truth.
我倒想你本该把事实真相告诉我。
(3) suggest等的宾语从句中的谓语动词形式
① 用should+ 动词原形或只用动词原形的that 从句,作为demand, order, prepose,
request, require, suggest,arrange, insist, command, desire, advocate, maintain,
urge, direct, move, prefer, arrange, recommend等词的宾语。如:
The expert proposed that TV should be turned off at least one four every day.
专家提议每天至少应该关掉电视一个小时。
The board recommended that the company should invest in the new property.
董事会建议公司投资新的房地产。
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The committee has given instructions that the manager should fly to New York.
委员会已发出指示,要经理飞往纽约。
Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton ordered that James Van Metre should be
released.
陆军部长埃德温·M·斯坦顿命令将詹姆斯?范?米特释放。
He asked that the arrangements be made to help them finish the work.
他要求做好安排,帮他们完成工作。
Experiments demand that accurate measurements be made.
实验要求做到准确的计量。
She insisted that we take up the matter at the meeting.
她坚持要求我们在会上谈这个问题。
② 有些动词,如think, expect, believe 其否定式的宾语从句亦可用should + 动词原形。
如:
I never thought he should refuse.
我万没想到他会拒绝。
I had not expected that things should turn out like this.
我没料到事情的结果竟是这样。
3. 在表语从句中的用法
虚拟语气也可用在表语从句中。这种从句由that(可省略)所引导,其谓语是 should +动词
原形。句子主句中的主语常常是suggestion, proposal, idea, motion, order,
recommendations, plan, impossibility, possibility等名词。如:
His suggestion was that everyone should have map.
他的建议是每人发一张地图。
My idea is that the electronic device should be tested at once.
我的意见是这一电子器件要立即试验。
在主句中作主语的名词常见的有:
advice, aim, desire, idea, insistence, motion, necessity, order, plan,
proposal, recommendation, regulation,requirement, suggestion, wish等。
4. 虚拟语气在同位语从句中的用法
当与同位语 从句同位的是suggestion等表示建议、计划、命令等的名词时,从句的谓语动词用
shoul d+动词原形,美国英语中常用动词原形。
They made the request that the problem should be discussed as soon as possible.
他们要求尽快讨论这个问题。
He gave orders that the work should be started at once.
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他命令工作马上开始。
The proposal that he (should) be dismissed was supported at the meeting.
大会对开除他的提议表示了支持。
5. 虚拟语气在状语从句中的用法
(1) 虚拟语气在让步状语从句中的用法
① 由连接词whether, if, even ifthough, whatever, so ong as 引导的状语从句,其谓语
可用虚拟语气,即其谓语用动词原形。如:
Whether the figures be accurate or not, they have to be rechecked.
不管那些数字准确与否,都得重新核对。
The earth is powerful magnet and all magnets behave the same whether they be
large or small.
地球是一个强大的磁体,而所有的磁体无论大小其作用都是一样的。
They have decided to build a reservoir, whatever the difficulties may be.
他们决心建造一座水库,不管有多少困难。
I won’t let you in whoever you may be.
无论你是谁我都不让进去。
However hard the task may be, we must fulfill it on time.
不管任务多么艰巨,我们必须按时完成。
If the defendant be found guilty, he shall have the right of appeal.
如果被告被判有罪,他有权上诉。
② 倒装的让步状语从句中的虚拟语气。如:
Come what may,we will go ahead.
不管怎样,我们一定要前进。
However hard it may rain,we shall have to go.
无论雨多大,我们都得走。
(2) 虚拟语气在方式状语从句中的用法
以连接词as if引导的状语从句(谓语形式与wish后的宾语 从句相同,be在第一、三人称可用
was或were)。如:
You speak as if you had really been there.
你说的好像你真的去过那里。
Light often behaves as though it were made of particles.
光的性状,常常有点儿像由粒子组成的。
He spoke to me as if I was(were)deaf.
他跟我说话时就好像我是聋子似的。
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(3) 虚拟语气在目的状语从句中的用法
以lest, for fear that 和in case 引出的状语从句(谓语多用should加动词原形构成)。如:
Batteries should be kept in dry places lest electricity should leak away.
电池应放在干燥的地方,以免漏电。
He handled the instrument with care for fear that it should be damaged.
他小心地弄那仪器,生怕把它弄坏。
I’ll keep a seat for you in case you should change your mind.
我给你留一个位子,说不定你会改变主意。
6. 虚拟语气在it is time后的定语从句中的用法
虚拟语气还可用在定语从句中,这种从句常用在it is (high, about) time (that)...句型中。
定语从句常用虚拟过去式。如:
It is time we started.
我们该出发了。
It is time we set to work.
我们该着手工作了。
It is time we left.
我们该走了。
It is time we should leave.
我们该走了。
It is time I were off.
我该走了。
It’s high time the weather improved.
天气真该好起来了。
但要注意:位于time之前的high起着强调“为时稍晚”的作用。
动名词
第一章、动名词在句子中的成分
动名词(the Gerund)是非限定动词,由动词原形加词尾-ing 构成。它具有动词的特征与名
词的特征,在各类应试中都是一项重要的测试内容。
1. 动名词(短语)作主语
动名词(短语)作主语时通常位于句首。如:
Swimming is the best exercise in summer.
在夏天,游泳时最好的锻炼方式。
Living without an aim is like asiling without a compass.
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生活没有目标就像航海没有指南针一样。
Eliminating problems by transferring the blame to others is often called looking for
scapegoat.
通过把过错转嫁到别人身上把问题抹得一干干净,常常被称为寻找替罪羊。
注:动名词和不定 式都可以作主语,一般可以互换,但有时又略有区别,动名词作主语往往表示
一般或抽象的多次行为,不 定式作主语往往表示具体的或一次性的行为。如:
Playing with fire is dangerous. (泛指玩火)
To play with fire will be dangerous (指一具体动作)
Smoking is prohibited here .这里禁止抽烟。(抽象)
It is not very good for you to smoke so much.你抽这么多烟对你身体很不好。(具体)
但在 It is not use (good), not any use ( good ) ,useless等后一般用动名词。如
It is no use arguing with him. 同他争论是无用的。
It is no good learning English without practice. 学英语不练是不行的。
如上所示,当以it 为形式主语时,句中的表语常常为no good,no use,fun 等名词,形容
词或介词短语。
2. 动名词(短语)作表语
⑴动名词和不定式都可 以作表语,但是略有区别:表示比较抽象的一般的行为是,多用动名词;
表示某次具体的动作或具有将来 时的意义时,多用不定式。如:
My job is teaching English .
我的工作是教英语。
My today’s job is to teach you how t study English .
我今天的任务是教你如何学英语。
⑵动名词 作表语时不可与进行时态相混淆。进行时态说明动作由主语完成的。动名词做表语,说
明主语的性质或情 况。试比较:
He is collecting stamps.
他在集邮。(现在进行时)
His hobby is collecting stamps.
他的爱好是集邮。(动名词)
3. 动名词(短语)作动词宾语
⑴在某些动词后,只能用动名词(短语)而不能用不定式(短语)作宾语。常见的只能以动名词作
宾语的 动词有:
admit 承认
delay 耽误

appreciate 感激
deny 否认
avoid 避免
endure 忍耐
consider 考虑
enjoy 喜欢
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escape 逃避
forbid 严禁
excuse 原谅
imagine 想象
fancy 想象
mind 介意
finish 完成
miss 错过
We’d better postpone discussing it till next week.
我们最好把这事推迟到下个星期讨论。
The girl avoided giving her any personal information.
这个女孩拒绝告诉她的任何个人情况。
⑵动名词(短语)作短语动词的宾语。如:
She could’t help thinking about the matter.
她不由自主地要想那件事。
Peter is fond of playing football
彼得喜欢踢足球。
The patient gave up smoking on medicine advice.
病人遵从医嘱,戒烟了
4. 动名词(短语)作介词宾语
He is against dancing all night. 他反对通宵跳舞。
The college is a new type of college for training cadres.
这所大学是新型的培育干部的大学。
注:下面短语中的“to”是介词,而不是不定式符号,因此后面须接名词或动名词形式。
in addition to 除…之外 admit to 承认
be equal to 能胜任
get down t 着手做
devote oneself to 献身于
be familiar to 对…熟悉 find one’s way to 设法到达
give way to 对…让步 give one’s mind to 专心于
5. 既可用动名词(短语)有可用不定式(短语)作宾语的动词
(1) 在下列动词后,作宾语的动名词通 常可以和不定式换用,有些及物动词既可以跟动名词也
可以跟不定式作宾语。如:
Attempt 试图
cease 停止
hate 不喜欢
begin 开始
continue 继续
intend 打算
can’t bear 忍不住
deserve 值得
learn 学习
两者的区别不是很大,动名词所 表示的动作,在意义上比较一般和抽象,时间观念不强,不指某
一次动作;动名词不定式则常表示具体的 动作,有将来是的意思〉如:
The boy like playing football.
这些男孩喜欢踢足球。(经常性的动作)
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Would you like to play football with us this Sunday ?
这个周日愿意和我们一起踢足球吗?(一次的动作)
注:① 在以下两种情况下,begin 和start 的后面只能跟不定式。
谓语动词beigin 或start 为进行时。如:
It’s beginning starting t orain .开始下雨了。(比较:It beganstarted raining to rain.)
Begin 和start 的宾语为没有进行时的静态动词。如:
I began started to understand his point of wiew.我开始理解他的观点了。
② 当like 与should would 连用表示愿望或选择时,后面只能跟不定式。如
I’d like to thank you again. 我愿意再次感谢你。
I’d like to go to the cyber café to play games. 我想去网吧玩游戏。
I’d like to come sometime. 日后我愿意来。
③ 当prefer 与would 连用表示选择时,后面只能跟不定式。如:
Would you prefer to live in the south or in the north ?
你愿意住南方还是住在北方?
④ 虽然continue 和like 之后既可以跟动名词,有可以跟不定式,但是它们的反义词
discontinue 和dislike 的宾语却只能是动名词。如:
He discontinued running in the hot weather .在闷热的天气里,他中止了跑步。
The horse dislike wearing blinkers.那匹马不喜欢带眼罩。
(2) 在forget, remember 和regret 之后,动名词表示先于谓语动词发生的动作,不定式
表示后与谓语 动词发生的动作。如:Iremember reading the book. 我记得读过这本书。(已
做)
记得做过某事
I must remember to read the book.我必须记得去读这本书。(未作)
记得去做某事。
The old lady forgot telling us the story and told us a second time.
那个老太太忘记给我们讲过这个故事,她又讲了一遍。(此事已做过或已发生。)
(忘记做过某事)
I forget to lock the door this morning.今天早晨我忘记锁门了。(此事未做)
(忘记要去做某事)
(3) Mean 后面跟动名词时,作“表示,意味着”解,后面跟不定式时,作“打算'解。如:
Missing the train means waiting for another hour.
误了这趟火车意味着再等一个小时。(意味着)
I mean to come early today.
我打算今天早些来。(打算,有意要)
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(4) try后面跟动名词,作“试试看”解,表示已完成的动作或具有名词意义的概 念性动作,后
面跟不定式,作"试图"解,表示未完成的动作。如:
Why not try knocking at the back door, even if nobody hears you at the front door.
即使前门没人听到,为什么不试试敲敲后门。(实验,试一试某种方法)。
He’ll try to improve his spoken English.
他设法提高他的英语口语。(努力,企图做某事)
(5)going on doing sth 作“不停的做一件事”解,go on to do sth 作“接着做另外一件事”
解。如:
They went on working after dark.
天黑之后,他们继续工作。(继续原来没有做完的事情)
Afer finishing the letter, he went on to read a book.
写完信后,他接着读书。(继而去做另外一件事情)
(6)Stop 后面的动名词为宾语,不定式为目的状语。
Though they were all tired, they wouldn’t stop working.
虽然他们都很累,但是他们也不肯停止工作。(停止正在或经常做的事)
After walking a long time, he stopped to have a rest.
走了好长一段时间之后,他停下来休息。(停止,中断某件事,目的是去做另外一件事)
(7) 在need, require 和want 后,主动语态的动名词表示被动意义,主动语态的不定式表示
主动意义。如:
The house needs requires want repairing (=to be repaired)
房子需要修缮。
6. 动名词作定语
动名词作定语时不以短 语的形式出现,而且总是位于所修饰的名词之前,表示它所修饰的名词的
目的,用途或场合。如:
he teacher has many reading materials.
老师又很多阅读资料
A swimming pool was built on our college last year.
我们的大学去年修建了一个游泳池。
Our teacher uses a very good teching method.
我们教师的教学方法很好。
注:动名词作定语和现在分词作定语是有区别的。动名词作定语时 ,和它修饰的名词在逻辑上没
有主谓关系,即它不是该名词发出的动作,只是表明所修饰名词的“目的” “或用途”。现在分词作
定语时则表明所修饰的词与分词有逻辑上的主谓关系。如:
a sleeping car (=a car for sleeping) 卧车(动名词作定语)
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a sleeping babay (=a baby who is sleeping) 睡觉的婴儿(现在分词作定语)
常见的动名词作定语的例子还有:
a reading room 阅览室 drinking water 饮用水
a writing course 写作

walking stick 手杖
dinning hall 餐厅
the getting—up bell 起床living condition 生活条

fishing pole 钓鱼竿

第二章、动名词的结构和形式
1. 动名词的否定结构
动名词的否定结构由not 动名词组成。如:

bathing cap 游泳帽
Trying without success is better than not trying at all.
实验没有成功也比不实验好。
He hated himself for not having work hard.
他悔恨自己没有用功。
I’m sorry for not having telephoned you before.
很抱歉,没有早给你打电话。
He felt sorry for not having done the work well.
他为没有把工作做好感到难过。
I fancy it has done you a lot of good not going.
我看不去对你倒好了。(not going 是动名词一般式的否定形式)
There is no denying the fact that he si diligent. (no denying 也是动名词一般式的否
定)
2. 动名词复合结构
通常情况下,动名词的逻辑主语为谓语动词的主语。如果动名词动作的 发出者不失谓语动的主语
时,则需要有自己的逻辑主语物主代词或名词所有格加动名词就构成了动名词的 复合结构,这种
结构在句中可以作主语,宾语等。
(1)逻辑主语是有生命的名词作主语时, 必须用名词或代词所有格,作宾语时(尤其在口语中),
也可用名词普通个或人称代词宾格。如:
Do you think my going there will be of any help?
你看我去会有什么帮助吗?(宾语)
The student’s knowing English well helps him in learning French.
这位学生通晓英语对他学法语很有帮助。(主语)
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Do you mind my(me) smoking ?
你介意我抽烟吗?(宾语)
They insist on Mary’s (Mary) going with them there.
他们坚持要玛丽跟他们一起去那儿。(介词宾语)
(2)逻辑主语是无生命名词是,通常只用名词普通格。如:
Do you hear the rain pattering on the roof?
你听见雨点打在屋顶上了吗?
Is there any hope of our team winning the match ?
我们对赢得比赛有希望吗?
(3) 逻辑主语是指示代词或不定代词this that , somebody , someone , nobody, none,
anybody, anyone 时,只用普通格。如:
She was woken up by somebody shouting outside.
她被外面喊叫的人吵醒了。
3. 动名词的形式(一般式,完成式和被动式)
(1) 动名词的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生,或在谓语动词表示的动
作之后。如:
We are very interested in collecting stamps.
我们对集邮很感兴趣。
His coming will be of great help to us .
他来对我们大有帮助。
但是有些明确表示时间的动词和介词 after, on,upon, 或for之后,常用一般式代替完成式,
表示动作发生在谓语动作之前。如:
I shall never forget seeing the Great Wall for the first time.
我永远不会忘记第一次看到长城的情景。
On hearing that bad news , the mother couldn’t help crying.
一听到这个糟糕的消息,母亲就禁不住哭了起来。
Excuse me for coming late.
我来晚了,请原谅。
Thank you for giving us so much help.
谢谢你给了我们这么多帮助。
(2) 动名词的完成式所表示的动作或状态在谓语动词之前完成或结束。
He regrets not having taken part in the work.
他后悔没有参加这项工作。
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We were praised for having finished the work ahead of time.
我们因提前完成了这项工作而受到了表扬。
(3)动名词的被动式:当动名词的逻辑主语是行为承受者时,用被动语态。如:
I like being given harder work.
我喜欢接受难点的工作。
She is proud of being admitted into the university.
她为被大学录取而感到自豪。
The meeting was put off without his having been consulted.
会议延期并未和他商量。
He doesn’t mind having been criticized.
他不介意过去受到的批评。
现在分词
第一章、现在分词在句子中的成分
现在分词(The Present Participle)是一种限定动词。它由动词原形加词尾-ing构成。现在
分词有双重性,它一 方面有动词的性质,可以有状语和宾语,另一方面又有形容词的性质,可以
用作定语。现在分词在各类考 试中都是一项重要的测试内容。
1. 现在分词(短语)作表语
(1) 分词作表语有两种 情况,一种是现在分词作表语,一种是过去分词作表语,究竟是用现在
分词还是用过去分词作表语是学生 们经常困惑的地方。一般来说,表示心理状态的动词如
excite,interest等都是及物动词 ,汉语意思不是“激动”,“高兴”,而是“使激动”、“使高兴”,
因而现在分词应该是“令人激动的 ”、“令人高兴的”,过去分词则是“感到激动的”和“感到高兴的”。
所以,凡表示“令人……的”都 是-ing形式,凡是表示“感到……”都用-ed形式。换句话说,若
人对……感兴趣,就是some body is interested in..., 若人 物本身有兴趣时,就是说
sbsth is interesting。这类词常见的有:
interesting 使人感到高兴 — interested感到高兴的
exciting令人激动的— excited感到激动的
delighting令人高兴的— delighted感到高兴的
disappointing令人失望的— disappointed感到失望的
encouraging 令人鼓舞的— encouraged感到鼓舞的
pleasing令人愉快的— pleased感到愉快的
puzzling令人费解的— puzzled感到费解的
satisfying令人满意的— satisfied感到满意的
surprising令人惊异的— surpsried感到惊异的
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worring令人担心的—worrred感到担心的
如:
Traveling is interesting but tiring.
旅行是有趣的,但是使人疲劳
The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much.
如果让学生学得太多,他们会感到糊涂的。
The argument is very convincing.
他的论点很令人信服。
They were very excited at the news.
听到这个消息,他们非常激动。
(2) 分词 作表语时,相当于形容词,不可与构成进行时态和被动语态中的分词混淆起来。它们
的形式是一样但可以 从意义上予以区别。试比较:
The film is moving.
这电影很感人。(表语,说明主语的性质)
They are moving next Sunday .
他们下个周日搬家。(现在进行时,表示动作)
The bookstore is now closed.
书店现在已关门了。(表语,说明主语所处的状态)
The bookstore is usually closed at 7:30 p. m. .
书店通常在下午7:30关门。(被动语态,表示动作)
2. 现在分词(短语)作定语
(1) 单个的现在分词作定语时通常前置。如:
I’m reading an interesting novel.
我在读一本非常有趣的小说。
She is a charming child.
她是一个招人喜爱的孩子。
One of the delegates asked an embarrassing question.
其中有位代表提了一个令人难堪的问题。
This is a pressing question. 这是一个紧迫的问题。
(2) 现在分词短语作定语时通常后置,相当于一个定语从句。如:
Most of the young teachers working in the university are Ph.D. .
在这所大学工作的大多数年轻教师都是博士。(working=who working in this university)
Do you know the number of people coming to the party ?
你知道来参加晚会的人数吗?(coming=who will come)
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The man speaking to us the other day has gone to Japan.
那天同我们讲话的那个人到日本去了。(speaking=who spoke)
3. 现在分词(短语)作状语
(1) 现在分词(短语)作时间状语
Walking along the street one day, sha saw a little girl running up to her.
(=when she was walking along the street one day .)
有一天当她正沿着大街向前走时,她看见一个小女孩朝她跑了过来。
While crossing the street, you must be careful.
当你横过马路时,一定要小心。
(=while you cross the street.)
现在分词(短语)强调与谓语动词的动作同时发生时,前面可带when,whil e,after,before,
since 等从属连词。如:
When visiting a strange city,I like to have a guide- book with me.
游览陌生城市时,我喜欢随身带着导游手册。
While flying over the Channel,the pilot saw what he thought to be a meteorite.
飞过英吉利海峡时,驾驶员认为他看见了一颗陨星。
(2) Having no place to go to , the man wandered about in the street.
由于没有要去的地方,那个男人只好在街上徘徊。
Being ill, he didn’t go to school yesterday.
他由于病了,昨天就没有去上学。 ? (=because he was ill)
Living in the country,we had few social engagements.
(=Because we were living in the country)
我们住在乡村,交际的机会很少。
Seeing that it was raining,George put on his mackintosh.
鉴于下雨,乔治穿上了雨衣。(seeing that是一个原因的固定说法)
(3)现在分词(短语)作结果状语
Jane fell off the bike,cutting her leg.
简从自行车上摔下,划破了腿。
It rained heavily,causing severe flooding in that country.
大雨滂沱,造成了那个国家洪水泛滥。
(4) 现在分词(短语)作条件状语
Working hard, you will succeed.
努力工作,你就会成功。
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Standing on the building ,you can see the whole city.
站在那座楼上,你会看到整个城市。
(5) 现在分词(短语)作让步状语
Such committees, being evenly balanced, almost never succeed in making
unequivocal judgements.
这种委员会虽然代表性很均衡,但几乎从未做出十分明确的决断。
Although living miles away,he got around to visiting her.
尽管住在几英里以外,他还是去看她了。
While not being optimistic,I have not given up all hope.
虽然不乐观,但是我还没有放弃一切希望。
(6) 现在分词(短语)作方式状语
She came running back to tell usthe news
她跑着回来告诉我们这个消息。
Mary stood at the school gate wating for Betty.
玛丽站在校门口等贝蒂。
She looked out of the window,as though thinking.
她向窗外望去,似乎在思考。
(7) 现在分词(短语)作伴随状语
His wife came into the house carrying a bundle of clothes.
他妻子拿着一包衣服走进屋内。
Raymond entered college at the age of eighteen,graduating four years later at the
head of his class.
雷蒙德18岁上大学,4年之后毕业时名列前茅。
(8) 现在分词(短语)在某些固定结构中作状语
① 现在分词(短语)在spend time money energy doing中作状语。如:
I wish you wouldn’t spend so much time watching television.
我希望你不要花这么多时间看电视。
He spends a lot of money entertaining his friends.
他花很多钱款待朋友。
The secretary spent his energy organizing the rally.
秘书为大会的组织工作用尽了力气。
② 现在分词(短语)在(be)busy doing中作状语。如:
The workers were busy unloading carts.
工人们忙着卸车。
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He was busy packing.
他正忙着收拾行装。
③ 现在分词(短语)在have difficultytroublea difficult time doing中作状语。如:
The boy had little difficulty learning mathematics.
那男孩学数学没有什么困难。
The two friends had a hard time getting here.
两位朋友到这里来一路辛苦。
At first she had a little trouble following the lectures.
起初她上课听讲有点困难。
④ 现在分词(短语)在keep doing中作状语。如:
Why do you keep saying that?
你为什么老说那件事?
⑤ 现在分词(短语)在go doing中作状语。如:
He often goes running.
他经常跑步。
4. 现在分词(短语)作宾语补足语
(1)现在分词(短语)在感官动词feel,hea r,notice,observe,perceive,see,smell,
watch,list en to,look at等之后作宾补。如:
I saw the naughty boy hitting the dog.
我看见那个顽皮孩子打狗。
One could hear her singing as she ran upstairs.
你可以听到她边唱歌边跑上楼。
We found him waiting to receive us.
我们发现他等着欢迎我们。
Many people observed the ship leaving the harbor.
许多人看到船驶离了港口。
(2) 现在分词(短语)在使役动词get,have 及bring(致使),keep(使),leave(使),send(使),
set(使开始), start(使开始)等之后作宾补。如:
The doctor will soon have you walking about again.
医生将很快地使你能再走动。(have在此表示允诺)
I won’t have you shouting at me the way.
我不容许你这样对我喊叫。(have在此用于不允许)
The children kept the fire burning all the time.
孩子使火一直燃烧着。
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(3) 现在分词(短语) 在其他动词catch,detect,discover,find,want等之后作宾补。如:
The manager caught me smoking in the office again.
经理又抓住我在办公室抽烟了。
We don’t want you becoming too confident.
我不希望你变得太自信。
I found her reading in bed.
我发现她在床上看书。

