far的反义词-风纪扣
从英文歌曲《Yesterday Once
More》探
求英语语法的学习
下面把这首歌中出现的英语语法现象逐一进行分析:
When I wasyoung,
(when做连词,引导时间状语从句,此处引出一般过去
时态以及be动词的过去式中第一人称单数的
形式)
注释:
when常与以下结构连用: doing+
when表示“正在做某事。。。突然。。。”
Iwas doing my homework
when the light went out. 我正在写作业突然停电了。 about
to do sth+ when表示“正要做某事。。。突然。。。” I was avout
to go out when the telephone
rang. 我正外出电话就响了。
done +when表示“刚做完某事。。。突然。。。” I had
just entered
the house when it began to rain. 我刚进门就下雨了。
I’d listen to the radio,
(would做助动词的用法,表示过去的习惯性动作或
倾向)waiting for my
favorite songs.
(现在分词waiting做状语,表示对动词listen
的伴随;wait for
sth.短语动词搭配)When they played I’d sing along. (1)
(同第
一句,出现一般过去时态动词变化的一般形式;along做副词小品词的用法)It
made me smile.
(It指代前面谈到的情况的用法;make做使役动词的用法:make
sb.do)Those
were such happy times, (Those代表前面提到的复数名词的用法;
be
动词的过去式中复数人称的形式出现;指示代词such修饰名词的用法,times
做可数名词的用法
)
注释:
so与such都有“如此、这么、那么”的意思,可进行同义改写,但用法不同。
1. so是副词,修饰形容词和副词;而such是形容词,修饰名词。它们后面接单
数
可数名词时,词序不同。
so的词序为:so+ adj. + a(an) + n.
such的词序为:such +a(an) +adj. + n.
它们可以表达同样的意思,因此它们可以进行同义改写。
so nice a coat
=such a nice coat 这么漂亮的一件外套
so interesting
a book = such an interesting book 那么有趣的一本书
补给站:后面接复数名词或不可数名词时,只能用such,而不能用so.如:
such
beautiful flowers 这么美丽的花
such clever
children 如此聪明的孩子
但是,复数名词或不可数名词前有many,few,muc
h,little修饰时,只能用so
而不能用such,这是一种固定用法。如:
so
many books 这么多书
so few people 这么少的人
so
much money 那么多的钱
so little milk 那么少的牛奶
2. 和“that”连用时,意思基本一样,但句型结构不同。“so?that?”句型结
构为:
so + adj. (adv.) +that?
so + adj.
+a(an)+单数n. +that?
so +many(few)+复数n. +that?
so +much(little)+不可数n.
+that?如:
This book is so interesting that I
have read it three times. 这本书如此
有趣,我已经看了三遍。
He spoke so fast that we couldn‘t understand
him. 他说得太快,我们都未
能听懂他的话。
It was so hot a
day that nobody wanted to do anything.
天气很热,谁都不
想干活。
There were so many people
that we could hardly move on.
这么多人,我们
简直无法继续往前走。
“such?that?”句型结构为:
such + a (an)+adj. +单数n. +that?
such +
adj. +复数n. +that?
such +adj. +不可数n. +that?
She is such a pretty girl that everyone
likes her. 她是个很可爱的小姑娘,
大家都喜欢她。
They are
such delicious cakes that I want to eat another
two. 这么可口
的蛋糕,我还想再吃两块。
It is such sweet
milk that we all want to drink it.
这么香的牛奶,我们
都想喝。
补给站:由于so 和such后跟单数可数名词时,可以
换用,同样“so?that?”
与“such?that?”也可以进行同义句改写。如上文中:Th
is book is so
interesting that I have read it
three times. 可改写成:This is such
an interesting
book that I have read it three times.
It was
so hot a day that nobody wanted to do anything.
可改写成:It was
such a hot day that nobody wanted
to do anything.
