英语语法——独立成分

第五部分：非谓语动词
所谓非谓语动词，是指不能作谓语的动词，也不受主语人称和 数的限制，但具有动词的
某些特征，不仅可以接宾语， 而且还有时态和语态的变化。 此外它可以做主 语、表语、宾
语、宾补、定语、状语和同位语。非谓语动词不仅是语法学习的重点和难点，也是每年必考
的语 法知识。具体表现形式有三种：1. 动词不定式 to + V 2. 动名词 V-ing; 3. 过去分词
V-ed 。
三者的核心含义和区别如下：
动词不定式 to + V 一般用来表示目的或结果，或者某个具体的动作。
动名词 V-ing 一般用来表示动作的主动概念和进行意义。
过去分词 V-ed 一般用来表示动作的被动概念和完成意义。
(一)关于动词不定式的考点如下：
考点一：直接接动词不定式做宾语的动词。
这一类动词往往表示请求、要求、选择、决定、打算、企图等
afford begin consent expect hesitate neglect prepare threaten agree bother decide fail hinder
offer pretend undertake ask care demand fear intend plan refuse venture attempt choose desire
hate learn pledge resolve volunteer beg claim endeavor help manage prefer start want
He pledged never to come back until he had made great success.
I hesitate to spend so much money on clothes. 我对花那么多钱买衣服犹豫不决。
考点二：在以下情况下常使用不带(或省略)to的动词不定式：
1. 感官动词后面：feel, listen, hear, look at, notice, see, watch, observe, perceive
I saw a man enter the shop.
2. 个别表示使役意义的动词，如：have, let, make，
The teacher has us write a composition every week.
3. 一些情态动词，had better, would rather…than…，would sooner…than…，rather than, may
well do，may as well do (还是…好了)，can not but…，can not help but…等句型，
Rather than wait anyone, I decided to go home by taxi.
We might as well put up here for tonight.
4. 在do (did, does, done) nothing (anything, everything )but (except) do 句型中。
I can do nothing but follow your advice.
如果but或except之前没有do，help, 其后的to 不能省略。
There is no choice but to wait and see.
5. 由 all, what 引导的主语从句或者主语被only, first, one, least 或形容词最高级修饰时，而
且从句中含有do时，其表语如果是动词不定式，则往往省去to。
What I have to do is take a rest.
The only thing I could do was do it myself.
6. 由并列连词and，except, but, than, or 连接两个以上的具有相同意义或功能的不定式时，
第二个动词不定式不带to。
I’d like to stay with you, help you and learn from you.
She told us to stay at home and wait till she came back.
注意：但是如果两个不定式表示对照或对比时，则不能省略to.
To try and fail is better than not to try at all. 尝试而失败也比不尝试好。
He hasn’t decided weather to quit or to stay. 他还没有决定是去还是留。
To be or not to be, that is a question. 是生存还是死亡，这是一个问题。
考点三：有些动词后一般跟带“疑问词 + 动词不定式”作宾语，如：consider, discover, discuss,

explain, guess, know, inquire, observe, show, teach, understand, wonder等。
I wonder who to invite. 我不知请谁。
Ask my brother where to put the car. 问一下我哥车停在哪儿。
(二)关于动名词的考点如下：
考点一：直接接动名词做宾语的动词。
admit avoid dread excuse forgive permit recall stop advise consider encourage fancy imagine
postpone recollect give up allow delay endure feel like involve practise resent can’t help
anticipate deny enjoy finish mind prevent resist can’t stand appreciate dislike escape forbid miss
propose risk suggest
Forbid smoking on trains. 火车上禁止吸烟。
We have to postpone sending our answer to the request. 我们不得不暂缓寄出对申请书的答复。
注意：上述动词中 allow, advise, forbid, permit, recommend 在有人作宾语时，则后接不定式
作宾语补足语, 如：Allow somebody to do something.
I recommended going by subway. 我建议坐地铁去。
The doctor recommended me to take a few days’ rest. 医生劝我休息几天。
考点二：下列短语中to 为介词，后面只能接动名词或名词。
keep to apply to indifference to look forward to with an eye to amount to commit…to be
familiar to stand up to with regard to take to owe…to be faithful to put one’s mind to with a view
to turn to resign… to be superior to get down to be opposed to succeed to attribute …to be
sensitive to live up to in relation to admit to dedicate …to be devoted to owing to aid to
point to limit to be committed to thanks to object to
No woman could succeed to the throne. 妇女不能继承王位。
I am looking forward to seeing you again. 我盼着再见到你。
考点三：在demand, deserve, need, require, want, worth 等词后面接动名词形式表示被动 的意
思，即用主动形式表示被动意义。如果接不定式，必须用不定式的被动形式。
My socks want mending to be mended.
This grammatical rule deserves mentioning.
That novel is well worth reading.
考点四：在下列it 作形式主语或形式宾语的句型中， 用动名词作逻辑主语或逻辑宾语。
It is no use (no good, no point, no sense, a waste of time等名词) + doing sth.
It is good ( nice, interesting, useless等形容词) + doing sth.;
There is no point ( use, sense, good等名词) + doing sth.
It’s no use crying over spilt milk. 后悔没有用。
It’s simply a waste of time and money seeing that movie.
There is no point in my going out to date someone. 现在让我出去和别人拍拖没有用。
I find it no good advising him to go with us. 我发现建议他和我们一起去没有什么好处。
考点五：在“have difficulty ( trouble, problem, pleasure, a difficult time )(in ) doing sth. 结构中，
后接动名词； 但注意 take the trouble to do sth. , have no time to do sth. 后接不定式。
The teachers have had some problems deciding when they should return the final papers to
the students.
I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time to catch the last bus.
考点六：下列动词既可接不定式，也可接动名词，但表示 的意义不同。不定式一般表示事情
尚未发生；而动名词则表示事情已经发生于这些动词之前。这些动词有 ：
remember to do sth. 记得将要去做某事 remember doing sth. 记得已经做过某事