第二章、现在分词的结构和时态
1. 现在分词独立结构
现在分词可有其独立 的逻辑主语。这种主语常常是名词或代词主语,置于现在分词之前,二者构
成一种分词独立结构。现在分 词独立结构常用作状语,置于句首或句末,偶尔也置于句中。分句
独立结构多用在书面语中。
(1) 表时间。如:
The bell ringing, the children all stopped talking.
铃声一响,孩子们都不说话了。
The dark clouds having dispersed,the sun shone again.
乌云已散去,太阳又普照大地了。
The question being settled,we went home.
问题解决之后,我们就回家了。
(2) 表原因。如:
It being a holiday,I went fishing.
那天放假,我钓鱼去了。
The night being dark, she was afraid to go there.
天黑,她不敢去那儿。
The river having risen in the night,the crossing was impossible.
夜里河水上涨,渡河不可能了。
(3) 表条件。如:
Weather permiting, we’ll have an outing tomorrow.
要是天气许可的话,我们明天就去郊游。
Other things being equal,I would buy the black dress not the white one.
其他方面若都相同,我将买那件黑的衣服,不买那件白的。
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(4) 表方式或伴随情况。如:
The teacher came in, his hand carring a book.
老师手中拿着书进来了。
Their room was on the third floor,its window overlooking the sportsground.
他们的房间在三层楼上,窗户俯视着操场。
He guiding her,they stumbled through the street.
他引着她,两个人蹒跚着穿过那条街。
(5) 现在分词独立结构有时可由介词with或without引导。如:
She came without anyone accompanying her.
她来了,没有任何人陪着她。
2. 现在分词的否定结构
现在分词的否定式由“not+现在分词”构成。如:
Not knowing where to go, she went to the police for help.
她不知道该往哪儿走,就去请警察帮助。(现在分词一般式的否定结构)
Not seeing John, I asked where he was.
我看不见约翰,于是问他在何处。(现在分词一般式的否定结构)
Not being seen by anyone, the thief escaped.
那个贼趁无人看见时逃跑了。(现在分词被动式的否定结构)
Not having done it right,I tried again.
我由于没有做对,所以又试了试。(现在分词完成式的否定结构)
3. 现在分词的一般式
(1) 现在分词的一般式通常表示其动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生。如:
She sat there reading a novel.
她坐在那里看小说。
A little child learning to walk often falls.
学走路的小孩常常跌跤。
(2) 现在分词的一般式所表示的动作有时在谓语动词的动作之前发生。如:
Going into the room,he shut the door.
走进房间,他就关上了门。
4. 现在分词的完成式
现在分词的完成式表示其动作在谓语动词的动作之前完成。
Having finished her homework, the little girl began to watch TV.
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做完作业后,这个小女孩开始看电视。
Haning lived in Beijing for many years, Carter knew the city well.
因为在北京住了多年,卡特对这个城市很熟悉。
5. 现在分词的被动式
现在分词的被动式表示其逻辑主语为现在分词动作的承受者。
(1) 现在分词的一般被动式。如:
The building being built is our library.
正在建的那栋楼是我们的图书馆。
The question being discussed is of great importance.
正在讨论的问题非常重要。
(2) 现在分词的完成被动式。如:
Having been warned by the teacher, the students didn’t make such mistakes.
老师警告他们之后,学生们不再犯这样的错误了。
Having been told many times , he still did not know how to do it.
(人家)已经告诉他多少次了,他还是不知道怎么做。
6. 垂悬现在分词
现在分词作状语时,其逻辑主语应该与句子的主语一致,但有时现在分词 的主语与其所在句中的
主语并不一致,这种现在分词即所谓的垂悬现在分词。垂悬现在分词容易使句意模 糊,甚至造成
歧义,因而通常被认为是不合规范或错误的用法。
Searching along the deck,it had taken him some time to find a doctor.
他沿着甲板找了好久才找到一名医生。(searching的逻辑主语是句中的him)
Walking or sleeping,this subject was always in my mind.
不论是走路或睡觉,我总是在想着这个问题。
(walking or sleeping的逻辑主语是句中的my)
过去分词
第一章、过去分词在句子中的成分
过去分词(The Past Participle)是一种非限定动词。它通常由动词原形加-ed 构成,少数不
规则动词的过去分词为不规则形式。过去分词一般只有一种形式,但是有的不规则动词的过 去分
词有两种形式。在各类应试中,过去分词都是一项重要的测试内容。
1. 过去分词(短语)作表语
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The traverllers were completely exhausted.
游客完全筋疲力尽了。
The scientists were excited about the result of the experiment.
科学家们对实验结果感到很兴奋。
Never touch an electric wire when it is broken.
绝不要动断了的电线。
We are determined to build a reservoir here in the shortest possible time.
我们决心尽快地在这里建一水库。
I am convinced of his honesty.
我深信他的诚实。
Are you satisfied that I am telling the truth?
你相信我说的是实话吗?
2.过去分词(短语)作定语
(1) 单个的过去分词作定语时通常前置。及物动词的过去分词具有被动和完成意义。如:
the unexpected loss意外损失 planned economy计划经济
a complicated problem复杂问题 changed conditions改变了的情况
armed forces武装部队
stricken area灾区
canned food罐装食品
a delighted look高兴的神色

(2) 不及物动词的过去分词具有主动和完成意义。如:
fallen leaves落叶 faded flowers凋谢的花
newly arrived goods新到的商品 the exploded bomb已爆炸了的炸弹
the risen sun升起的太阳
an escaped prisoners逃犯
retured students归国留学生
departed friends离去的朋友
a retired teacher退休教师
an expired passports过期护照

(3) 过去分词短语作定语时通常后置,其意义相当于一个定语从句,但比从句简洁,多用于书
面语。如:
The concert given by the symphony was a great success.
该交响乐团举行的音乐会大为成功。
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A drop of water seen through microscope is filled with living things.
通过显微镜能看到一滴水里充满了各种生物。
(4) 以“名词+过去分词”或“副词+过去分词”组成的复合形容词作前置定语。如:
state- owned enterprises 国有企业
a poverty-stricken plac e贫穷的地方
quick-frozen food 速冻食品
a much- needed reform 急需进行的改革
3. 过去分词(短语)作状语
(1) 过去分词(短语)作时间状语 Seen under a microscope ,a fresh snowflake has a
delicate six-pointed shape.
在显微镜下观察,刚飘下的雪花呈精巧的六角形。
(=when it is seen under the microscope)
When heated, ice will be changed into water.
当冰受热时,它就会变成水。
(=when it is heated)
(2) 过去分词(短语)作原因状语
Many of us, being so excited ,could not go to sleep that night
我们很多人是那样的激动,那天晚上都没有睡着。
(=because we were so excited)
Born and bred in the countryside,sister Carrie was bewildered by the big city.
嘉莉妹妹生长在乡下,对这座大城市感到迷惑。
Gone from home so long,they joyously embraced their mates of boyhood.
他们久离家乡,高兴地拥抱他们的儿时伙伴。
Raised in an atmosphere of love,Shaw is always willing to help others.
肖在充满了爱的环境中长大,所以他总是愿意帮助别人。
(3) 过去分词(短语)作条件状语
Some metropolitan newspapers would make sizable volumes if printed in book form.
如果印成书的形式,有些大城市的报纸的销量会相当可观。
Seen in this light,the matter is not as serious as people generally suppose.
从这个角度看,问题并不像人们一般料想的那样严重。
Given better attention,the cabbages could grow even faster.
白菜照管得好会生长得更快。
Considered from this point,the question is of great importance.
从这一点看,这个问题很重要。
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(4) 过去分词(短语)作让步状语
Mocked at by everybody,he had my sympathy.
人人都嘲笑他,但我却同情他。
Left to his own devices,Charles did not relax his efforts.
查尔斯虽孤立无援,但他并没有放松自己的努力。
Although exhausted by the climb,he continued his journey.
他虽然爬得很累,但他仍继续前进。
(5) 过去分词(短语)作方式状语
I finished the work as requested.
我按要求完成了工作。
As scheduled, the two friends met on May 10.
根据安排,两个朋友于5月10日见了面。
That fellow was walking with a limp as if injured.
那家伙一瘸一拐地走着,似乎受了伤。
但要注意:过去分词(短语)作方式状语时,前面通常带有as, as if等从属连词,此时可视
为省略的让步状语从句。
(6) 过去分词(短语)作伴随状语
Found in all parts of the state,pines are the most common trees in Georgia.
松树在佐治亚州随处可见,是该州最普通的树木。
He went to work,burdened with worries.
他心事重重地上班去了。
The headmaster went into the lab, followed by the foreign guests
校长走进了实验室,后面跟着外宾。

第二章、过去分词的结构
1. 过去分词独立结构
过去分词有时可有其独立主语, 二者构成一种独立分词结构。过去分词独立结构多用于书面语中,
常用作状语,用来表示时间、条件、原 因、伴随情况等。如:
He rushed into the room,his face covered with sweat.
他满脸是汗跑进屋来。(表伴随)
This done,we went home.
做完此事,我们就回家了。(表时间)
All our savings gone,the couple started looking for jobs.
积蓄全部用完了,这对夫妻就开始找工作。(表原因)
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That point settled,the speaker went on to the next one.
那个问题讲完了,演讲人继续讲下一个问题。(表时间)
2. withwithout+宾语+过去分词表示伴随情况的独立结构
With everything taken into consideration,we all think this is a very good plan.
每件事都考虑到了,我们都认为这是一项不错的计划。
With different methods used,different results are obtained.
采用不同的方法,得到不同的结果。
She went angrily away without a word spoken.
她一个字也没说,就生气地走了。
3. 过去分词(短语)作宾语补足语
(1) 过去分词(短语)在感官动词和使役动词等之后作宾语补足语,这些词语有:
have 让,使
see 看见
feel 感觉到
want 想要
observe 观察
keep 使处于某状态
hear 听见
leave 使处于某状态
start 引起
watch 注视
get 使得
find 发现
make 使
notice 注意
set 使处于某状态
如:
The work left him exhausted.
这个活使得他筋疲力尽。
The doorkeeper heard the chain and bolts withdrawn.
看门人听见门上的链和拴被拉开了。
The tenant found the house renovated.
房客看到房子已整修过了。
It’s better to leave some things unsaid.
有些事倒是不说的好。
I don’t want my name linked with him.
我不要把我的名字和他联系在一起。
The person concerned should like this matter settled immediately.
当事人希望此事立刻得到解决。
(2)过去分词(短语)在使役 动词get或have之后作宾语补足语,表示的动作往往是由别人完
成的。如:
I had my car repaired
我把我的车修好了。(别人修的)
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I had my hair cut
我理发了。(别人给我理的)
We must get the television set repaired
我们必须把电视机修好。(被别人修)
He had his window broken to pieces.
他的窗户给打破了。(被他人打破)
介词
介词的种类、短语及搭配
介词(The Preposition)又叫做前置词,通常置于 名词之前。它是一种虚词,不需要重读,在
句中不单独作任何句子成分,只表示其后的名词或相当于名词 的词语与其他句子成分的关系。中
国学生在使用英语进行书面或口头表达时,往往会出现遗漏介词或误用 介词的错误,因此各类考
试语法的结构部分均有这方面的测试内容。
1. 介词的种类
英语中最常用的介词,按照不同的分类标准可分为以下几类:
(1). 简单介词、复合介词和短语介词
①.简单介词是指单一介词。如:
at , in ,of ,by , about , for, from , except , since, near, with 等。
②. 复合介词是指由两个简单介词组成的介词。如:
Inside, outside , onto, into , throughout, without , as to as for , unpon, except for
等。
③. 短语介词是指由短语构成的介词。如:
In front of , by means o f, on behalf of, in spite of , by way of , in favor of , in regard
to 等。
(2). 按词义分类
{1} 表地点(包括动向)的介词。如:
About ,above, across, after, along , among, around , at, before, behind, below,
beneath, beside, between , beyond ,by, down, from, in, into , near, off, on, over,
through, throught, to, towards,, under, up, unpon, with, within , without 等。
{2} 表时间的介词。如:
About, after, around , as , at, before , behind , between , by, during, for, from, in,
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into, of, on, over, past, since, through, throughout, till(until) , to, towards , within
等。
{3} 表除去的介词。如:
beside , but, except等。
{4} 表比较的介词。如:
As, like, above, over等。
{5} 表反对的介词。如:
againt ,with 等。
{6} 表原因、目的的介词。如:
for, with, from 等。
{7} 表结果的介词。如:
to, with , without 等。
{8} 表手段、方式的介词。如:
by, in ,with 等。
{9} 表所属的介词。如:
of , with 等。
{10} 表条件的介词。如:
on, without , considering 等。
{11} 表让步的介词。如:
despite, in spite notwithstanding等。
{12} 表关于的介词。如:
About, concerning, regarding ,with regard to, as for , as to
{13} 表对于的介词。如:
to, for over , at , with 等。
{14} 表根据的介词。如:
on, according to 等。
{15} 表其他的介词。如:
for(赞成),without(没有)等。
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2. 介词短语
(1).介词短语的构成 介词之后出现的名词、代词或其他 相当于名词的结构、短语或从句叫介词
宾语。介词短语是指介词和介词宾语构成的短语。介词短语的构成 主要有下面的形式:
{1} 介词+名词。如:
The headmaster lives near the school
校长住在学校附近。
{2} 介词+名词性从句。如:
I am curious as to what she will say.
我很想知道她想说什么。
{3} 介词+代词。如:
What do you know about him ?
关于他,你都知道些什么?
{4} 介词+动名词短语或其复合结构。如:
He is interested in swimming.
他对游泳感兴趣。
The painter is keen on collecting coins
那位画家喜欢收集硬币。
There are no risk of you being late
你不会迟到的。
{5} 介词+连接词或连接副词引导的从句或不定式。如:
Your success will largely depend upon how you do it.
你成功与否将主要取决于你怎样做。
The teacher gave us a talk on how to study English .
老师给我们做了一个如何学英语的讲座。
{6} 介词+数词。如:
Six from twelve is six
12减6等于6。
{7} 介词+形容词。如:
We know her of old
我们老早就认识了她。
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{8} 介词+副词。如:
They worked all day and had a hurried luch in between .
他们工作了一整天,中间匆匆吃了一顿饭。
(2). 介词短语的作用
介词短语在句中可作多种句子成分:
{1} 作主语。如:
From the library to the teaching building is a 5 minutes’ walk.
从图书馆到教学楼要走五分钟。
{2} 作表语。如:
Are you for the plan?
你赞成这个计划吗?
I was at my grandma’s yesterday.
我昨天在我奶奶家。
{3} 作宾语。如:
He gave me until tomorrow.
他给我的期限是到明天。
The dog came out from behind the tree..
狗从树后出来。(behind the tree 作介词from 的宾语)
{4} 作定语。如:
She is a woman of strong character.
她是位性格坚强的女人。
The expert will give us a lecture on how to improve soil.
这个专家将给我们作一个如何改良土壤的讲座。
{5} 作补语。如:
He woke up and found himself in hospital
他醒来发现自己在医院里。(in hospital作宾补)
As a doctor ,he is always patient with the patients
作为一个医生,他一贯对患者很耐心。(As a doctor 作主补)
{6} 作状语。如:
I wil be free on Tuesday morning.
星期二上午我有空。(时间状语)
We’ll meet at the station .
我们将在火车站碰面。(地点状语)
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She covered her face with her hands and cried
她用双手捂着脸哭。(方式状语)
He left home and worked in a big city for the sake o f money .
他为了赚钱,离家到一个大城市工作。(目的状语)
The tree died from want of water .
这棵树因缺水而死。(原因状语)
In spite of all his effort ,he failed
尽管他很努力,但还是失败了。(让步状语)
No living thing can live without water.
生物离开水都无法生存。(条件状语)
With the words, he came into the room他说着话就进来了。(伴随状语)
To a great extent, it is not fair .
在很大程度上,这是不公平的。(程度状语)
In general her works have been good, but this one is dreaful.
总的来说,她的作品很不错,不过这篇很糟。?( in general 作评注性状语)
It doesn’t seem ugly to me , on the contrary, I think it’s very beautiful.
我觉得它不丑,恰恰相反,我觉得它很美。(on the cntrary作连接性状语)
3. 介词与其他词类的固定搭配
介词常常和形容词、名词、动词等构成固定搭配,即某些词 的后面常要求特定的介词以表示固定
的意义。
(1).形容词与介词的固定搭配
形容词与介词的固定搭配
{1} 形容词+about
Angry with对……生气 anxous about担心 calm about对……很平静
care bout小心 careless about粗心 certain about对……有把握
curious about对……好奇 sure about确信 doubtful about对……怀疑
enthusiastic about对……热情的;热心的 hopeful about对……抱希望
frank about对……坦白的;坦率的 incredulous about对……不相信
{2} 形容词+at
clever at擅长于…… expert at对……熟练的 good at擅长于……
indignant at对……愤慨的 quick at做……敏捷 slow at 对……反应慢
surprised at对……吃惊
{3} 形容词+for
anxious for渴望的 eligible for有资格的 famous for因……而著名
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fit for对某人适宜 hungry for对……渴望 late for迟到
possible for可能 qualified for有资格的 ready for准备好
responsible for对……负责 necessary for为……所必需
{4} 形容词+from
absent from缺席 free from使……摆脱 prohibited from禁止某事物
safe from安全 detached from分开某物 different from与……不同
{5} 形容词+in
absorbed in专心于 disappointed in对……失望 experienced in有经验
expert in 在……熟练 fortunate in有幸 interested in对……感兴趣
rich in富于;盛产 successful in在……成功
{6} 形容词+ of
afraid of害怕 ashamed of羞耻 aware of知道 certain of确信
fond of喜爱 guilty of有罪的 proud of骄傲 short of缺乏
sick of厌烦 tired of厌倦 worthy of值得
{7} 形容词+to
contrary to与……相反 determined to有决心的 equal to等于
familiar to为……所熟悉 favourabel to对……有利 harmful to有害的
inclined to准备做某事 indifferent to对……不在乎 similar to相似;相同
{8} 形容词+with
angry with对……感到恼火 annoyed at对……烦恼 busy with忙于
crowded with拥挤 familiar with精通;熟悉 friendly with与……友好
nervouse with对……感到紧张 patient with对……有耐心 popularwith受欢迎
satified with对……满意
{9} 形容词+on
dependent on依靠 intend on坚决;专心 keen on热衷于某事物 severe on严格的
(2). 名词与介词的固定搭配
{1} 介词+名词。如:
at the cinema在电影院 at university上大学
from……point of view从某人的角度 for the sake of为了
in poerty 在穷困中 in earnest有决心的
on sale在出售 on the average平均的 on the contrary相反地
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on the radio 通过收音机 to some extent某种程度
to one’ssurprise让某人吃惊 to one’sdelight让某人高兴
{2} 名词+介词。如:
dependence on依靠 independence on不依靠
discussion abouton关于……的讨论 hundres on数以百计的
thousands of成千上万的 influence on对……的影响
explanationoffor对……的解释 half of……的一半
the idea of……的主意 lack of缺乏
proof of……的证据 reason of……的原因
Responsibility for对……的责任 success inat在……成功
(3). 动词与介词的固定搭配
{1} 动词+介词
agree with同意;赞同 arrive at到达
fall behind 落后
get to到达
laugh at嘲笑
look at看
{2} 动词+副词+介词
catch up with赶上; 超do well in在……方面做得get on with与某人相