3. so与that可以直接构成词组“so
that”,引导目的和结果状语从句,表示“以
便、以致”的意思。如:
He
worked hard so that he could pass the exams.
为了能通过考试,他学习
很认真。(但such没有这种用法)
time 1,次数为可数名词 four times
2,时间 为不可数名词
what`s the time?
3
times在作“时代”意义的时候本身就是复数的形式
and not so longago.
(2) (并列句的省略用法;副词so修饰形容词的用法)
How I wondered
where they’d gone. How引导的感叹句做主句
注释:
感叹句通常有what, how引导,表示赞美、惊叹、喜 悦、等感情。
what修饰名词,how 修饰形容词,副词或动词,感叹句结构主要有以下几种:
掌握它的搭配,即掌握了感叹句的重点。
How +形容词+ a +名词+ 陈述语序
How+形容词或副词+ 陈述语序
What +名词+
陈述语序
What+a+形容词+名词+ 陈述语序
What+
形容词+复数名词+ 陈述语序
What+
形容词+不可数名词+ 陈述语序
How clever a boy he is!
How lovely the baby is!
What noise they
are making!
What a clever boy he is!
where
they’d gone为连接副词where引导的宾语从句,做主句动词wonder的宾
语;此句
还有hadgone过去完成时态的用法)
一、Where引导定语从句—形容词性从句
当where 引导定语从句时,Where前有表示地点的先行词,where
引导的从句修饰先行
词,Where是关系副词,在从句中作地点状语。例如:
's got
himself into a dangerous situation where he is
likely to lose control
over the plane
.(2001年上海)
评析:situation 是先行词,其后是Where引导的定语从句。
is the place where Luxun once lived .
评析: the place 是先行词,其后是 where引导的定语从句 ,where
在从句中作地
点状语。
二、Where引导状语从句—副词性从句
当Wh
ere引导状语从句时,Where前没有表示地点的先行词,Where是从属连词,Where
引导
的从句修饰主句的谓语动词。例如:
famous scientist grew up
where he was born and in 1930 he came to
Shanghai.(2002年春季高考上海)
评析:句中“the famous
scientist grew up
Where到句子
最后是地点状语从句,where前没有表示地点的先行词.
found
her passport where she lost it .
评析:是主句 found
后的宾语,它并不是从句中lost的地点,因此 where
引导的是地点状语从句,从属连词where引导的从句修饰主句的谓语动词 found 。
三、where 引导宾语从句、表语从句、主语从句、同位语从句———名词性
从句
where引导的名词性从句,意思接近the place where
,可译为:“??的地方”,where
是疑问副词。例如:
5. This is
where Luxun once lived. (where 引导表语从句)
评析:此句
与第2句意思一样,即:这是鲁迅曾经住的地方。但语法功能不一样,第2
句中,where
前有先行词 the place, the place在主句中作表语,而第5句中,where
引
导的表语从句前没有名词,从语法功能看,where 引导从句的位置是表语位置,where
在表
语从句中作地点状语。
6.I don't know where Luxun
once lived .(where 引导宾语从句)
评析:此句where
引导的是动词know的宾语从句。
was free to
go to where she liked and do what she liked .
(where 引导
宾语从句)
评析:此句中,where
引导的从句作介词的宾语,意思接近 the place where。
haven't yet
settled the question where we are going to spend
our summer
vacation. (where 引导同位语从句)
评析:本句中疑问副词where 引导的从句,与其前面的名词the question
是同位关系,
the question 的具体内容就是where 引导的从句,因此,where
引导的是同位语从句。
Mary was born is Beijing .