Please remember to take the medicine. (还没吃) I remember taking the medicine. (已经吃过)
forget to do sth. 忘记了该做的事情 forget doing sth. 忘记了已经做过了的事情
I forgot to mail the letter. ( 没有发信) I forgot mailing the letter. ( 忘记曾经发过信)
stop to do sth. 停止手中的事去做另一件事 stop doing sth. 停止正在做的事情
We stopped to have a rest. I really must stop smoking.
go on to do sth. 继续做另一件事情 go on doing sth. 继续作正在做的事
try to do sth. 努力，试图去做某事 try doing sth. 尝试，试着做某事
The president welcomed the new students and then went on to explain the college regulations.
Peter went on sleeping despite the noise outside.
mean to do sth. 打算做某事
mean doing sth. 意味着做某事 I don’t mean to be rude, but could you stop smoking?
Jumping from job to job means losing some benefit.
regret to do sth. 对某事感到遗憾 regret doing sth. 后悔做过某事
I regret to tell you that you failed the test.
I regret lending him so much money. He never paid me back.
(三)非谓语动词的其他考点
考点一：独立主格结构
分词的独立结构可放在句首或句尾，常常在句中作状语，可以表示时间、原因、条件，
方式或伴随情况。 分词短语作状语时，它的逻辑主语是句子的主语。如果分词短语有自己的
逻辑主语(一般为名词)，它便 是分词的独立结构。该分词与其逻辑主语有着逻辑上的主谓关
系，常常用逗号与主句隔开。如果逻辑主语 与分词的关系是主谓关系， 就用现在分词；如
果是动宾关系就用过去分词。
至于分词的时态 则要看主句的谓语动词的时态，如果主句的谓语是一般现在时，分词结构一
般用过去时；如果主句的谓语 是一般过去时，分词结构则用过去完成时。即 having done 或
having been done.
分词的独立结构前也可以有with， without或there。with 本身没有词义，there实际上
是引导词，being后面的名词才是分词的逻辑主语。
Weather permitting, we’ll be going fishing tomorrow.
The students having finished reading the text, the teacher went on to ask them some
questions.
All the money having been spent, we started looking for work.
With her hair beautifully done，the customer left the hair-dresser’s happily.
With night coming on, they went home. 天晚了，他们回家了。
He left home, without a single word said. 没说一句话，他就离开了家。
There being nothing to do, we played games. 没什么可做的，我们于是玩游戏。
考点二：非谓语动词三种表示被动的结构。(语法常考题)
to be done 不定式的被动态表示将来的动作
being done 用来表示动作的正在(被)进行或者表示原因、条件等
done (having been done) 表示动作的被动关系或过去完成状态。
Are you going to attend the meeting to be held nest meeting？
The question being discussed is very important.
Did you attend the press conference held in Beijing last week?
All flights having been cancelled, they had to take the train.
考点三：分词的短语的固定表达方式，一般不受主语一致的限制。如：

according to …(根据), judging from…(从……判断), talking of …(谈到),
owing to …(由于), taking everything into consideration …(全盘考虑),
allowing for…(考虑到…), leaving … on one side …(抛开……不谈)，
generally speaking (总的说来)， frankly speaking ( 坦率地说 ), roughly speaking ( 粗略地说 ),
honestly speaking ( 老实说 ), strictly speaking ( 严格地说 ), theoretically speaking ( 从理论上
说)