go on with继续
并列连词
并列连词
并列连词(Coordinating Conjunctions)是指用来连接彼此是并列关系的词 、短语、从句或
句子的词,被连接的两个部分彼此是独立的,在句法上是平等的。
1. 并列连词的种类
类 别
表示并列关系
表示选择关系
表示转折关系
例 词
and as well as both…and
not only,but also neither…nor
or or else either…nor
but yet while whereas
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arrive in到达
sonsist of由……组成
look after照看;照料
look like看起来
come from来自
listen to听
look for寻找
hear from收到……来信 hear of听说

take care of关心

take part in参加


表示因果关系

2. and
for so
(1) and和;与;及;同;并
Time and tide wait for no man . 时不我待。(and表示并列)
Everything ought to be beautiful in a human being: face,and dress,and soul,and
ideas.
人的面貌,衣着,心灵,思想,一切都应是美丽的。
(2) and然后; 接着
They shook hands and began to talk at once.
他们握了手后立刻开始了谈话。(and表示顺序)
He came and sat down and spoke to me.
他来后坐下来和我说话。
(3) and而且;还;又
I know that he has been arrested and that he is in prison.
我知道他已经被捕并且进了监狱。
Shute is healthy and handsome.
舒特既健康又英俊。
(4) and那么;则
Come early and you will see him.
早些来,那么你就会见到他了。
Try again and you will succeed.
再试一次,你就会成功。
3. but
(1) but但是;可是;然而
She wants to go to college but her parents want her to get married.
她想念大学,但她父母希望她结婚。
The car is very old but in good condition. 这辆车旧了,但性能还不错。
(2) but(用于否定结构后)而(是)
Virtue dwells not in the tongue but in the heart.
看人看心不看嘴。
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He didn’t come to help,but to hinder us.
他不是来帮忙,而是来阻碍我们的。
4. or
(1) or或;或者;还是
He must be mad or drunk.
他不是疯了就是喝醉了。
Scotch or Bourbon?
要苏格兰威士忌还是波旁威士忌?
(2) or否则; 要不然
Be quick,or it may be too late.
快点,不然就会迟到。
Do not move, or you are a dead man.
不要动,不然要你的命。
(3) or(用于否定句) 也不
He never smokes or drinks.
他从不抽烟,也不喝酒。
else
or else 否则;要不然
Hurry up,or else you’ll miss the last bus.
快点,不然你就赶不上末班车了。
Let’s get moving,or else we’ll miss the train.
我们走吧,不然就赶不上火车了。

for 因为;由于……的缘故
Sanger has to stay up tonight ,for there is a lot of homework to do.
桑格今晚不得不熬夜,因为有许多作业要做。
The two brothers decided to leave at dawn,for they had many miles to cover.
两兄弟决定黎明启程,因为他们要走许多英里。

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so因此;所以
It began to rain, so we went home. 天开始下雨了,我们就回家了。
Everybody lent a hand, so the task was done on time.
人人动手,所以任务按时完成了。

yet可是;然而
He worked hard, yet he failed.
他工作努力,可是他失败了。
She said she would be late, yet she arrived on time.
她说她会迟到,但她却准时到达了。
15.9 whereas
whereas 然而; 但是; 尽管
Some people like fat meat, whereas others hate it.
有些人喜欢肥肉,相反有些人讨厌肥肉。
Some people like strong tobacco,whereas others don?t.
有些人喜欢抽烈性烟,而有些人则不喜欢。
She is diligent,whereas he is lazy.
她很勤快,而他却懒惰。
well as
as well as 除……之外;既……又;与……一样;和
On Sundays, his landlady provided dinner as well as breakfast.
逢星期天,女房东除早饭外还供应他正餐。
Hiking is good exercise as well as fun.
徒步旅行很有趣味,也是很好的锻炼。
In theory as well as in practice,the idea is unsound.
这个主意在理论上和实践上都站不住脚。
He would like to go as well as you.
他和你一样想去。
...and...
both...and ... 和……(两者)都; 不仅……而且; 既……又
Both Mary and Peter are washing the dishes.
玛丽和彼得都在洗盘子。
Mary both washes the dishes and dries them.
玛丽不仅洗盘子,而且把它们揩干。
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Both the wheat and the barley will be shipped tomorrow.
小麦和大麦明天都要装船运走。
Chickens are raised for both meat and eggs.
养鸡既可吃肉,又可吃蛋。
only...but also...
not only...but also... 不但……而且……
Such work is not only devalued in that country,its nature is widely misunderstood.
这种工作在那个国家不但被贬低,而且工作的性质也被许多人误解了。
He plays not only the piano,but also the violin.
他不仅弹钢琴,而且还拉小提琴。
He can speak not only English, but also French. 他不仅会说英语,而且会说法语。
I not only heard it,but saw it.
我不但听到而且也看到了。
但要注意:not only...but also...中的but或also有时可省略;当not only... but also...
位于句首时,可能引起倒装。
...or..
either...or...或……或……;要么……要么……;不是……就是……
Either come in or go out.
要么进来,要么出去。
He is either drunk or mad.
他不是醉了就是疯了。
The criminal refused to either speak or eat.
罪犯不肯讲也不肯吃。
r...nor...
neither...nor... 既不……也不……; ……和……都不
Neither Mary nor Tom came to our party yesterday.
昨天玛丽和汤姆都没来参加我们的晚会。
He neither drinks,smokes,nor eats meat.
他既不喝酒抽烟,也不吃肉。
但要注意:当neither...nor...位于句首时,可能引起倒装。
名词性从句
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名词性从句(Noun Clause)在句子中起名词作用 ,根据它们在句中所起的语法作用,这类从
句又可分别称为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句 和形容词补语从句。由于名词从句
和名词作用相同,因此,可用作句子的主语、表语、宾语和介词宾语等 。
1. 主语从句
(1) that引导的主语从句
that引导的主语从句可以位于句首, 而常见的形式是将作形式主语用的先行词it置于句首。
That he will come to the discussion is certain.
他来参加讨论是肯定无疑的。
That mathematics is one of the most useful and fascinating divisions in human
knowledge is widely accepted
数学是人类知识中最有用和最令人着迷的部分之一,这一点受到了广泛的认可。
It is strange that she did not come yesterday.
很奇怪,她昨天没有来。
It is a pity that Mr Brown can’t attend our English meeting.
真可惜,布朗先生不能出席我们的英语晚会。
(2) 连接代词和连接副词以及连接词whether引导的主语从句
Whether it will do us harm or good remains to be seen.
这事会对我们有害还是有益,还要等等看。
Where we shall do the test is still under discussion.
我们在什么地方做这个实验还在讨论。
Why the sun in the morning looks bigger than the sun at noon is very interesting..
为什么早晨的太阳看上去比中午的太阳大,这事很有趣。
疑问词引导的主语从句可以位于句首,也可以借助于先行词it后置。如:
Whether or not an object floats depends on the density of both the object and the
water.
一个物体是否会浮起,既取决于该物体的密度,又取决于水的密度。
(3) 名词性关系代词what, whatever, whichever, whoever引导的主语从句。
Whoever breaks this law deserves a fine.
违反本法者应予以罚款。
Whichever (of you) comes in first will receive a prize.
(你们中)谁先来谁得奖。
What one thinks and feels is mainly due to tradition, habit and education.
一个人的思想和感情主要归因于传统、习惯和教育。(What=the thing whichthat)
2. 表语从句
43


(1) that引导的表语从句
My idea is that you should make good use of your time.
我的建议是你该好好利用你的时间。
The reason Tom failed in the exam was that he didn’t work hard.
汤姆考试没过的原因是学习不努力。
(2) 连接代词和连接副词以及连接词whether引导的表语从句
The question is whether we can finish our work by tomorrow evening.
问题在于我们能不能在明天晚上以前完成这项工作。
(引导表语从句的whether不能换作if)
That is why she had a day –off yesterday .
那就是她昨天请假的原因。
(3) as if等引导的表语从句
It looks as if it is going to rain.
看起来天要下雨。
I felt as though my head were splitting.
我觉得头仿佛要裂开似的。
注:除了as ifas though之外,从属连词as 和 because 也可以引导表语从句。
Things are not always as they seem to be.事情并不总是如其表象。
It may be because he is too busy .这可能是因为他太年轻了。
It is because he doesn’t know hers.这是由于他不认识她。
3. 宾语从句
(1) that引导的宾语从句
I know that he is friendly and hospitable.
我知道他很友好而且好客。
(由连接代词引导)
Almost all economists agree that nations gain by trading with one another .
几乎所有的经济学家都承认,各国在相互的贸易中受益。
注:① they told us once again that the situation was serious .
他告诉我们说形势是严重的。
(亦可以说They told us that once again that the situation was serious).
(他们告诉我们说形势又严重了)但是两句中的that皆不可以省去,否则会产生歧义。
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② He said he couldn’t tell you right away and that you wouldn’t understand.
他说他不能马上告诉你,你是不会理解的。
(said 之后可以省去that,但第二个that 不可省去。)
③ That he ever said such a thing I simply don’t believe.
我简直不相信他曾说过这样的话。(that 从句置于句首是,that 不可省去)
④ We decided ,in view of his special circumstances, that we would admit him for a
probationary period.
鉴于他的特殊情况,我们决定给他一段试用期
(2) 连接代词、连接副词以及连接词whetherif引导的宾语从句
History innguists stdudy how languages evolve over time
历史语言学家研究语言是如何随着时间的推移而发展的。(由连接副词引导)
Do you know when we shall have a meeting?
你知道我们什么时候开会吗?(由连接副词引导)
I asked him if he sure what he is doing.
我问他是否确信知道自己在做什么?(连接词if以及连接代词引导)
The teacher asked me whether or not I finished my work?
老师问我是否完成了作业。(连接词wheter引导)
(3) 名词性关系代词what,whatever,whichever,whoever引导的宾语从句
He gave whoever asked for it a copy of his latest paper.
不论谁要他都将他最近写的论文给他一份。
The President is determined to resist what he regards as blackmail by the terrorists.
总统决心抵制他所认为的恐怖分子的敲诈。
You can call me whatever you like.
你叫我什么都行。
You may choose which appeals to you.
你对哪个感兴趣就可以选哪个。
Use which method you prefer.
你喜欢哪个方法就用哪个方法。
4. 介词宾语从句
(1) that引导的介词宾语从句
that引导的介词宾语从句仅限于用在except,but,not withstanding等少数介词后。
His account is correct except that some details are omitted.
除了有些细节未提到外,他的叙述是正确的。
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He would have helped us but that he was short of money at the time.
要不是他那时缺钱,他一定会帮助我们的。
(2) 连接代词和连接副词引导的介词宾语从句
I have no definite information yet as to which route he will take.
对他将走哪条路线,我们还没有确切的情报。
I know nothing about the matter except what you told me.
除你告诉我的情况以外,对此事我一无所知。
但要注意:引导介词宾语从句的whether不能换作if。
(3) 名词性关系代词what, whatever, whichever, whoever引导的介词宾语从句
The boy was interested in whatever he saw here
那孩子对在那里看到的任何事物都感兴趣。
The first prize should go to whoever writes best.
头等奖应颁给最优秀的作者。
5. 同位语从句
(1) that引导的同位语从句
We are very excited at the news that our Chinese athletes won many gold medals.
听到我们中国运动员赢得了许多金牌的消息我们非常激动。
A new idea occurred to him that it could be done in a very simple way.
他想出一个新主意:这件事可以用一种很简单的方法完成。
(2) 连接代词和连接副词引导的同位语从句
同位语从句通常由that引导,但随着与其同位的名词的不同,也可由whether, when, which,
who, how, what,why等引出。如:
The question , whether we need it , has not yet been considered
我们是否需要它,这个问题还没有被考虑。
I have no idea when she will be back.
我不知道她何时回来。
I have no idea which dictionary is hers.
我不知道哪本词典是她的。
(3) 同位语从句的位置
同位语从句有时不是紧跟在有关的名词后面,而是被其他的词隔开了。如:
We’ve just heard a warming on the radio that a typehoo may be on its way .
我们刚从广播里听到一则气象警报,说有一股台风即将到来。
The question came up at the meeting whether weo had enough meoney for our
46