(where 引导主语从句)
评析:本句中疑问副词where
引导的从句,放在主句主语的位置,因此这里where
引
导的从句是主语从句。译:玛利出身的地方是北京。
But they’re
back again,(they’re back一般现在时,表示目前状况;be
back
动词短语搭配)just like a long~lost friend. (3) (
强调副词just的用法,并与介词
like组成成语;过去分词lost做定语,与long共同构成
复合形容词修饰名词
friend)All the songsI loved so
wel1.(I loved做定语从句,省略关系代词that。修
饰先行词songs;
副词so修饰副词的用法)Everysha-la-la-la,every wo—wo still
shines. Every shing—a—hng-a—ling,that they’re
starting to sing so fine.(4) (that
they’re
starting to sing为关系代词that引导的定语从句,修饰Every
shing—a—
ling—a—ling;
that引导的定语从句的用法
关系代词that可以引导限定性定语从句, 修饰代表人或
事物的先行词,
但不能用于引导非限定性定语从句。that可以充当从句的主语、 宾语、 表
语。例如:
The bag that lies on the ground is hers.
地上的那个包是她的。
(关系代词that修饰bag的定语从句中充当主语) The
old man that I visited
yesterday is my
teacher.
我昨天拜访的那个老人是我的老师。(关系代词that在修饰man
的定语从句中充当宾语)
在先行词是事物的限定性定语从句中, that和which
一般可互换,
但在下列情况下不可以互换: 1. 只能用that,
不能用which作
先行词的情况
(1)先行词是不定代词或者先行词被不定代词所修饰时, 关系代
词通常只用that,
不用which。例如: ① That’s all that I know.
我知道
的就这些。 ② Is there anything that you
want to buy in town? 你有什么
东西要在城里买吗? ③
Nothing that the teacher does doesn’t influence
his
students. 老师所做的事情没有不影响到学生的。
(2)先行词被序数词、 形容
词最高级、 the only, the very, the
last等修饰时, 关系代词通常只用that, 不用
which。例如: ①
The first English novel that I read was Cities.
我读的
第一本英文小说是《城市》。 ② This is one of the
most exciting football games
that I have ever
seen. 这是我见过的最激动人心的足球比赛之一。 ③ This is
the
only thing that we can do now. 这是我们现在惟一能做的事情。
(3)先
行词既有人又有物时, 关系代词只用that, 不用which。例如:
① The scientist
and his achievements that you
told me about are admired by us all.
我们所有人都
钦佩你告诉我的那位科学家和他所取得的成就。 ② The
foreign visitors spoke
highly of the pioneers
and their performances that they saw at the
Children’s Palace.
外国游客高度赞扬了他们在少年宫所看到的少先队员以及他们的表演。 (4)
关
系代词在限定性定语从句中作表语并带有类比含义时, 通常只用that,
不用which。例如:
① He is no
longer the star that he was. 他不再是过去的那位明星了。
② Our
school is no longer the school that it
used to be. 我们的学校不再是以前的那所学
校了。 (5)
句中其他位置已出现which, 为避免重复,
不用which而用that
引导限定性定语从句。例如: Which is the car
that has overtaken us? 超过我们的是
哪辆车
they’rest
arting为现在进行时的描写性和生动性的用法;副词so修饰形容
词的用法)。When
they get to the part wherehe’s breaking her
heart(where he’s
breaking
herheart为关系副词where引导的定语从句,修饰先行词thepart;break
one’s heart动词短语搭配),it coil reallymake me cry.
(情态动词的用法;make
sb.do的用法)Just like before,it’s
yesterday once mole. (oncemote的搭配用法)
Looking back on how it Was in years gone
by(Looking为动名词做主句主语;
how it was为关系副词how引导的宾语从句,
做介词on的宾语;gone为过去分
词,与介词by搭配做后置定语修饰years)and the
good timethat I had, (that I
had
为关系代词that~f导的定语从句,修饰先行词曲 ;)makes today seem
rather sad.(5)
(动名词Looking做主语,谓语动词用单数makes;mak
e8th.,sb.do的用法;
make sb+adi的用法; so much has
changed, (has changed现在完成时态用法;
so
much做程度副词的用法,以及其做主语时,谓语用单数的用法;)It Was songs
of
love that Iwould sing to them, (that 1 would sing
to them为定语从句,修饰先
行词songs;of表示所属的用法)and I’d
memorize each word. (each做形容词的
用法)Thoseold
melodies still sound so good to me,
(sound做系动词后接形容词的
用法)as they melt the yearsaway.