research.
会上提出了我们的研究经费是否够的问题。
6. 形容词补语从句
(1) that引导的形容词补语从句
We are certain that he will get over his illness.
我们相信他会康复的。
Ralph was disappointed that he didn’t finish the work on time.
拉尔夫没有按时完成工作,感到很失望。
但要注意:引导形容词补语从句的that可以省略。
(2) 连接代词、连接副词和连接词whether引导的形容词补语从句
I’m not certain whether the train will arrive on time.
我没有把握火车是否会准点到达。
The beggar was too sleepy to be aware how cold it was.
这个乞丐太困了,没意识到天气有多冷。
《薄冰实用英语语法详解》独家连载之十七:定语从句
第一章、定语从句
定语从句(Attributive Clauses)通常皆放在它所修饰的名、代词之后,这种名、 代词就叫做
先行词。引导定语从句的关联词为关系代词和关系副词。定语从句在四、六级和研究生入学考 试
以及各类应试中都是一项重要的测试内容。
1.关系代词引导的定语从句
在下面几种情况下必须用关系代词that引导定语从句:
(1) 先行词是不定代词all ,few,little,everthing ,nothing anyting,none等。如:
Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop?
你在商店里有什么东西要买吗?
(2) 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰,或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级。如:
This is the best movie I’ve ever seen.
这是我看到过的最好的一部电影。
(3) 先行词被all, any ,every ,each, few,little, no ,some等修饰时。如:
I have read all the books(that )you gave me.我读了你给我的所有的书。
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(4) 先行词被the only , the every ,the same, the last 修饰时。如:
He is the only person that I want to talk to .
他就是我要谈话的那个人。
(5) 当并列的两个先行词分别表示人和物时。如:
They are talking about thins and persons that they remembered.
他们在谈论他们所能回忆起来的人和事。
(6) 为避免重复,在以who或which开头的特殊疑问句中。如:
Who is the girl that is crying ?正在哭泣的那个女孩是谁?
Which of the books that borrowed from the library is yours
从图书馆借的哪一本书是你的?
(7) 用作关系代词,修饰表示时间的名词如day, time , moment 代替when 。如:
It happened on the day thatwhen he was born
这事碰巧发生在他出生的那天。
(8) 如果有两个定语从句,其中一个关系词已用which则另一个用that 。如:
The country built up a factory which produced things that have never been seen
before.
这个国家建立了一个工厂,生产以前未曾见到过的东西。
(9) 主句以there be开头。如:
This is a seat in the corner that is still free.那个角落还有个座位空着。
2. 限制性定语从句
(1) who引导的限制性定语从句
关系代词who用于指人,通常在句中作主语。在非正式文体中,who 可以代替whom在句中
作动词宾语和介词宾语,而且常常省略。在作介词宾语时,不能位于介词之后。 如:
A doctor is a person who looks after people?蒺s health.
医生是关照人们健康的人。
Nobody who understands the subject would say such a thing.
懂这一行的人是不会说这样的话的。
The man who I saw is called Smith. 我见到的那个人名叫史密斯。
There’s no one works harder than you. 没有比你更用功的人了。
(no one后省去了用作 主语的who)
(2) whom引导的限制性定语从句
The gentleman whom she encountered addressed her with courtesy.
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她相遇的那位先生很有礼貌地和她讲话。
I have just met a lady (whom) I saw last week.
我刚遇到一位我上个星期见过的贵妇人。
关系代词whom用于指人,是who的宾格形式, 在从句中作动词宾语或介词宾语,常常省略。
whom作介词宾语时,介词可位于whom之前或句末, 在非正式文体中常位于句末;紧接介词
的whom不能省略。
He wanted to find someone with whom he could discuss books and music.
他想找个能共同研讨书和音乐的人。
This is the teacher (whom) we have talked about.
这就是我们谈论过的那个老师。
(3) whose引导的限制性定语从句
who se是关系代词who的所有格形式,在从句中作定语。whose通常指人,也可指动物或无
生命的事 物:
An electromagnet is a device whose magnetism is produced by an electric magnet.
电磁铁是一种由充电的磁铁产生磁力的装置。
You're the only one whose advice he might listen to.
只有你的话他可能会听。
I'd like a room whose window looks out over the sea.
我想要一个窗户面临大海的房间。
(4) which引导的限制性定语从句
She was not on the train which arrived just now.
她不在刚才到达的那列火车上。
关系代词whic h在从句中作主语或介词宾语,作宾语时常常省略。which作介词宾语时,介词
可位于是which 之前或句末,在非正式文体中常位于句末;紧接介词的which不能省略。
which主要用于指无 生命的事物,除此之外,还可指婴儿、动物、以及某些表示单数意义的集
体名词。
(5) 关系代词that引导的限制性定语从句
关系代词that既可指人,又可指物。它在从句中可以作主 语、动词宾语、介词宾语和表语。that
作动词宾语或介词宾语时常常省略。在作介词宾语时,介词须 位于句末,而不能位于that之前。
Water that is impure often causes serious illness.
水不洁常会引起重病。
Fanny,bring the water and put it down in the middle of the room,lazy creature that
you are.
范妮,拿水来,放在屋子当中,你这懒鬼。
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(6) when等引导的限制性定语从句
关系副词when指代和修饰主句中表示时间的先行词,在从句中作 时间状语,可以省略。在语
义上,when相当于“介词+which”。如:
July and August are the months when the weather is hot.
七八月是天气很热的月份。
Every hour since I came has been most enjoyable.
我来之后的每一个小时都是非常好玩的。
On the day before we left home there came a snow storm.
在我们离家的前一天,下了一场暴风雪。
(7) where引导的限制性定语从句
关系副词where指代和修饰主句中表示地点的先行词,在从句中 作地点状语,当先行词为place
时,where可以省略。在语义上,where相当于“介词+w hich”:
The knee is the joint where(=at which)the thigh bone meets the large bone of the
lower leg.
膝盖是大腿骨和小腿大骨相连处的关节。
She’s going home where she can rest.
她要回家了,在家里她可以休息。
A stone marks the spot where the treaty was signed.
有一块石头标着那个签订条约的地方。
(8) why引导的限制性定语从句
关系副词why的先行词只有reason, 在从句中作原因状语,可以省略:
The reason why he left is not convincing.
他离开的理由无法令人信服。
There was no definite reason why she should do so.
她这样做并没有什么一定的理由。
(9) 关系代词as引导的限制性定语从句
关系代词as既可指人,又可指物,在从句中作主语、宾语、状语或表语。其具体用法如下:
① as与the same连用:
This is the same computer as I have bought.
这台计算机和我买的那台一样。(as作宾语)
I’ll do the experiment the same way as he does.
我将采用和他同样的方法做这个实验。(as作方式状语)
he studies in the same college as I do.
他和我在同一所大学学习。(as作地点状语)
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② as与such连用:
They returned with coffee,wine,and such provisions as were needed.
他们带着咖啡、葡萄酒以及所需的给养回来了。(主语)
here are such questions as are of ten asked by the college students.
这是些大学生们常常问的那类问题。(as作主语)
I have never seen such kind of girl as she is.
我从未见过像她这样的女孩。(as作表语)
he didn’t believe such reason as she did so.
他不相信她那样做的理由。 (as作原因状语)
③ as与as连用:
There is as good fish in the sea as ever came out of it.
海里有的是鱼(天涯何处无芳草)。(主语)
She tried to make as few mistakes as she could avoid.
她尽可能地避免犯错误。(动词宾语)
④ as与so连用:
He can tell so interesting a story as moves us to tears.
他能讲把我们感动得流泪的故事。(主语)
Here is so big a stone as no one can lift.
这是一块没人能搬得动的大石头。(动词宾语)
(10) “介词+关系代词”引导的限制性定语从句
在介词后引导限制性定语从句的关系代词为whom, whose和which,介词的选择取决于它
与先行词的搭配或与从句中谓语动词的搭配:
The family at whose house we stayed were friends of my father?s. 我们曾住过的那家
的主人是我父亲的朋友。
This is the book for which you asked. 这是你所要的书。
The official to whom we applied for a permit was most obliging.
我们向他申请许可证的那位官员非常热情。

第二章、非限制性定语从句
1. 非限制性定语从句
(1) who引导的非限制性定语从句
Our guide,who was a French Canadian,was an excellent cook.
我们的向导,一个法裔加拿大人,擅长于烹调。
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Then he met Mary,who invited him to a party.
后来他遇到玛丽,玛丽邀请他去参加晚会。
My gardener,who is very pessimistic,says that there will be no apples this year.
我家的园丁非常悲观,他说今年将不结苹果。
(2) whom引导的非限制性定语从句
关系代词whom用于指人,在句中作动词宾语和介词宾语,作介词 宾语时,介词可位于句末。
如:
Peter, whom you mey in London, is now back in Paris.
彼得现在回巴黎了,你在伦敦见过他。
Mr Smith,from whom I have learned a lot,is a famous scientist.
史密斯先生是一位著名的科学家,我从他那儿学了许多东西。
(3) whose引导的非限制性定语从句
whose是关系代词who的所有格形式,在从句中作定语。w hose通常指人,也可指动物或无
生命的事物。如:
The boy, whose father is an engineer, studies very hard.
那位小男孩学习很努力,他的父亲是位工程师。
Above the trees are the mountains whose magnificence the river faithfully reflects
on the surface.
在树林的高处是山,其壮丽的景色完全映照在河面上。
The play,whose style is rigidly formal,is typical of the period.
这剧本是那个时期的典型作品,风格拘谨刻板。
(4) which引导的非限制性定语从句
关系代词which在非限制性定语从句中所指代和修饰的可以是主句中的名词、形容词、短语、
其他从句或整个主句,在从句中作主语、动词宾语、介词宾语或表语。
① which指代主句中的 名词,被指代的名词包括表示物、婴儿或动物的名词、表示单数意义的
集体名词以及表示职业、品格等的 名词。如:
These apple trees,which I planted three years ago,have not borne any fruit.
这些苹果树是我三年前栽的,还没有结过果实。
She is an artist,which I am not.
她是一位艺术家,而我不是。
Water,which is a clear liquid,has many uses.
水是一种清澈的液体,有许多用途。
The two policemen were completely trusted,which in fact they were.
那两个警察完全受到信任,事实上,也真是如此。
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② which指代主句中的形容词。如:
She was very patient towards the children,which her husband seldom was.
她对孩子们很耐心,她丈夫却很少这样。
She is always careless,which we should not be.
她总是马虎大意,我们可不应该这样。
③ which指代主句中的某个从句。如:
He said that he had never seen her before,which was not true.
他说以前从没见过她,这不是真的。
④ which指代整个主句。如:
In the presence of so many people he was little tense, which was understandable.
在那么多人面前他有点紧张,这是可以理解的。
He may have acute appendicitis,in which case he will have to be operated on.
他可能得了急性盲肠炎,如果是这样,他就得动手术。
When deeply absorbed in work,which he often was,he would forget all about eating
and sleeping.
他经常聚精会神地工作,这时他会废寝忘食。
(5) when引导的非限制性定语从句
关系副词when在非限制性定语从句中作时间状语,指代主句中表示时间的词语。如:
He will put off the picnic until May 1st, when he will be free.
他将把郊游推迟到5月1号,那时他将有空。
(6) where引导的非限制性定语从句
关系副词where在非限制性定语从句中作地点状语,指代主句中表示地点的词语。如:
They went to London,where they lived for six months.
他们去了伦敦,在那儿呆了六个月的时间。
They reached there yesterday, where a negotiation of sale will be held.
他们昨天抵达那里, 有一个关于销售的谈判在那儿举行。
(7) as引导的非限制性定语从句
as引出非限定性定语从句时,代替整个主句,对其进行说明。但通常用于像as we allaknow,
as it is know, as is know to all, as it is, as is said above, as always mentioned above,
as is usual, as is often the case, as is reported in the newspaper等句式中。as在非
限定性定语从句中作 主语、表语或宾语,且引出的从句位置比较灵活,可位于句首或句末,也可
置于主句中间。通常均由逗号 将其与主句隔开。as有“正如……, 就像……”之意。 如:
As it known to the United States, Mark Twain is a great American writer.
美国人都知道,马克?吐温是一位伟大的美国作家。(as在从句中作主语)
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He forgot to bring his pen with him, as was often the case.
他忘了带笔,这是常事。(as在从句中作主语)
He is absorbed in work, as he often was.
他正在全神贯注地工作,他过去经常这样。(as在从句中作表语)
Boy as he was, he was chosen king.
他虽是孩子,却被选为国王。(as在从句中作表语)
as we all know, the earth is round.
众所周知,地球是圆的。 (as在从句中作宾语)
The two brothers were satisfied with this decision,as was agreed beforehand.
两兄弟对此决定都满意,这项决定在事前都已得到他们的同意。(as在从句中作主语)
Taiwan is,as you know,an inseparable part of China.
你知道,台湾是中国不可分割的一部分。(as在从句中作宾语)
(8)“介词+关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句
在介词后引导非限制性定语从句。关系代 词which有时并不代表主句中某一确定的词,而是概
括整个主句的意思。介词的选择取决于它与先行 词的搭配或与从句中谓语动词的搭配。
They were short of sticks to make frames for the climbing vines,without which the
yield would be halved.
他们缺搭葡萄架的杆儿,没有它们产量会减少一半。
They thanked Tom,without whose support they would not have succeeded.
他们对汤姆表示了感谢,因为没有他的支持他们就不会成功。
These new neighbors,to whom I was introduced yesterday,have come here from
Beijing.
这些邻居是北京来的,昨天我被介绍同他们认识了。
(9)“名词代词+of+which whom”引导的非限制性定语从句
It now has 20,000 hectares of land,more than two-thirds of which are under
cultivation.
现在它拥有两万公顷土地,其中三分之二之多已经耕种。
Light is the fast thing in the world, the speed of which is 300.000 kilometers per
second.
世界上光的速度是最快的,其速度是每秒三十万公里。
There are 30 chairs in the small hall, most of which are new.
大厅里有三十把椅子,绝大部分是新的。
The textile mill has over 8,000 workers and staff,eighty per cent of whom are
women.
这家纺织厂有8千多职工,女职工占百分之八十。
状语从句
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第一章、状语从句(1)
状语从句(Adverbial Clauses)在四、六级、研究生入学考试以及各类应试中是一项 比较重要
的测试内容。引导状语从句的是一些连词,它们的位置比较灵活,可以置于句首,也可以置于句
末。
1. 时间状语从句
(1) when引导的时间状语从句
①.w hen引导的时间状语从句,其动词既可以是延续性动作的动词,也可以是瞬间性动作的动
词,而且可以 表示主句的动作和从句的动作同时发生,或者从句的动作发生在主句的动作之前。
如:
when you apply for a job, you must present your credentials.
当你申请工作时,你必须递交你的有关证件。(同时)
when the students heard the teacher’s footsteps, they all atopped talking.
当学生们听到老师的脚步声时,他们都停止了讲话。(从句动作发生在前)
② when还可表示just then(正在那时,突然)的意思,此时其所引导的从句只放在主句之
后。如:
we were about to start when it began to rain.
我们正要动身,突然天下起雨来。
The game had hardlyscarcelybarely begun when it started raining.
比赛刚刚开始就下起雨来。
(2) as引导的时间状语从句
as引导的时间状语从句其动词的动作是延续性的,而且侧重表示主句和从句的动作并相发生:
We were having breakfast as she was combing her hair.
她梳头时我们在吃早饭。
It will warm up a little bit on Sunday as the cold front passes.
寒流一过,星期日就会有点暖意了。
(3) while引导的时间状语从句
wh ile表示“在某一段时间里”或“在……期间”,其所引导的从句的动作是延续性的,并侧重表示
和主 句的动作同时发生。如:
When the teacher paraphrased the text in English, the students listened attentively
and took notes.
当老师用英语解释课文时,学生们聚精会神地听并做着笔记。
I can learn while I work.
我可以边工作边学习。
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(4) before引导的时间状语从句
① before“在……之前”
I have finished my dissertation before my supervisor went abroad.
在我的导师出国之前,我已完成了我的学位论文。
I’ll be back before you have left.
你离开之前我就会回来。
② before“……之后才”
It may be many years before we meet again.
可能要过许多年我们才能再见了。
It was three days before I came back.
他三天后才回来。
(5) as soon asoncedirectlythe instant等引导的时间状语从句
as soon as 是最常见的表示“一……就”的从属连词,其他连词还有once,directly,
immedia tely,instantly,the instant (that),the minute(that) ,the moment(that)
等,它们通常都可与as soon as换用。如:
As soon as we got home, the telephone rang.
我们一到家,电话就响了。
I recognized her immediately I saw her.
我一看见她就认出她来了。
Directly the teacher came in everyone was quiet.
老师一进来,大家就静了下来。
(6) hardly...whenno sooner...than引导的时间状语从句
关联从属连词hardlybarelyscarcely...when和no sooner... than的意思是“刚……就”,它
们所引导的从句中的谓语动词通常为过去完成时。如:
He had no sooner (no sooner had he)arrived home than he was asked to start on
another journey.
他刚一到家,就又要他出另一次差。
No sooner had the words been spoken than he realized that he should have
remained silent.
这些话刚一出口,他就意识到自己应该保持沉默。
(7) since引导的时间状语从句
在含有since引导的时间状语从句的复合句中,从句的谓语动词通常为一般过去时,主句的谓
语动词通常为现在完成时、过去完成时和一般现在时: We’ve never met since we
graduated from the college.
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大学毕业后我们就再没见过面。
Great changes have taken place since you left.
你走了以后,这里发生了巨大变化。
(8) tilluntil引导的时间状语从句 till和until同义,作“直到……时(为止 )”解,till多用于非正
式文体,until多用于句首。如:
Donald will remain in college until(till) he finishes his Ph.D course.
唐纳德将留在学校直到完成他的博士学位课程。
I won’t go with you until(till) I finished my homework.
等我做完作业我才和你一起去。
(9) whenevereach timeevery time引导的时间状语从句
whenever在引导时间状语从句时作“每当;每次”解,each time和every time与whenever
同义,通常可以与它换用。如:
The roof leaks whenever it rains.
每逢下雨屋顶就漏雨。
Whenever certain chemicals are mixed together,heat is produced.
某些化学物质被混到一起时,就会产生热。
Whenever Every time Each time I met her, she was studying.
我每次看见她时,她总是在学习。
2. 地点状语从句
(1) when引导的时间状语从句
从属连词where“在(或到)……的地方”
Where there is a will, there is a way.
有志者事竟成。
Put it where you found it.
把它放在原来的地方。
① where 在地点状语从句中,除指地点外,还可指处境等。如:
He said he was happy where he was.
他说他对自己的处境很满意。
It’s your fault that she is where she is.
她今天落到这个地步都怪你。
② 有时地点状语从句中的某些词可以省略。如:
Fill in the blanks with the given phrases. Change the form where necessary.
用所给的短语填空,必要的地方可以改变其形式。
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Avoid structure of this kind where possible.
只要可能,就要避免这种结构。
(2) wherever引导的地点状语从句
从属连词wherever“在(或到)……的各个地方”:
You can go wherever(anywhere) you like these days.
这些天你可以去你想去的地方。
Where (Everywhere) they went, the experts were warmly welcomed.
专家每到一处, 都受到热烈的欢迎。
Sit down wherever you like.
你喜欢坐哪儿就坐哪儿。
3. 原因状语从句
(1) because引导的原因状语从句
because表示人们不知道的直接的原因或理由,着重点在 从句,其所引导的从句,为全句句意
的中心所在。通常用于回答why引出的疑问句,语气最强,除特别 强调外,该从句一般位于主
句后面。
I didn’t go abrord with her because I couldn’t afford it.
我没有和她一起出国是因为费用太高。
Don’t scamp your work because you are pressed for time.
不要因为时间仓促而马马虎虎。
(2) as引导的原因状语从句
as引导的原 因状语从句所传递的通常是已知信息,从句多位于主句之前,通常可以和since换
用。如:
As I didn’t know the way,I asked a policeman.
我不认识路,因而问警察。
As it is snowing, we shall not climb the mountain.
由于在下雪,我们不去爬山了。
(3) since引导的原因状语从句
since引导的原因状语从句所传递的通常是已知信息,从句多位于 主句之前,通常可以和as换
用。如:
Since traveling by air is much faster,they decided to take a plane.
既然乘飞机旅行快得多,他们就决定坐飞机。
Since you won’t help me ,I’ll ask someone else.
你既然不帮我,那我就请别人帮忙。
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(4) now(that)引导的原因状语从句
now(that)“因为;既然”,通常可以和since换用。其中that可省去,用来表示一种新的情况 ,
再加以推论。如:
Now(that) you?蒺ve passed your test you can drive on your own.
你既已考试合格,就可以独自开车了。
I do remember,now (that) you mention it.
你这一提,我倒的确想起来了。
(5) seeing (that)引导的原因状语从句
Seeing (that)“鉴于;由于”,通常用于非正式文体。如:
Seeing (that) the weather is bad,we’ll stay at home.
天气不好,我们还是呆在家里吧。
Seeing that he’ s ill,he’s unlikely to come.
(6) in that引导的原因状语从句
in that“因为;基于……的理由”,可以和because换用,多用于正式文体,它所引导的原因状
语从句总是位于主句之后。如:
Advertisement is distinguished from other forms of communication in that the
advertiser pays for the message to be delivered. 广告不同于其他交际形式,因为登广告
的人要为其所提供的信息付费。
I’m in a slightly awkward position, in that he’s not arriving until 10th.
我的处境有点难堪,因为他要十号才来。
4. 目的状语从句
(1) in order that引导的目的状语从句
in order that“为了;以便”。多用于正式文体,通常可以与so that换用。如:
You stopped at Hangzhou in order that they could go around West Lake.
他们在杭州停了下来,以便游览西湖。
The expert spoke slowly in order that everyone should understand.
专家讲得很慢,以便人人听得懂。
(2) so (that)引导的目的状语从句
so that“为了;以便”。so that通常可以与in order that换用,它所引导的目的状语从句总是
放在主句之后,在非正式文体中,常省略that。如:
Speak clearly so that they may understand you.
你要讲得清楚,他们才听得懂。
She wanted tea ready at seven so she could be out by eight.
她要七点钟备好茶点,这样她八点以前就可以出门了。
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(3) in casefor fear (that)lest等引导的目的状语从句
in case,for fear(that)和lest这三个从属连词都表示否定目的,意思是“以免”,“以防”。in case
多用于英国英语,它所引导的从句中的谓语动词可以是陈述语气形式,也可以是虚拟语气形式;
for fear(that)引导的从句中的谓语带有may,might,should等情态动词;les t用于正式文
体,它所引导的从句中的谓语动词用虚拟语气形式。如:
Take your umbrella with you,lest it should rain.
带上你的伞,以防下雨。
Take your umbrella in case it rains.
带上你的伞,以防下雨。
He took an umbrella with him for fear that it might rain.
他带了一把伞,以防下雨。


第二章、状语从句(2)
1. 结果状语从句
(1) so that引导的结果状语从句
① so that引导的结果状语从句只能位于主句之后,中间可以有逗号。如:
Suddenly it began to rain heavily,so that it was almost impossible to carry on
driving.
突然下起了大雨,几乎无法继续开车。
Linda phoned me in on arrival so that I know she was safe and sound.
琳达到达后给我打了电话,因而我知道她平安无事。
②“so that”既可引导结果状语 从句也可引导目的状语从句。究竟是引导的结果状语从句还是目
的状语从句,除了根据句意来判断外,还 可根据结构形式来加以判断。若从句前有逗号,一般为
结果状语从句,如果从句中有情态动词,通常则为 目的状语从句。如:
They started out early, so that they didn’t miss the train.
他们早早就出发了,所以没误火车。(结果状语从句)
They started out early so that they would not miss the train.
他们早早出发是为了不误火车。(目的状语从句)
(2) so...that引导的结果状语从句
so...that“如此……以致”,that在非正式文 体中可以省略,so后面接形容词或副词。如:
She spoke so fast that nobody could catch what she was saying.
她说话如此之快竟没有人听出来她在讲什么。
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There is so little time left that I have to tell you about it latter.
现在剩下的时间不多了,我只好以后再给你讲这件事。
(3) such...that引导的结果状语从句
引导结果状语从句的such...that的具体内容 是:such+aan+形容词+名词+that从句。其
中的名词可以是可数名词的单数或复数,也可 以是不可数名词。such+aan+形容词+单数名
词+that从句可换成so+形容词+aan+ 单数名词+that从句。如:
The Japanese student made such rapid progress that he soon began to write article
in Chinese.
那个日本留学生进步很快,不久就开始用中文写文章了。
The professor told us such a funny story that all the students laughed.
(=The professor told us so funny a story that all the students laughed.)
教授讲了个很有趣的故事,(以致于)所有的学生都笑了起来。
(4) such that引导的结果状语从句
such that引导的结果状语从句多用于正式文体,主句为“主—系—表”句型。如:
The force of the explosion was such that it blew out all the windows.
爆炸的力量很大,所有的窗户都被炸掉了。
His anger was such that he lost control of himself.
他气得不能克制自己的感情。
2. 条件状语从句
(1) if引导的条件状语从句
if可引导非真实条件状语从句(见“虚拟语气”)和真实条件状语从句。如:
If he said that,he can’t be telling the truth.
如果他说了那样的话,他不可能是说实话。
(2) unless引导的条件状语从句 unless引导的是否定条件状语从句,在意义上相当于if...not,而且语气较强,一般不用于虚 拟
语气。如:
You’ll be late unless you hurry.
你会迟到的,如果不赶快的话。
(3) if only引导的条件状语从句
if only在引导条件状语从句时意为“只要;如果”。如:
I’ll let you use the car if only you keep it in good condition.
只要你把车保养好,我就让你用。
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(4) asso long as引导的条件状语从句
asso long as意为“只要;如果”。如:
As long as it doesn’t rain, we can play.
只要不下雨我们就能玩。
(5) provided (that)providing (that)引导的条件状语从句
provided (that)providing (that)意为“如果;只要”。如:
I will agree to go provided’ providing (that my expense are paid.)
假如为我负担费用,我就同意去。
Providing you promise not to tell anyone else I’ll explain the secret.
3. 让步状语从句
(1) althoughthough引导的让步状语从句
although和though,都作“虽然;尽管”解,通常可以换用,although的语气较重。如果 要强
调“但是”语气,可使用yet,still或nevertheless来表示“但是”、“依然 ”或“然而”之意。
Although they have been talking for a long time, he cannot make her believe him.
虽然和她谈了半天,他还是不能让她信任自己。
(2) even if引导的让步状语从句
even if “即使,纵然”,从句表示的是尚未发生的动作或存在的情况。如:
Even if it rains tomorrow,we won’t change our plan.
即使明天下雨,我们也决不改变计划。
Even if I failed again, I will not give up the experiment.
即使我再次失败,我也决不会放弃实验。
(3) even though引导的让步状语从句
even though“虽然,尽管”,从句所表示的是已经发生 的动作或存在的情况,通常可以和
althoughthough换用。如:
Even though I didn’t understand a word,I kept smiling.
即使我一个字也不懂,我还是保持微笑。
Even though you say so,I do not believe it.
即使你这样说,我也不信。
(4) much as引导的让步状语从句
much as“虽然,尽管”,通常可以和althoughthough换用:
Much as I’d like to,I can’t come.
我虽然很想来,但是来不了。
Much as I admire his courage,I don’t think he acted wisely.
我虽然佩服他的勇气,但我认为他这样做是不聪明的。
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(5) while引导的让步状语从句
while“虽然,尽管”,多用于正式文体,通常可换作althoughthough。如:
While I understand your point of view,I do not share it.
我虽了解你的观点,但不敢苟同。
While I sympathize,I really can’t do very much to help.
虽然我很同情,但我确实帮不了什么忙。
(6) whateverno matter what引导的让步状语从句
whatever和no matter what用法相同,都作“无论什么”解,后者多用于非正式文体。如:
WhateverNo matter what he says,don’t go.
不管他说什么,你都不要走。
We are determined to fulfill the task,whateverno matter what happens.
不管发生什么了,我们决心完成任务。
(7) whicheverno matter which引导的让步状语从句
whichever和no matter which用法相同,都作“无论哪个”解,后者多用于非正式文体。如:
WhicheverNo matter which you buy, there is a six-month guarantee.
不论你买哪个,都有六个月的保修期。
WhicheverNo matter which of the two men had stolen her purseBarbara was
determined to find them.
不管这两个人是谁偷了她的钱包,芭芭拉决心找到他们。
(8) whoeverno matter who引导的让步状语从句
whoever和no matter who用法相同,都作“无论谁”解,后者多用于非正式文体。如:
You can’t come in, whoever you are.
不管你是谁,都不能进来。
WhoeverNo matter who wants to speak to me on the phone, tell him I’m busy.
不管谁要我接电话, 就说我现在正忙着呢。
(9) whereverno matter where引导的让步状语从句
wherever和no matter where用法相同,都作“无论在(或到)哪里”解,后者多用于非正式
文体。如:
WhereverNo matter where you go, I’m right here waiting fo ryou.
无论你到哪里,我都依然在这里等着你。
(10) howeverno matter how引导的让步状语从句
however和no matter how用法相同,都作“无论如何……”解,后者多用于非正式文体。
However much you regret doing that, there is nothing you can do about it now.
无论你可能多么懊悔你曾经做过的事,现在也无济于事了。
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However high it may be,it can’t reach the sky.
它不论有多高,也高不到天上去。
(11) wheneverno matter when引导的让步状语从句
whenever和no matter when用法相同,都作“无论何时”解,后者多用于非正式文体。如:
Whenever I’m unhappy,he cheers me up.
每当我不高兴时,他就给我鼓劲儿。
(12)(no matter) whether...or引导的让步状语从句
whether...or和no matter whether...or用法相同,都作“不论……还是”解,后者的语气强
一些。如:
When it rains or not, we’re playing football on Sunday.
无论下不下雨,我们星期天一定踢足球。
(13) as引导的让步状语从句
as在引导让步状语从句时作“虽然;尽管”和“即使”解,但是它不位于句 首,在它前面的可以是
形容词、名词、副词等。如:
Strong as you maybe, you cannot lift it.
虽然你可能很有力气,你却无法把它提起来。
Late as it was, they continued to study.
时间尽管不早了,他们仍继续学习。
4. 方式状语从句
(1) as引导的方式状语从句
as在引导方式状语从句时意为“以……方式;如同……那样”,从句有时是省略句。如:
Do as I say. 要照我说的做。
I did just as you told me. 我正是照你说的办的。
Air is to man as water is to fish. 空气之于人犹如水之于鱼。
(2) as ifas though引导的方式状语从句
as if和as though的用法相同,都作“好像,仿佛”解。如:
二者引导的状语从句往往用虚拟语气,表示与事实相反。as if比as though更为常用。但也可
用陈述语气,表示所说的情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。如:
They looked at me as if ‘as though I were mad.
他们瞧着我好像我发疯了似的。
They look as ifas though they know each other.
他们看来好像互相认识。
5. 比较状语从句
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(1) as...as 引导的比较状语从句
as...as表示同级比较,主句中用形容词或副词的原级形式,从句常常为省略句。如:
We were as fortunate as them (they were)
我们和他们一样幸运。
I hope she will make as much progress as you (have done).
我希望她将取得和你同样的进步。
(2) not soas...as 引导的比较状语从句
not soas...as表示同级比较,主句中用形容词或副词的原级形式,从句常常为省略句。如:
That’s not soas simple as it sounds.
那件事情不像听起来那么简单。
(3) than引导的比较状语从句
than引 导的比较状语从句表示同等比较,主句中用形容词或副词的比较级形式,从句常常为省
略句。如:
He has lived here longer than I(has lived).
他在这儿住的时间比我长。
They love the girl than(they love) him.
他们爱这个女孩而不爱他。
(4) the..., the...引导的比较状语从句
The more you listen to English, the easier it becomes.
英语听得越多就越容易。
The harder you work , the greater progress you will make.
工作越努力,取得的进步就越大。
倒装
英语句子的语序通 常是主语在前,谓语在后,这种语序称作正常语序或自然语序。但有时出于语
法或达到某种修辞目的(强 调、承上启下、平衡等)的需要,要把谓语动词放在主语前面,这种语
序称作倒装(Inversion )语序。将谓语动词完全移至主语之前,称完全倒装(Full Inversion);
如果只是把助动词或情态动词放在主语之前,称为部分倒装。
1. there be结构的倒装
在“there be”(或there + appear to be,come,exist, happen to be, lie, live, occur,
remain, seem, seem to be, stand, used to be) 雪结构中,倒装形式为完全倒装。如:
There were many students in the reading room in this evening.
今晚阅览室里有许多学生。
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There is a TV set, a stereo system and a number of chairs in the sitting room.
客厅里有一台电视机,一套组合音响和一些椅子。
2. here,there,now,then等引起的倒装
在以here,there,now,the n等简短副词引起的句子中(前三个须用一般现在时),动词往往是
be,come,go等时, 这类句子大多带有引起注意的含义。如:
Here comes the bus.
公共汽车来了。
Here is the letter you have been looking forward to.
你久盼的信在这儿。
但要注意:如果主语是人称代词,则不用倒装。如:
Here they are. 他们在这儿。
3. 省略if的非真实条件状语从句中的倒装
虚拟结构中的条件从句省去if时,were, had, should须移至主语之前。如:
Had you worked harder at college, you would have got better job.
如果你在大学期间读书用功些,现在就会找到一份更好的工作。
Were he better qualified, he would apply for the position.
要是他的条件再好些,他就申请这个职位。
4. 副词so, neither, nor等引起的倒装
在用so, nor, neither表示“也不……”这一类结构里其公式是:
肯定: so+behave助动词情态动词+主语
否定: Neither(nor)+behave助动词情态动词+主语。如:
—He has been to Beijing.他去过北京。
—So have I.我也去过。
—They can’t answer the question.他们不会回答这个问题。
—Neither than I.我也不会。
5. what,how引起的倒装
以What, how开头的感叹句(表语或宾语提前)。如:
What beautiful weather (it is)!
多好的天气啊!(表语提前)
What a lovely picture he painted!
他画了一张多好的画啊!(宾语提前)
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6. 疑问词或连接词引起的倒装
在疑问词或连接词whether等引起的从句中。如:
Whatever you may say, I won’t go there.
无论你怎样说,我都不会去那儿。(状语从句中宾语提前)
What book he wants is not clear.
他要什么书还不清楚。(主语从句中宾语提前)
7. 否定词位于句首时引起的倒装
(1). never,seldom,hardly,little,few等引起的倒装
否定词never, seldom,rarely,hardly,barely,scarcely,little,few等位于 句首时所
引起的倒装句通常为部分倒装形式,如果谓语动词为be的一般现在时或一般过去时,则为完全
倒装形式。如:
Never shall I forget the days when you were with us.
我很少有时间去看电影。
(2). nowhere,no longer,no more等引起的倒装
nowhere(无处),no longer(不再),no more(也不)等否定词位于句首时所引起的倒装句通常
为部分倒装形 式,如果谓语动词为be的一般现在时或一般过去时,则为完全倒装形式:
No longer was he in charge of this work.
他不再负责这项工作了。
(3). not until,not a,not in the least等引起的倒装
not until(直到……才),not a(一个……也没有),not in the least(一点儿也不),not for a
minutemoment(一点儿也不)等位于句首时,通常引起倒装(not a之后的名词作主语 时除
外),其形式通常为部分倒装形式,如果谓语动词为be的一般现在时或一般过去时,则为完全倒装形式。如:
Not until all the demands had been turned down did the workers decide to go on
strike.
一直到所有的要求遭到拒绝之后,工人们才决定罢工。
Not once did he talk to me.
他一次也没有和我谈过。
(4). under no circumstances,by no means,in no way等引起的倒装
inunder no circumstances(无论如何不),by no means (决不),in no case (无论如何不),
in no way (决不),on no account (决不可),on no condition(决不)等短语位于句首时所
引起的倒 装句通常为部分倒装形式,如果谓语动词为be的一般现在时或一般过去时,则为完全
倒装形式。如:
In no case must force be resorted to.
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决不准许诉诸武力。
By no means is it true that all English people know their own language well.
并非所有的英国人都通晓本国语。
8. 关联连词位于句首时引起的倒装
(1). not only...but also引起的倒装
not only...but also位于句首所引起的倒装句为部分倒装形式,如果谓语动词为b e的一般现
在时形式或一般过去时形式,则为完全倒装形式。如: Not only should we not be afraid of
difficulties, but also we should try our best to overcome them.
我们不仅应该不怕困难,而且应该尽最大努力去克服它们。
(2). neither...nor引起的倒装
neither...nor位于句首引起的倒装句为部分倒 装形式,如果谓语动词为be的一般现在时或一
般过去时,则为完全倒装形式。如:
Neither Peter wanted the responsibility,nor did his wife.
彼得不想担此责任,他妻子也不想担此责任。
(3). hardly...whenno sooner...than引起的倒装
hardlyscarcelybarely...when或no
sooner...t han位于句首所引起的倒装句为部分倒装形式,如果谓语动词为be的一般现在时或
一般过去时,则为 完全倒装形式。如:
Hardly had he arrived whenNo sooner had he arrived than he was asked to leave
again.
他刚到就又被请走了。
(4). so...that引起的倒装
so...that位于句首所引起的倒装句为部分倒装形式,如果谓语动词为be的一般现在时或一般
过去时,则为完全倒装形式。如:
So angry was he (He so angry) that he couldn’t speak.
他如此愤怒,以致说不出话来。
(5). such...that引起的倒装
such...that位于句首所引起的倒 装句为部分倒装形式,如果谓语动词为be的一般现在时或一
般过去时,则为完全倒装形式。如:
Such was the force of the explosion that all the windows were broken.
爆炸的威力如此之大,以致所有的窗户都被震破了。
9. only引起的倒装
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当副词only位于句首并修饰状语或宾语时,引起句子的倒 装,其形式通常为部分倒装,如果谓
语动词为be的一般现在时或一般过去时,则为完全倒装。如:
Only in this way can you solve this problem.
只有用这种方法,你才可以解决这个问题。
Only yesterday did I finish this the book.
到昨天我才读完那本书。
10. 表语位于句首时所引起的倒装
当作表语的形容词、副词、介词短语等位于句首时,常常引起倒装,其形式为完全倒装:
Aristotle says,“Plato is dear to me,but dearer still is truth.”
亚里斯多德说,“吾爱柏拉图,但更爱真理。”
Present at the meeting were Professor Smith,Professor Brown,Sir Hugh and many
other celebrities.
到会的有史密斯教授、勃朗教授、休爵士以及许多其他知名人士。
11. 状语位于句首时所引起的倒装
(1). 当位于句首的状语是一些表示地点的介词短 语或表示运动方向的副词(如away,back,
down,in,off,out,up)时,常常 引起倒装,其形式为全部倒装。如:
Away went the runners.
赛跑手们刷地跑开了。
Down came the rain.
雨哗地落下来了。
(2).介词短语作地点状语,放在句首,后面跟的是不及物动词be,come,sit live,stand,lie,exist
等时常常引起倒装,其形式为全部倒装。如:
Next to the table is a chair.
桌旁有把椅子。
At the South Pole lies Antarctica, the coldest and most desolate region on earth.
南极洲位于南极,它是地球上最寒冷和最荒凉的地区。
12. 状语从句中的倒装
(1).让步状语从句中的倒装
as引导的让步状语从句中的倒装:
在as引导的 让步状语从句中,位于句首的可以是形容词、名词、副词,还可以是谓语动词的一
部分,从而形成从句的 部分倒装。如:
Tires as he was, he continued the work.
虽然他累了,但是仍然继续工作。
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(2).方式状语从句中的倒装
as引导的方式状语从句一般为正常语序,但 是,如果主语比谓语长,可将谓语动词置于主语之
前,形成完全倒装。如:
He believed,as did all his family,that the king was the supreme lord.
他和他全家人一样,都认为国王是至高无上的君主。
(3).比较状语从句的倒装
than引导的比较状语从句中的倒装:
由than 引导的比较状语从句一般为正常语序。但是,如果主语较长,可将谓语动词置于主语之
前,形成完全倒装 :
Western Nebraska generally receives less snow than does eastern Nebraska.
内布拉斯加西部地区的降雪通常比东部地区少。
13. the more...,the more...结构中的倒装
在以the more..., the more...引导的倒装结 构中,采用部分倒装;如果主句的主语较长,
可将谓语动词置于主语之前,形成完全倒装。如:
The more books you read(宾语提前),the wider your knowledge is(表语提前).
书读得越多,知识就越渊博。