(6) (从属连词as引导时间状语从句,表示随着;
动词短语melt away)
时间状语从句的用法
时间状语从句的引导词所表示的意思不尽相同,
要注意把握不同的时间状语从句的
引导词所表示的不同时间关系,
以及它在具体句子中对应的对应时态、 语态等问题。
1. when、 as、
while引导的时间状语从句分析:
(1)
when引导时间状语从句时表示“当??的时候”, when既可以指时间段也可指
时间点,
从句中既可用延续性动词又可用非延续性动词,
且动作既可和主句的动作同时发
生又可在主句的动作之前或之后发生, 注意体会如下例句: I’ll
call you when I get there.
我一到那里就给你打电话。 When
the wind blows, all the doors rattle. 只要风一吹,
这门就吱嘎作响。 He stopped trying, when he might have
succeeded next time. 他
不再试了, 其实他可能下一次就成功。 When
I came home my wife was cooking dinner.
我回家时,
妻子在做晚饭。
如果when引导的时间状语从句的主语与主句主语相同,
而从句的谓语又是be动词
时, 那么从句中的主语和be可以省略;
当when引导的时间状语从句的主语与主句主语相
同时,
往往还可以用“when+分词”的形式替代该状语从句。例如: When (you are) in
trouble, ask her for help. 当你遭遇麻烦的时候去向她求助。
When I came into the
room(=When coming into
the room), I found him lying there asleep.
当我进入房间的
时候, 我发现他躺在那儿睡着了。
(2)
while引导时间状语从句时表示“当??的时候”,
它强调主句的动作与从句的
动作同时持续地进行,
用于这一用法时while引导的时间状语从句和主句中的谓语动词必
须是延续性动词,
或者主句的动作发生在从句动作的进行过程中, 主句中的谓语动词通常
是非延续性动词, 例如:
Study while you study; play while you play.
该学习的时候
就学习, 该玩的时候就玩。 I met her
while I was at school. 当我在学校的时候我
遇见了她。
(3) as引导时间状语从句时表示“当??时, 一边??一边??”,
侧重表示两个
动作同时发生(包括一个主语同时进行两个动作),
或者一种动作随着另一种动作的变化而
变化。例如: He jumps as he goes
along. 他边走边跳。 I slipped on the ice as I
ran
home. 我跑回家时在冰上滑了一跤。 I saw him as he was getting
off the bus. 正
当他下公共汽车时, 我看见了他。 As the wind
rose the noise increased. 刮风的时
候噪声增大。
Al my
best memories, comeback clearly to me (come back
clearly to me为祈
使句)some can even make me cry.
(7) (make做使役动词的用法;make
sb.do;
副词even的用法以及其位置)Just like before,it s
yesterday once more.
该歌曲主要是陈述对往事的美好回忆、眷
恋和感慨,适合讲解过去时态,但
其中也不乏其他时态的出现。经过总结和归纳.本首歌词中有30种语
法现象:
出现了一般过去时、过去完成时、一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时等五种
基本时
态;从句有when和as分别引导的时间状语从句、做主句动词的宾语从句
和介词引导的宾语从句、定
语从句等三种从句;非谓语动词涉及现在分词做状语、
过去分词做定语、动名词做主语的用法;动词的用
法有make做使役动词的两种
用法,seem、sound做系动词的用法,情态动词的用法以及部分
短语动词的搭配;
指示代词such的用法;虚词中有would做助动词的用法,iust和just
like的用法,
副词SO、rather、even修饰其他词类的用法;按句子的分类还有陈述句、
感叹句、
祈使句等。