一致关系
1. 概述
所谓一致关系就是在英语句子中各个成分之间必须在人称、性 、数等方面保持一定的语法关系。
一致关系必须遵循三个原则,即语法一致原则、意义一致原则和就近一 致原则。
(1). 语法一致
主语为单数形式,谓语动词用单数形式;主语为复数形式,谓语动词也用复数形式。如:
The number of mistakes was surprising.
错误的数量很惊人。
(2). 意义一致
①. 主语形式虽为单数,但意义为复数,谓语动词要用复数形式。如:
My family are having supper now.
我们一家人现在正吃晚饭。
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②. 主语形式为复数而意义上却是单数,谓语动词要用单数形式。如:
Thirty dollars is too expensive for this dictionary.
这本词典30美元太贵了。
(3). 就近一致
谓语动词的单、复数形式取决于最靠近它的词语。如:
Not only the teacher but also his students like playing football.
不仅老师喜欢踢足球,而且学生也喜欢踢足球。
2. 主谓一致(名词与动词的一致)
(1). 单复数同形的名词作主语时谓语动词的形式
单复 数同形的名词作主语时,如果表示单数意义,谓语动词用单数形式;如果表示复数意义,谓
语动词用复数 形式:
This glass works was set up in 1980.
这家玻璃厂建于1990年。
(2). 只有复数形式的名词作主语时谓语动词的形式。
只有复数形式的名词作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。如:
Where are my spectacles?I can’t find them.
我的眼镜呢?我找不着。
(3). 以-s结尾的不可数名词作主语时谓语动词的形式
以-s结尾的不可数名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。如:
What’s the news?
有什么新闻?
(4). 以-s结尾的专有名词作主语时谓语动词的形式
① 以-s结尾的表示国家、组织等名称的专有名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式,如:
the Netherlands荷兰 the United States美国 the United Nations联合国 The
Canterbury Tales《坎特伯雷故事集》
② 以-s结尾的表示山脉、群岛等复数意义的专有名词作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。如:
the Alps阿尔卑斯山 the Philippine lslands菲律宾群岛 the Appalachians阿巴拉契亚山
脉 the Himalayas喜马拉雅山脉
The Alps are the greatest mountain range in Europe. They cover an area of about
200,000 ..
阿尔卑斯山脉是欧洲最大的山脉,其面积为20万平方公里。
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(5). 集体名词作主语时谓语动词的形式
① 集体名词作主语时,如果表 示整体概念,谓语动词用单数形式,如果就其中一个个成员而言,
谓语动词用复数形式。如:
Nowadays almost every family in the villiahe owns a televison.
如今村上几乎每家都有电视机。
army, ass ociation,audience,band,board(董事会),cast(全体演员),choir (唱诗班),
chorus, clan (部落;党派),class,city,club, college,commission, committee, company,
corporation, council, couple,crew,crowd, department, enemy, faculty, family,
federation, firm, gang, generation, government, group,institution,jury(陪审团),
majority, mainkind, military, minority, nation, navy, opposition, orchestra, pair,
party, personel, population, public, school, staff, team, tribe, union, univerty.
② 有些集体名词如:cattle, folk, militia, people, police, police, youth等,只当复数看待,
谓语动词必须用复数。如:
There are many people in the meeting room.
会议室有很多人。
③ 具有单数意义的集体名词作主语时,谓语动词为单数形式。如:
There is a lot of furniture in his living-room.
他的客厅里有很多家具。
(6). 主语为外来的复数名词时谓语动词的形式
某些外来的复数名词已没有复数意义,故谓语动词常用单数。如:
This data is very interesting.
这项数据很有意思。(也可用复数动词are)
(7). 表示时间、距离、金钱等的复数名词作主语时谓语动词的形式
当名词词组中心词为 表示度量、距离、金额、时间等复数名词时,往往可以根据意义一致的原则,
把这些复数名词看作一个整 体,谓语动词用单数形式。如:
Three years has passed.
三年已经过去了。
(8). 代词作主语时谓语动词的形式
① 不定代词each, every, no等修饰的名词即使以and或逗号连接成多个并列主语,谓语动
词仍用单数形式。如:
Every man has his fault.
每个人都有缺点。
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No man is born wise.
人非生而知之。
② 如果主语由more than one…或many a …构成,尽管从意义上看是复数,但它的谓语动
词仍用单数形式。如:
More than one student has seen the film.
不止一个学生看过那部电影。
③ both, (a) few, many, several等限定词修饰主语时,要用复数形式。如:
Both (of) these films are boring.
这两部电影都没意思。
Few (of) the guests are familiar to us.
客人中没有几个是我们熟悉的。
④ such, the same 起指示代词作用时,应根据其所指的内容来决定单、复数。如:
Such is our plan.
我们的计划就是这样。
⑤ all, most, none, some等代词作主语时,要遵循意义一致的原则,即其谓语动词的单、复
数 形式要根据它们所代替的词的含义来确定。如: All of my classmates work hard 我们班
所有同学学习都很用功。
All of the water is gone.所有的水都用光了。
⑥ 由代词each, every one, no one, either, neither,another,the other作主语,以及由
合成代词some(any,no,every)+thing(body, one)雪作主语时,均跟单数谓语动词。如:
Each of the twenty guests was given a present.
给20位客人每人赠送一份礼品。
⑦ 关系代词who, that, which等在定语从句中作主语时,其谓语动词的数应与句中的先行词
的数一致。如:
Those who want to go please sign your name here.
想去的人请把名字签在这里。
(9). 表示不定数量的短语作主语时谓语动词的形式
① a (great) number of, many, a few 修饰可数名词,其短语作主语,谓语动词一般用复数;
a little, much, agreat deal of, a large amount of修饰不可数名词,其短语作主语时,谓
语动词用单数。 如:
在美国发现了许多其他种类的植物,如豆类、马铃薯以及各种各样的果类。
A number of other plants were found in America, for example, beans, potatoes, and
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different fruits.
许多学生到农场帮助农民摘苹果去了。
② (a large) quantities修饰可数复数名词以及不可数名词,其短语作主语时, 谓语动词一般
用复数。large amount of修饰不可数名词,其短语作主语时,谓语动词一般用复数。如:
Large quantities of water are needed for pouring purpose.
冷却需要大量的水。
③ a series of的后面接复数名词,作主语时谓语用单数形式。如:
There has been a whole series of accidents on this stretch of road recently.
最近在这一段路上发生了一连串事故。
④ the number of+可数名词, the amount of + 不可数名词,the quantity of
+可数复数名词或不可数名词构成的短语作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。 如:
As a result, the number of the people who travel by plane in china is larger than ever
before.
结果,在中国乘飞机旅游的人数比以前大大增加。
(10). 分数或百分数作主语时谓语动词的形式
“分数或百分数 + of + 名词”构成短语或有“a lot of ,lots of,half of,plenty of ,a (large)
quantity of ,the rest of,the remainder of,a heap of,heaps of + 可数或不可数名词”构
成短语作主语时,谓语形式是用单数还是复数取决于它们表示的意义。试比较:
Half of the students have read the bovel.一半学生读过这本小说。
Half of the food is unfit to eat.一半的食物不能吃了。
(11). 数词、量词作主语时与谓语动词的形式
① 基 数词单纯表示数字作主语时,其谓语通常用单数形式,但当基数词表示的不是数值而是数
量时,谓语动词 可用复数形式。如:
Ten billion is a large number.
100亿是个大数字。
② 用作运算的数词作主语时,其谓语常用单数形式。如:
Three plus(and) five is (makes, equals, gives) eight.
三加五等于八。
(12). 名词化形容词作主语时谓语动词的形式
名词化的形容词作主语,“the+形容词(或过去分词)”结构充当主语时,如表示一类可数的人
或 事物时,用复数谓语;如表示一类不可数的事物或少数过去分词与定冠词连用时指个别,则用
单数。这类 词往往有:the brave, the poor, the rich, the blind, the young, the old, the
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sick, the dead, the deaf and dumb, the sgreeable, the oppressed, the injured, the
wounded, the unemployed等。如:
The rich are for the plan, but the poor are against it.
富人赞成这项计划,但穷人反对这项计划。
(13). 非限定动词短语作主语时谓语动词的形式
动名词短语、动词不定式作主语时,谓语动词用单数。 如:
Nodding the head means agreement, while shaking it means disagreement
点头意味着同意,摇头意味着不同意。
(14). 名词性从句作主语时谓语动词的形式
从句作主语时,谓语动词通常用单数;由what引导的主语从句 ,如果从句谓语或从句后的表语
是复数形式时,则要求用复数形式的谓语。如:
Whether he will come or not is uncertain.
他来不来还不一定。
(15). 用连接词连接的名词或代词作主语时谓语动词的形式
① 由连接词连接的名词或代词作主语。
用and或both…and连接并列主语,谓语动词通常用复数形式。如:
Lucy and Lily are twins
露茜和莉莉是孪生姐妹。
Chapter three and the last chapter are written by Professor Liu.
第三章和最后一章是由刘教授写的。
② 当名词或代词后跟有with, as well as, as much as, no less than, along with, like,
rather than, together with, but,except, besides, including, in additionto, combined
with等连接作主语时,谓语动词一般和前一名词或代词的人称和数一致。 如:
John, rather than his roommates, is to blame.
约翰,而不是他的室友,应该受到责备。
(16). or,either...or,neither...nor,not only...but also等连接的并列主语的谓语动词形式
以or, either...or, neither...nor, not only...but
also等连接的并列主语的谓语 动词形式,通常依据就近原则,即人称和数的形式与最靠近它的
名词或代词保持一致。如:
You or he is in the wrong.
不是你错了,就是他错了。
(17). there+be句型中并列主语的谓语动词形式
在“there+be”句型 中,there+be之后的名词是句子的主语。主语是单数则谓语动词为iswas,
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主语是复数则动词为arewere。如果句子的主语是两个以上的名词,又有单数和复 数的区别,
则采取就近一致原则。即邻近动词的名词是单数则动词用iswas,邻近动词的名词是复数 则动
词用arewere。如:
There is a laser printer and a cordless telephone on the desk.
桌子上有一台激光打印机和一部无绳电话。
3. 主语与状语逻辑主语的一致
表示 时间、条件以及伴随情况等状语的逻辑主语必须和句子的主语保持一致,否则意义就会含混
不清。如:
误: Having been delayed by heavy traffic, it was important for her to arrive on time.
正: Having been delayed by heavy traffic, she found it important for her to arrive
on time.
由于交通堵塞的耽搁,她觉得不可能按时到达了。
误: After finishing his speech, the audience was invited to ask question.
正: After finishing his speech, he invited the audience to ask question.
他发完言后,邀请听众提问题。
4. 同等成分的一致
(1).句子中的同等成分应该在结构上保持一致,否则会使句子失去平衡和协调。
Sleep, rest and relaxed are the best remedies for many headaches.
睡眠、休息和娱乐是治疗多种头痛的最好方法。(应改为:relaxation)
The oxygen in the air we breathe has no tasted, smell, or color.
我们所呼吸的空气中的氧是无味、无嗅和无色的。(应改为:taste)
误: Collecting stamps, playing chess and to catch butterflies are Mary’s hobbies.
正: Collecting stamps, playing chess and catching butterflies are Mary’s hobbies.
集邮、下棋和捉蝴蝶是玛丽的爱好。
(2).在比较结构中,被比较的事物应是同等成分。在 比较从句中常用that代替前面单数名词,
用those代替复数名词。
误: The workers in that factories are fewer than our factory.
正: The workers in that factories are fewer than those our factory.
那个工厂的工人比我们厂的工人少。


省略
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省略(Elliptical Sentences)是将句子中一个或多个成分省去, 避免重复,使语言简练紧凑的一
种语法手段,在英语中,凡是能省去的词语通常都应省去,省略后的结果 不仅能使句子更加精炼,
而且还可起到连接上下文使相邻词语受到强调的作用。
1. 简单句中的省略
(1). 省略主语
通常多用在祈使句或口语中的固定表述中
Thank you for your help. 谢谢你的帮助。
Have a good time. 愿你过得愉快。
Hurry up! 快一点!
Haven’t seen you for ages. 好久不见了。
(2).省略谓语或谓语的一部分
(Does) Anybody need help? 谁要帮忙吗?
(Is there)Anything you want? 你要什么东西吗?
Who (comes) next? 该谁了?

(3).省略主语和谓语的一部分
(Do you) Understand? (你)明白吗?
(Come) This way, please. 请这边走。
(I am) Afraid I can?t come. 恐怕不能来了。

(4).同时省略多种句子成分
Diana likes reading better than going to parties.(than后省掉了she likes)
黛安娜爱读书而不爱去参加聚会。
You are a college student, aren’t you? (=aren’t you a college student?)
你是一名大学生,不是吗?
Has she gone or not?(= Has she gone or has she not gone?)
她走了没有?
2. 并列句中的省略
(1).当并列的主语相同时,后面的主语被省略
The car was quite old but (it) was in excellent condition.
这部车相当旧了,但机器性能还非常好。
They shook hands and (they) began to talk at once.
他们握了手后立刻开始谈话。
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(2).当并列的谓语动词相同时,动词(包括助动词、不定式等)可省略
Reding makes a full man;conference (makes) a ready man;writing an exact man.
读书使人充实;讨论使人机智;写作使人准确。
Some of us study French,others (study) German.
我们中有的学法语,有的学德语。
(3).省略动词宾语和介词宾语
Let’s do the dishes.I’ll wash (the dishes) and you dry (the dishes).
我们洗碗吧,我来洗碗,你来把碗弄干。
(4).省略定语
A group of young boys and (young) girls are dancing on the meadow below the hill.
一群少男少女在山下的草地上跳舞。
(5).省略状语
He was not hurt. (How) Strange!
他没有受伤。真奇怪!
(6).省略多种句子成分
We tried to help her but (we tried) in vain.
我们想法子帮他,但没用。
Kate is easy in conversation and (she is) graceful in manner.
凯特谈吐从容,举止优雅。
3. 名词性从句中的省略
(1). 在wh-从句中的省略。
He came to see me once, but I don’t remember when (he came to see me).
他曾经来看过我,但我忘了是什么时候了。
Somebody has taken away my dictionary by mistake, but I don’t know who (has
taken my dictionary).
有人错拿了我的词典,但我不知道是谁。
You were late again,and I hope you will explain why (you were late again).
你又迟到了,我希望你能解释一下为什么。
(2). 引导宾语、主语、表语从句的连词that通常可以省略。
It is a pity (that) he can’t come.
遗憾的是他不能来。
4. 定语从句中的省略
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(1). 关系代词的省略
① who(m),which或that在从句中作动词宾语时可以省略。如:
The computer(which) I wanted to buy was sold out.
我想买的那种电脑卖完了。
The actress (whomwhothat) he admired so much died last week.
他崇拜不已的那位女演员上个星期去世了。
② who(m),which或that在从句中作位于句末的介词宾语时可以省略。如:
This is the person (whomthatwho) you are looking for.
这就是你要找的那个人。
③ 在以there is, it is,this is, who is开头的句子里,作主语用的关系代词被省略。如:
This is the fastest train (that) is to Beijing.
这是到北京最快的一趟列车。
(2). that在定语从句中作表语时可以省略。
He is no longer the man (that) he used to be.
他不再是过去的那个人了。
My hometown is not a polluted place (that) you think it to be.
我的家乡不是像你认为的那样,是一个污染严重的地方。
(3). the same...as引导的定语从句中的部分内容通常可以省略
I have the same trouble as you (have).
我和你有同样困难。
5. 状语从句中的省略
(1). 在时间状语从句中,如果从句中的主语和主句的主语相同,而且从句中的 动词为be,则把
从句中的主语和be一并省略。
Look out for cars when (you are) crossing the street.
穿越街道时注意车辆。
(2). 在地点状语从句中,如果从句中的主语和主句的主语相同,而且从句中的动词为be时,则把从句中的主语和be一并省略。
Fill in the blanks with the given the form where (it is) necessary.
用所给的短语填空,必要的地方可以改变其形式。
Avoid structure of this kind where (it is) possible.
只要可能就要避免这种结构。
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(3).在条件状语 从句中,如果从句中含有“It+be+形容词”结构,将it和be省略。如果从句中
的动词为“助动 词+-ed分词”则将主语和助动词一并省略。
If (it is) necessary I’ll have the paper copied.
如果必要我可以请人把这篇文章复印一下。
(4). 在让步状语从句中,当从句中的主语和 主句中的主语相同,而且从句的动词为be,则将从
句中的主语和be一并省略。
Though (they are) reduced in numbers,they are still strong.
虽然人数减少了,但他们仍很强大。
(5). 在方式状语从 句中,省略主语和be的某种形式,只保留形容词、介词短语、不定式、现
在分词、过去分词等。
Lucy hurriedly left the room as if (she was) angry.
露西急匆匆地走出房去,好像很生气的样子。
(6). 在比较状语从句中的省略。
省略作主语的what。如:
They have got more than (what) is necessary.
他们得到的太多了。
省略谓语动词。如:
He has lived here longer than I (has lived).
他在这儿住的时间比我长。
省略主语和谓语或谓语的一部分。如:
It was not so hot yesterday as (it is) today.
昨天没有今天热。
6. 各类词语的省略
(1). 名词(短语)的省略
One hour today is worth two (hours) tomorrow. 今天的一小时胜过明天的两小时。
She likes classical (music) and country music. 她喜欢古典音乐和乡村音乐。
(2). 限定词或代词的省略
(A)Friend of mine gave it to me. 我的一位朋友给我的。
(The)Trouble is we can’t afford it. 问题是我们买不起。
My teachers and (my) fellow students have never heard about it.
我的老师和同学都未听到过这件事。
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(3). 介词的省略
(Of)Course that’s only a beginning. 当然这只是一个开头。
Why don’t you catch up on it (on) Sunday? 为什么不想办法星期天把它做完。
(4). 不定式的(短语)的省略
He didn’t come,though we had invited him to (come).
我们曾邀请过他,但他没来。
Her work is to look after the child and (to) cook.她的任务是看孩子做饭。
(5). 分词的省略
The meeting (being) over, we all left the room. 会议结束以后,我们都离开了房间。
Our work (having been) finished, we went home. 工作完成之后,我们就回家了。
(6). 存在句中there的省略
(There) Must be something wrong with the car. 汽车一定出了什么毛病。
(There)Appears to be an accident over there. 那边好像出了事故。
7. 省略的一些特殊用途
(1). 用于成语、谚语及一些固定的说法
What if it rains when we can’t get under shelter?
假如下起雨来,我们又没处避雨可怎么办?
How about going to France for our holidays? 咱们到法国去度假好吗?
More haste, less speed.欲速则不达。
An idle youth, a needly age.少壮不努力,老大徒伤悲。
First come, first served.先来先卖。先到的先招待。
Better late than never.迟做总比不做好。
No pains, no gains.不劳则无获。
(2).用于口语中常见的省略句型
Thanks! (=I thank you very much!) 多谢你!
Not at all! (= You needn’t thank me at all) 不客气。
Sorry. (=I’m sorry.) 对不起。
Never mind.(=You never mind.) 没关系。
Enough! (=That’s enough.) 够了!
See you later.(=I shall see you later.) 再见!
(3). 用于电报、广告、公共揭示用语、笔记、摘要、日记、报纸标题以及一些固定的表格
Congratulations on Your Great Success in Exam for !
祝贺你参加博士学位考试成绩优异! )电报)
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Passed TOEFL Exam Marks 636. 通过托福考试成绩636分。(电报)
Wanted: a typist.招聘: 打字员一名。(广告)
Keep off the Grass(Lawn)!勿踏草地!(揭示)
No Unauthorized Photography!未经准许,不准拍照!(揭示)


IT用法
it的用法很重要也很复杂。it除作人称代词外,还可用作 先行代词,引导后面的短语或从句。此
外, it还用于强调句中。
1. it的用法
(1). it用作人称代词
① it用作人称代词,通常指人以外的生物和事物,无阴阳之分。如:
There is a car near the building. It is my neighbour’s.
楼旁有辆小汽车,它是我邻居的。
Mr Zhang wrote a novel. It is about the miserable life of a young woman.
张先生写了一部小说,它是关于一个年轻妇女悲惨生活的。
② it有时可用来代替小孩 (child) 和婴儿 (baby) 。 如:
The child smiled when it saw its mother.
小孩看到母亲就笑了。
(2).it可用作指示代词相当于this和that
It is a very good translation.
这是一篇很好的译文。
(3).代表前面已提到的或将要发生的某件事情
I had a talk with our boss. It was very helpful.
我同我的上司谈了一次话,这次谈话很有帮助。(it代表前句的内容)
They were asked to complete the task in two weeks. It is not an easy job.
要求他们两周内完成任务,这可不是件容易的事。(it代表前句的内容)
(4).指时间、距离和自然现象等,此时it在句中作主语
What time is it now? It’s half past eight.
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几点了? 八点半。(指时间)
Is it very far to the station? 到火车站很远吗?(指距离)
(5).It用作先行代词
① it作形式主语
代替不定式短语。如:
It is necessary for us to learn something about the use of “it”.
对我们来说了解一些“it”的用法是必要的。
代替动名词短语。如:
It’s no use crying over spilt milk.
牛奶泼出了,哭也没有用。(覆水难收事已如此,后悔无用)
代替that引导的主语从句。如:
It appears that Geoffrey might change his mind.
杰弗里可能改变主意。
② it作形式宾语
代替不定式(短语)。如:
I found it very interesting to study English.
我觉得学习英语很有趣。
代替动名词(短语)。如:
I think it no use telling them.
我认为告诉他们没用。
代替that引导的宾语从句。如:
They want to make it clear to the public that they are doing an important and
necessary job.
他们要向公众表明,他们在做一件必须做的重要工作。
2. it用以引导强调句
(1). it强调句的几种强调情况
要强调句子的某一部分(通常是主语、宾语、状语)时,通常用 “It is(was)+被强调部分 +
that(who)+句子的其余部分”这种句子结构。强调部分指人时用who或that,指其他 成分时
用that。假如原来的句子为:
David bought a walkman from a store yesterday.
大卫昨天在商店买了一台随身听。
下面四个强调结构分别强调句中的主语、宾语和两个状语。
It was David whothat bought a walkman from a store yesterday. (强调主语 David)
It was a walkman that David bought from a store yesterday. (强调宾语walkman)
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It was from a store that David bought a walkman yesterday. (强调地点状语 from a
store)
It was yesterday that David bought a walkman from a store. (强调时间状语
yesterday)
(2). It 强调句式的判断方法
It 强调句式中被强调的成分是句中的某个成分。对 句中的某个成分进行强调,就是把该成分提
到强调句式的It iswas之后,thatwho之前。可以看出,强调位置上的成分正好是thatwho
后面句子中所缺少的成分。因此,把一个句子中的It iswas…thatwho…这一框架去掉以 后,
剩余的仍是一个完整的句子(若是强调宾语,需适当调整一下语序),我们就可以判断该句为强调< br>句式。如:It was a factory that we visited last Sunday. 若去掉It was…that…这一框架,
剩余部分稍作语序上的调整可成为We visited a factory last Sunday. 这是一个完整的句子,
所以原句是强调句式。
再如:It is a fact that we visited a factory last week.若去掉It is…that…框架,剩余 的部
分不是完整的句子,所以原句不是强调句式,是一个含有主语从句的主从复合句。
(3). It 强调句式的判断误区
① 把具有实际意义的指示代词it后接be…that (that 引导定语从句)...的情形误认为是强调句
式。如:
—What’s on your desk?
—Oh, it’s the very dictionary that you’ve been looking for.
此句对话的意思是:“你书桌上放着什么?”“ 正是你一直在找的那本词典”。其中it指代前句中的
what,that引导定语从句修饰dicti onary,全句是一个含有定语从句的主从复合句,不是强调
句式。
② 把充当形式主语的it后接be…that(that 引起主语从句)...的情形误认为是强调句式。如:
It is a pity that Jack should have missed the wonderful film.


强调结构
在句子当中,有时为了突 出句子的某些成分以加强语气、增强感情色彩或加强对比,需要改变句
子结构,这种结构叫做强调结构( Emphatic Structure)。强调结构通常采用四种方式进行强调。
1. Do (doesdid) + 动词原形表强调
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这种结构用来强调谓语动词,往往只用于“一般现在时 过去时”的肯定陈述句或肯定结构的祈
使句。如:
He does know the place well.
他的确很熟悉这个地方。
The children do hope to go to college.
孩子们真的很想上大学。
She did come yesterday.
昨天她确实来过。
Do come and visit us!
你一定来看我们!
Do shut up!
你闭上嘴巴!
Do be careful!
务必小心。
2. 用what引导的名词从句来强调主语和宾语
What hurt me most was her indifference.
最让我伤心的是她漠不关心的态度。(比较:Her indifference hurt me most.)
What they value most is freedom and independence.
他们最珍惜的是自由和独立。(比较:They value freedom and independence most.)
What I need is some rest.
我需要的是休息。(比较:I need some rest.)
What they lack is experience.
他们缺少的是经验。(比较:They lack experience.)
3. 改变语序,将所强调的状语置于句首
(1) 为了加强语气或为了上下文的衔接通顺。如:
On his desk I found a book about love story.
在他的桌子上我发现了一本关于爱情故事的书。
Suddenly the rain stopped.
突然间雨停了。
Under her arm she was carrying a great album.
她的腋下挟着一本很大的相册。
(2) 在谓语动词为come, sit, lie,
stand和walk等不及物动词时,为了强调状语,通常将强调的状语放在句首,其语序是动词在< br>前,主语在后,不借用助动词do。如:
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In a corner of the room sat a little girl.
房间的角落里坐着一个小女孩。
Down the street marched the band.
乐队沿着街道走远了。
Here comes the devil.
说曹操,曹操到。
(3) 以否定副词如never,not only,hardly,no sooner,seldom,at no time,on no
account,in no way等开头的句子表示强调。注意此时句子为倒装要借用助动词dodoesdid
或havehas had来构成。如:
Not only did we lose our money, but we were also in danger of losing our lives.
我们不仅丢了钱,还险些丢了命。
Hardly had I entered the room when the telephone started to ring.
我刚刚进屋电话铃就响起来了。


标点符号的用法
1. 概述
标点符号是书面语中一系列表停顿、节奏和语调等的符号,用以表示句子或句子成分的隔离或特
指。如:
China is in Asia. It is a vast and beautiful land. 中国地处亚洲。它幅员辽阔而美丽。
(句号在两句之间起隔离作用)
How calm the sea is! 大海多么平静啊!(感叹号特指惊讶或赞赏)
英语常用标点符号与汉语的标点符号比较:
英语标点符号
符号







“ ” ‘ ’


汉语标点符号
符号







“ ” ‘ ’﹃﹄

名称
句号
逗号
冒号
分号
问号
感叹号
破折号
引号
连字线
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名称
period (full stop)
comma
colon
Semicolon
question mark
Exclamation mark
Dask
Quotation marks
Hayphen




apostrophe
无 省字符
注: 英语标点符号除上述十种外,还有删节号(通常为...)、括号( ( )、[ ]、〈 〉、{ }等)、
斜线(或)、星号(*)、代字号(~)、脱字号(∧)、小记号( √)、斜十字(×)、斜体字以及字下划
线等。
2. Full stop(美式英语称period)句号(.)
(1). 句号用在一句子的末尾,表示一句话说完 后的停顿。句号不但用于陈述句,亦可用于祈使
句和疑问句。如:
I really don’t know. 我确实不知道。(陈述句) Take it or leave it. 要就要,不要就算。(祈
使句)
Will you weigh it,please. 请你称一称它。(不需要对方回答的疑问句)
(2). 用于缩略语、编号的数字和字母后。如:
kg.公斤 a.m.上午 No.第…… n. 名词 Mr先生 1.A. (表示第一条,A项)
3. Full stop(美式英语称period)句号(.)
(1). 在句子里面用于并列的词语之间。如:
Id you keep calm, tak eyour time, concentrate and think ahead, you’ll pass your
drinving test.
假如你保持镇定、不慌不忙、集中精力注意前方,驾驶考试就能及格。
(2). 常用于主句与状语从句或较长的词组之间。如:
When a policyholder has a loss, he or she asks for payment from the insurance
company. 当投保人遭受损失后,他们要求保险公司支付损失。
(3).用于在句首非限定的或无动词的短语之后。如:
Discoved in 1789 and isolated from other elements in 1841, uranium is valued as a
source of atomic enegy.
铀于1789年被发现,1841年被从其他元素中分离出来,它被珍视为原子能的一个来源。
(4). 用以将引导性词语或转折性词语(如there fore, however, by the way, for instance,
on the contrary)与句子的其余部分隔开。
如:In the United States, for example, nodding your hand up and down means“yes”.
In the same parts of Green and Turkey, hower, this motion can mean”no’。
比如在美国,点头表示“是”或“可以”,而在希腊和土耳其的某些地区,这一动作却表示“不行”。
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(5).用于插入句中的从句等成分的前后。如:
Every individual cell, whether it exists as an independent microorganism or is part of
a complex creature, has its own life circle.
每个单 独的细胞,不论它是作为一个独立的微生物而存在,还是作为一个复杂生物的一部分而存
在,都有自己的 生命周期。
(6). 用于非限定性定语从句或同位短语前后,进一步说明前面的名词或句子。如:
The painter lived more than a decade in Europe, where he could be in close contact
with other cubists.
(7).有时用以分隔并列复合句(尤指较长的),用于连词(如and ,as,but,for,or)之前。如:
The fragrances of many natural substances comes from oils, and this oils may be
used in manufacturing perfumes.
许多自然物质的香味来自油类,因此,这样的油可以用来生产香水。
(8). 用以将附加疑问句或类似词语与句中其余部分隔开。如:
He is an excellent scholar, isn’t he? 他是位优秀的学者,是吗?
(9). 在直接引语中作者提示“某某说”之类的词语(如he said, she told, etc.)用逗号与引用语
分开。如:
“This house is very big an dbeautiful”said Fritz.“这所房子又大又漂亮,”弗里茨说。
(10). 引语里面的引语用逗号隔开。如:
“When the Judge said,‘Not guilty’, I could have hugged him.”
“当法官宣布,‘无罪’,我当时真想去拥抱他。”
(11). 用于表示日期。如:May 1, 2003 2003年五月一日
4. Colon 冒号(:)
(1). 用以表示一些或一类事物的用语之后或用于说明性的词语(如as follows,in the
following manner)之后,用来提起下文各项。如:
I can’t go on my vacation this main reasons are as follows: firstly, I
have no money;second, Ihave no time.
今年夏天我不能去度假。主要原因如下:首先是没钱,其次是没时间。
Open-pit mining follows the same sequence of oprations as underground mining:
drilling, blasting, and loading and removing waste and ore.
露天采矿遵循与地下采矿相同的作业顺序:钻孔、爆破、装载并运走废料和矿石。
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(2).(郑重文体)用于说明或解释主句的从句或词组之前。如:
The garden had been neglected for a long time.
那个花园长期无人照料,里面长满了杂草。
(3).用以表示时间。如:6:30p.m.下午六点三十分
5. Semicolon 分号(;)
(1).用以代替逗号,隔开句中已含逗号的部分。如:
She wanted to be successful, whatever it might cost; to achieve her goal, whoever
might sufferas a result.
她决意求成,不惜一切代价;为达到目的,不管谁遭殃。
(2).(郑重用法)用以隔开并列从句,尤用于无连词的句中。如:
He couldn’t have gone home this weekend’ I saw him at the ball game on Saturday
and in the ibrary on Sunday.
他这个周末不可能回家;我在周六的球赛中看到了他,而且周日在图书馆也看见了他。
The perfectionist is exacting for the sake of exacting; his approach has little to do
with the requirements of a situation.
十全十美主义者为苛求而苛求;其方法几乎与形势的需要毫无相干。
6. Question mark 问号( ?)
(1). 用于直接问句末尾。如:
where do you live? 你住在什么地方?
May I have a look at your photo? 我可以看你的照片吗?
(2).用于括号内表示存疑。如:
Louis(1287?-1347)路易四世 (1287?-1347)
ation mark(美式英语亦称作 Exclamation point)感叹(!)
(1). 用于表示大怒、惊讶、欣喜或其他强烈感情,置于句子或话语的末尾。如:
What a fine day!选多好的天气啊!
(2).在不规范的用法中,有时用不止一个感叹号或一个感号加一个问号。如:
“Your wife’s just given birth to triplets.”“Triplets!?”
“你妻子刚生了三胞胎。”“三胞胎!?”
破折号(—)
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(1).(通俗用法)用以代替冒号或分号,表示对前面的话的解释、总结或结论。如:
He is modest, considerate, warm-hearted—he is a good man.
他谦逊、体谅别人、热心肠——是一个不错的人。
(2).(通俗用法)单个使用或成对使用,以隔开插入句中的附加信息、补充说明或评语。如:
The materials used—copper, stainless steel, concrete and glass—give the building a
striking beauty.
这些建筑物所使用的材料——铜、不锈钢、混凝土和玻璃——使这些建筑物更具非凡的魅力。
ion marks (英式英语亦称作 Inverted commas)引号(‘ ’ “ ”)
在英式英语中,引号通常用单引号:‘Help!’。在美式英语中通常用双引号:“Help!”。
(1). 用以表明直接引语中的所有词语和标点符号。如:
“What kind of computer did you buy?” she asked.“你买了一种什么样的计算机?”她问
道。
(2).用以引起对文中某特殊词语的注意(如术语或俚语或为某种效果而使用的词语)。如:
The“Little Ice Age”was a period of unsettled weather that lasted from the
mid-sixteenth to the early eighteenth century.
“小冰川期”是从16世纪中叶到18世纪早期气候变化无常的一个时期。
(3).用以表明文章、短诗歌、广播及电视节目等的名称。如:
I was watching “Soccer Night”.我正在看“足球之夜”。
(4).用以表明短小的引语或谚语。如:
Do you know the origion of the saying “the love of money is the root of all evil”
你是否知道“爱财是万恶之源”这句谚语的出处。
10. Hyphen 连接号(-)
(1).用于复合名词:
有时用以将两个词组成复合词。如:
well-informed 有见识的;消息灵通的 good-looking好看的 first-rate第一流的
用以将前缀和专有名词组成复合词。如:
pro-America亲美 anti- Semitism反犹太主义
用以将两个词及夹在中间的介词组成复合词。如:
editor-in-chief总编辑 father-in-law岳父 comrade- in-arms战友
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(2).(尤用于英式英语)有时以隔 开某些带前缀的词,这些前缀的尾字母与后面连接词的首字母为
同一元音。如:
co- operation共同合作 re-elect重选 pre-eminent卓越的,优秀的
(3).用于在一行位置的词的前半部之后。如:
They man who makes no mistakes does not usually make any-thing.
不犯错误的人往往也就是无所作为的人。
(4).用于两个数字或日期之间,意为包括其中的所有数字或日期。如:
pp.208-345第208-345页 Queen Elizabeth I(1558-1603)伊丽莎白女王一世(1558
-1603)
11. Apostrophe 撇号,省略号,名词所有格符号(’)
(1). 与s连用表示所有格。如:
the cat’s tail 猫的尾巴(单数名词) the princess’s smile 公主的微笑(以s结尾的单数名
词)
Dickens’novels OR Dickens’novel 狄更斯的小说 (以s结尾的专有名词)
all the students’books 所有学生的书(以s结尾的复数名词)
the women’s cosmatics女人的化妆品(不规则的复数名词)
(2). 用于缩写式,表示省略了字母或数字。如:
I’m (=I am) today’d (=they hadwould) the spring of‘98 (=1998)
(3). 有时与s连 用构成字母、数字或缩略语的复数形式。在现代用法中,在一数字或大写字母
后,此号常被省去。如:
during the 1990’s(during the 1990s)在二十世纪九十年代


公共场所常见提示用语
公共场所常见提示用语 Useful Phrases in Public Places
Keep Silence肃静
Spitting Forbidden严禁吐痰
Closed 此门不通
Push 请向前推
Queue up for Bus 排队上车
Admission by Ticket Only 凭票入场
Smoking Prohibied严禁吸烟
No Admittance不许入内
Knock 请先敲门
Push请向后拉
Admittance free免费入场
Seat by number对号入座
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Closed during Repairs 儿童谢绝入场
Inspections Declined 谢绝参

No Overtaking禁止超车
Slow(or Drive Slow)车辆慢行
Keep Off the Grass勿踏草地
Shooting Prohibited 严禁打猎
Closed during Repairs修理店面,暂停营业 Times’s Over下班时间
Road up, Detour 马路翻修,车辆绕行
Danger Ahead 前面危险
Commit No Nuisance禁止小便
Cameras Forbidden严禁拍照



1 虚拟语气
虚拟语气是一 种特殊的动词形式,用来表示说话人所说的话不是一个事实,而只是一种
愿望、假设、怀疑、建议、猜测 、可能或纯粹的空想等。如:
If I were not so busy,I would go with you.假如我不太忙,我会和你一起去。(表
示假设)
I wish Lao Li were here.H6 would know how to fix the machine.老李在这儿就好
了,他会知道怎样把机器修好的。(表示愿望)
He suggests that we should all go to see the film.他建议我们都去看电影。(表
示建议)
1.1 虚拟语气的动词形式
比较特殊,共有下列七种:
1)动词原形(用于一切人称和数)
2)动词的过去式(用于一切人称和数,be的过去式用were)
3) had + 过去分词(用于一切人称和数)
4) should + 动词原形(用于一切人称和数)
5) should have + 过去分词(用于一切人称和数)
6) should (第一人称),Would(第二、三人称) + 动词原形
7) should(第一人称),Would(第二、三人称) + have + 过去分词
[注]上述 某些动词形式和直陈语气的某些动词形式相同,但它们的用法及其所表示的时
间概念则完全两样,二者切 不可混淆。
虚拟语气常用在表示条件的从句和表示结果的主句中。
1.2 虚拟语气在条件从句和结果主句中的用法
1)表示与现在事实相反的条件和结果,:如:
If I Were you, I should go and see the dentist at once. 假如我是你的话,我
会马上去看牙科医生。
If they were no gravity, we should not be able to walk. 假如没有引力,我们就
不能行走。
If they had time,they would study Italian too. 假如他们有时间的话,他们也会
学意大利语的。
If She knew German,She would read Marx and Engels in the original假如她懂
德语,她就会读马克思和恩格斯的原著了。
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He would tell me if he knew, but he does not,know anything about it. 假如
他知道的话,他会告诉我的,但是他一点也不知道。
2)表示与过去事实相反的条件和结果。如:
If I had known of your arrival I should have met you at the station.如果我早
知道你要来,我会去车站接你的。
If you had come a few minutes earlier,you would have met him.要是你早来几分
钟的话,你就见到他了。
If She hadn't been so strict with herself, she wouldn't have made such great
progress.她要是对自己要求不严格,她就不会有这样大的进步。
If the child had fallen through the ice, he would have drowned. 假如这孩子掉
到冰窑里,他定会淹死了。
3)表 示与将来事实可能相反的条件和结果。其用法和表示与现在事实相反的条件和结果
相同。如:
If it Were Sunday tomorrow,my brother would go skating at the Beihai Park.
如果明天是星期天,我弟弟会去北海公园滑冰的。
If you dropped the glass,it would break.你如将杯子掉下来,它就会打碎的。
What Would happen if I put the paper on the fire? -It Would bum.我若把纸放
在火上会怎么样?--纸就会烧着。
[注]在表示与将来事实可能相反的条件从句中,亦可用were to + 动词原形(比较正式,
常用于书面体中)和should + 动词原形。如:
If you were to come tomorrow,I might have time to see you.你如果明天来的话,
我或许会有时间见你。
If I were to see her tomorrow,I would tell her about your decisions. 我明天
如见到她,就把你的决定告诉她。
If it should rain tomorrow,what would we do?明天万一下雨,我们怎么办?
If you should meet George,tell him I want to see him.你如见到乔治,告诉他我
要见他。

1.3 不用if的条件从句结构
在笔语中,条件从句有时可以不用连词小而把were,had或shoul d移至主语之前。但
如从句没有were,had或should,则一般不能这样做。如:
Should he come,tell him to ring me up.他要是来了,让他给我打个电话。
Were I in your position,I would go.如果我处于你的地位,我就去。
Had they not helped us,our experiment would have failed. 如果没有他们的帮助,
我们的试验是会失败的。
[注]有时虚拟条件不用条件从句而用介词短语、动词不定式等来表示。如:
without contradiction nothing would exist. 没有矛盾就没有世界。
We could not have done the work well without your help.要是没有你的帮助,我
们不可能做好这工作。
It wonld be a good idea to go swimming at the summer palace.到颐和园去游泳,
倒是个好主意。
All this would have been impossible ten years ago.这一切在十年前是不可能有的。

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1.4 虚拟语气和情态动词
虚拟结构(不论从句 或主句)常可用情态动词的过去式,即could,might,wou1d等加不
带to的动词不定式 或不带to的动词不定式完成式,来作谓语动词。这些情态动词除表示虚
拟结构外,本身还有独立的意思 。如:
If I were you,I Would go.我如果是你,我就愿意去。
If he were here,he might agree with you.假如他在这里,他可能会同意你。
I Would help you if I could. 假如我能够的话,我一定帮助你。
If it had not been for their help,we could not have succeeded. 如果没有他们
的帮助,我们是不可能成功的。

1.5 有时条件从句中的动作和结果主句中的动作所发生的时间不一致
这时,动词的形式应根据它所表示的时间加以调整。如:
If he had followed the doctor's advice,he Would be quite all right now.他当
时若是听医生的话,现在就会痊愈了。(从句说明过去,主句说明现在)
If I were you,I Would have gone to the theatre.假如我是你,我会去看话剧了。
(从句的时间包括现在,主句说明过去)
If you hadn't helped me,I couldn't have finished it on time and most likely
I would be still working now.假若你没有帮助我,我不可能按时完成工作,很可能现在
还在干 哩。(从句说明过去,主句说明过去和现在)
用直陈语气表示条件和结果
在现代英语里,多 用直陈语气表示条件和结果。直陈语气的条件和结果所表示的往往是
事实。如不是事实,其可能性也较虚 拟语气要大。如:
If it rains tomorrow,we shall not go out.假如明天下雨的话,我们就不出去。
The dog won't attack you if you sit still.如果你安静地坐着,狗是不会咬你的。
If the train leaves at eight thirty,there is no time to lose. 火车如果是八
点半开,我们得抓紧时间了。
If the rain stops,I'll go for a swim.要是雨停了,我就去游泳。

1.6 省去从句或主句的虚拟结构
虚拟结构中的从句或主句有时形式上可以省略,但意义上却仍存在。
1)省去了条件从句的虚拟结构。如:
That would be fine.那就太好了。(省去了if you should do it或类似条件)
You might stay here forever.你可以永远呆在这里。(省去了if you wanted协或类
似条件)
I would not have done it.我是不会做那件事的。(省去了if were you或类似条件)
[注]虚拟结构中省去的从句有时并不容易找出。如:
Who would have thought of it ? 谁会想到是这样的呢?
2)省去了结果主句的虚拟结构(常用以表示愿望)。如:
If he were here!假如他在这里该多好啊!
If I had never married.如果我从未结婚就好了。
这种结构也常用if only开头。如:
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If only I could help you! 假如我能帮助你,那该是多好啊!
If only I were ten years younger!我要是能年轻十岁该多好啊!
If you would only try harder!你如再努力一试就好了。(only亦可置于would等助
动词之后)
[注]有时if only只表条件,不表愿望。如:
If only I had known earlier,I'd have sent you a telegram.我只要知道得早一点,
就会拍电报给你了。

1.7 虚拟语气的其他用法
1.7.1 虚拟语气用在主语从句中
在It is natural(necessary,strange,important) that...这类句型里, that所引
导的主语从句中的谓语动词常用should加动词原形。如:
It is quite natural that he should think so.他这样想是很自然的事。
It is strange that he Should have gone away without telling us. 真奇怪,他没
有通知我们就走掉了。
It is necessary that the question should be settled at once.必须马上解决这个
问题。
It is important that we should speak politely. 我们说话要有礼貌,这是很重要
的。
It is imperative that we should practise criticism and self-criti - cism. 应
当进行批评与自我批评。
1.7.2 虚拟语气用在宾语从句中
下列两种宾语从句须用虚拟语气:
1)在动词wish后的宾语从 句(常常省去连词that),表示不可实现的愿望。从句中的动
词如用过去式,则表示与现在事实相反 (如下面第一、二例句);如用过去完成式,则表示与
过去事实相反(如下面第三、四例句)。如:
I wish I were a pilot.但愿我是个飞行员。
I wish I knew how to operate the machine.我要是会操作这架机器该有多好啊! (= I'm
sorry I don't know.)
I wish he hadn't gone.他要是没走该多好!(= I'm sorry he has gone.)
We wish you had come to our New Year's party.我们真希望你来参加我们的新年联
欢会。(= but you did not) 动词wish如果是过去式,后面宾语从句的动词的虚拟语气形式不变,仍用过去式或过
去完成式。 如:
She wished she knew how to play golf. 她但愿会打高尔夫球。 (和过去事实相反)
I wished I hadn't been so forgetful. Then I shouldn't have missed the concert.
我要是不这样忘事该多好,那我就不会不去听音乐会。(和过去的过去的事实相反)
[注]有时在宾语从句中可用would或might加动词原形,表示有可能实现的愿望。如:.
I wish he,might stay with me.我希望他和我住在一起。
He wishes I would go with him.他希望我和他一起去。
I wish you would be quiet.我希望你安静一些。
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2)动词demand(要求),suggest(建议),order (命令),i nsist(坚持),propose(建议)
等后面的宾语从句,用should(用于所有的人称) 加动词原形来表示虚拟语气。如:
I suggest that we should hold a meeting tonight.我建议今晚开个会。
The chairman proposed that we Should discuss the question.主席提议我们讨论这
个问题。
Most students insist that they should have more English classes. 多数同学坚
持要多上英语课。
[注]这种结构往往可不用should,尤其在美国,只用动 词原形(用于所有的人称)。如
上面三例只用hold,discuss和have,不用should hold,should discuss和should have。
又如:
I suggest that we make a new expertinent.我建议进行新的试验。
I propose that the matter be put the vote at once.我提议把这个问题马上付表决。
1.7.3 虚拟语气用在状语从句中
由as if或as though所引导的状浯从句表示比较或方式时,从句中的谓语动词常用虚
拟语气。动词 形式用动词的过去式(be用were)或had + 过去分词。如:
My mother locked after the orphan as if he were her own child. 我母亲照料这
个孤儿像自己孩子一样。
You speak as if you had really been there.你谈得好像你真的到过那里似的。
注意下面句中的as if从句用作表语。如:
It looks as if it might rain,天好像要下雨似的。
[注]连词lest和in case所引导的状语从句中的谓语动词亦用虚拟语气。例见15.33
和15.30
1.7.4 虚拟语气用在定语从句中
It is time (that)…句型中的定语 从句里的谓语动词常用虚拟浯气表示将来,动词形
式用动词的过去式:意思是该干某件事了,时间已经有 些晚了。如:
It is time we left.我们该走了。
It is time we went to bed.我们该睡觉了:
It is time we summed up our results.我们该总结我们的成绩了。
1.7.5 虚拟语气用在简单句中
下面是虚拟语气用在简单句中较常见的两种情况,皆表祝愿。如:
1)动词原形1ive用在Long live…中。如:
Long live the Communist Party of China! 中国共产党万岁!
Long live the people! 人民万岁!
(1ive在此也是虚拟语气的一种动词形式,不可改为lives)
2)May用在句子开头(多用在正式的文体中)。如:
May good luck be yours.祝你顺利。
May you be happy.祝你快乐。
May you do even better! 祝你取得更大成就!

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2 非限定动词
2.1 种类、意义和特征
1)非限定动词(verbal)有动词不定式、动名词和分词三种。
2)非限定动词和限定动词的基本区别
a)限定动词在句子中可以单独作谓语动词,非限定动词在句中则不能单独作谓语动词。
b) 限定动词的形式要与主语的人称和数一致,而非限定动词的形式则不受主语的人称和
数的限制。如:
He likes to sing
它他喜欢唱歌。
They like to sing.
他们喜欢唱歌。
限定动词like受主语人称和数的限制,的形式与主语一致。 第一句为likes,第二句
为like。非限定动词sing则不受这种限制,它的形式不随主语而改 变。
The man walking in front was carrying a flag.
走在前面的人打着一面旗子。
The men walking in front were carrying flags.
走在前面的人们都打着旗子。
限 定动词be受主语的人称和数的限制,它的形式须与主语一致。第一句为was,第二
句为were.非 限定动词walking则不受主语的限制,它的形式不随主语而改变。
3)非限定动词的双重性
a)非限定动词有动词的特征:
(a)如果非限定动词是及物动词,须有宾语。
(b)非限定动词可以由状语来修饰。
(c)非限定动词仍有语态和时态的变化。
b)非限定动词还有一些非动词的特征它相当于名
词、形容词等,在句子里可以作这些词类所能用作的句子成分。
非限定动词双重性举例:
He promised to do it tonight.他答应今天晚上做。(非限定动词to do的动词性质表
现在它有宾语和状语tonight它的非动词性质表现在它用作promised的 宾语。)
I am sorry to have disturbed you.我打扰你了,对不起。(to have disturbed是动
词不定式to disturb的完成式,说明非限定动词有时态上的变化,这也是非限定动词的动
词性质。)
I saw many people spreading manure in the fiel ds.我看见许多人在地里施肥。(非
限定动词spreading是现在分词,它有宾语manure 和状语 in the fields。)
There is no time to be lost.必须抓紧时间。(to be lost是动词不定式to lose的
被动式,说明非限定动词有语态上的变化这也是非限定动词的动词性质。)
4)非限定动词短语带有宾语或状语的非限定动词
词组,称为非限定动词短语。如:
I have no time to finish that long novel this week.我本周没有时间读完那本长
篇小说。(不定式短语)
Forgetting the past means betrayal.忘记过去就意味着背叛。(动名词短语)
Members wishing to see the play are requested to notify Li Min be fore Saturday.
愿意看戏的会员请在星期六以前通知李敏。
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2.2 动词不定式
2.2.1 意义、形式和特征
1)基本概念 和形式动词不定式(infinitive)是一种非限定动词,由不定式符号to加动
词原形所构成。 动词不定式有动词的特征,同时也有名词、形容词和副词的特征。
2)动词不定式的动词特征
a)如果动词不定式是及物的,须有宾语。如:
He wants to study Japanese.他想学习日语。(动词不定式to study后面有宾语
Japanese)
b)动词不定式可以被状语修饰。如:
The rain continued to fall heavily.雨继续下得很大。(动词不定式to fall后面有
状语heavily)
动词不定式加宾语或状语构成动词不定式短语,如上二例中的to study Japanese和
to fall heavily。
3)动词不定式的非动词特征 用法动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征,所以它在句子中可用作主语、表语、
宾语、定语和 状语。
1)主语
To lean out of the window is dangerous.把身子伸出窗外是危险的。
To talk with him is a great pleasure.和他谈话是一件非常愉快的事。
To die for the people is a glorious death! 为人民而死,虽死犹荣。
动词不定式短 语作主语时,往往放在谓语动词的后面,而在句首用引词作语法上的主
语。上述两句即可改为:
It is a great pleasure to talk with him.
It is a glorious death to die for the people.
注意也常用形容词+动词不定式短语这样的句型:
It is necessary to make a plan for this course of study.必须订一个学习这门课
程的计划。
It is not difficult to learn a foreign if you spend time and effort on it. 小
只要你花时间下功夫,学好一门外国语并不难。
It's just impossible to see that and not weep.看见那种情景而不哭是根本不可能
的。(注意weep之前省去了to,以免重复)
2)表语
Her wish is to become an astronaut.她的愿望是成为一名宇航员。
Our plan is to finish the work in two weeks.我们的计划是在两周内完成这项工作。
His only desire was to be useful to the country.他唯一的愿望是做一个对国家有
用的人。
3)宾语有些及物动词常用动词不 定式作宾语。这些动词有want(想要),wish(想望),
like(喜欢),decide(决 定),help(帮助),pledge(保证),begin(开始),forget(忘记),
le arn(学习),ask(要求)等等。动词不定式一般不作介词的宾语。如:
He wants to be a village school teacher in a mountain area.他要做个山村教师。
Do you like to watch football matches? 你喜欢看足球赛吗?
Learn to walk before you run.先学走后学跑。
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We decided to make changes in our plan.我们决定把计划做些修改。
动词不定式也可以 用来作某些形容词的宾语。这些形容词通常只有ready(准备好,愿
意),eager(急于),a nxious(急于)等,但为了学习上的方便,也可以包括able(能够),
sure(一定),g lad(高兴),sorry(难过),afraid(怕),free(随意),pleased(高兴),< br>determined(决心),willing(愿意)等。如:
He is sure to succeed.他肯定会成功。
How do you do? I'm glad to meet you. 你好?见到你很高兴。
The boys and girls are anxious to learn how to skate.这些男孩子和女孩子渴望
学会滑冰。
4)定语动词不定式作定语时,须放在被修饰的名词或代词之后。如:
He is always the first one to get up.他总是第一个起床。
I have a few words to say on this question。关于这个问题我有几句话要说。
They are discussing ways to guarantee high output.他们正在讨论保证高产量的办
法。
After the Ching Ming Festival it is time to sow sorghum,millet and corn.清
明节一过,正是播种高梁、谷子和玉米的时节。
5)状语动词不定式作状语时,一般放在它所修饰的动词之后。
a)表示目的
He went to Beijing to study in 1988.一九八八年他去北京学习。
He went to Paris to learn French.他去巴黎学法文。
[注一]强调动词不定式所表示的目的时,动词不定式可变为in order to (为了)或so as
to(以便)加动词原形。如:
We often listen to English broadcasts in order to get more practice in training
our ears.我们经常听广播,以便加强听力训练。
In order to learn acupuncture,she practiced on herself every day.为了学习针
灸,她每天在自己身上试验。(注意in order to可放在句首)
We must have good soil so as to grow roses.种玫瑰花要有好的土壤。
[注二]动词不定式可以放在句首,使其所表示的目的更加明显突出。如:
To be a good teacher one must use good teaching methods.要成为好的教师一定要
有好的教学方法。
To de fend our country we must strengthen ourselves.为了保卫祖国,我们必须自
强不息。
[注三] 注意有些用作句子独立成分的习惯语,如to begin with(首先),to conclude(最
后),to be sure(当然),to tell you the truth(老实对你说)等。
b)表示结果
My grandmother lived to see the birth of my little daughter.我的祖母活到亲眼
看到我的小女儿出生。
A few years later he came home to find that his hometown had greatly changed.
几年后他回到家里,发现故乡的面貌大大地改变了。
[注一] 有时可以用too...to(太…而不能)结构来表示结果办不到。如:
He is too young to join the army.他太年轻了,不能参军。
It was too cold,to go out last night.昨晚太冷,无法出去。
[注二] 动词不定式和only连用时,常表示未预料到的结果。如:
I went to see him only to find him out.我去看他,不料他出去了。
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I hurried to the post office,only to find it was closed.我匆忙赶到邮局,不
料已经关门了。
2.2.2 含有动词不定式的复合宾语
动词不定式可用作复合宾语中的宾浯补足语。可有这 种复合宾语结构的动词有
get(请),ask(请求),order(命令),persuade(说 服),advise(劝告),like(喜欢),want(想
要),tell(叫),know(知 道)help(帮助),call on(号召,请求),等等。如:
He got someone to repair the door.他请人修理门。
I persuaded my brother to change his mind.我说服我弟弟改变了主意。
The doctor advised him to take a good rest.大夫劝他好好休息。 < br>在某些及物动词的复合宾语中,动词不定式须省掉too这些动词有:make(使),let(让),< br>see(见),
watch(望),hear(听),have(使),feel(觉得)等。 动词help后不定式的to可以省掉,
也可以保留。如:
Make the past serve the present and foreign things serve China.古为今用,洋
为中用。
He let me go home.他让我回家。
We must have someone repair the refrigerator.我们必须叫人来修电冰箱。
I heard him speak in the next room.我听到池在隔壁房间里讲话。
Mother is helping pat (to) clean her shoes.妈妈正帮蓓蒂刷鞋子。
[注一]上述句子变成被动语态时,动词不定式的to仍须保留。如
2.2.3 动词不定式的否定结构
动词不定式的否定结构由在不定式符号to之前加上not而成。如:
He decided not to go home.他决定不回家。
The teacher warned the pupils not to go skating on thin ice.教师警告学生不要
在薄冰上滑冰。
I told him not to open the door.我叫他不要开门。
疑问词 + 动词不定式
疑问代词who ,what,which和疑问副词when,where,how等后加动词不定式,构成一
种特殊的 动词不定式短语,可在句子中作主语、宾语、表语等成分。如:
When to start has not been decided.何时动身尚未决定。(作主语)
They told her where to find her little brother.他们告诉她到哪里找她的小弟弟。
(作宾语)
The teacher showed the students how to do the exercise.老师教学生如何做练习。
(作宾语)
He thought a lot about how to improve his English pronunciation.他对如何提高
英语语音想得很多。(作介词的宾语)
动词不定式复合结构名词(或代词宾格) + 动词不定式
在这种结构中的for本身无意义。 名词(或代词宾格)形式上是for的宾语,但在逻辑上
可以说是动词不定式的主语。这种不定式复合结 构在句子里可作下列成分:
1)主语
For us to learn foreign languages is important.学习外语对我们来说是重要的。
在句中,for us在逻辑上是to learn foreign languages的主语。这种结构作主语时,
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