amalgamation-厮是什么意思
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2015考研英语基础班讲义
(语法长难句部分)
考研英语长难句解析
一、考研英语长难句之定语从句
一、定语从句
定语从句是英语中一种
最常见的句型,它可以分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从
句,即定语从句的关系词在文中修饰哪个词
、短语或句子。在主句中不可缺少的定语从句
称限定性定语从句。对主句起附加说明作用的定语从句称非
限定性定语从句。此外,定语
从句和主句之间还存在着状语关系,说明原因、目的、让步、假设等。
例 change met the technical requirement of the
new age and prevented the decline in
efficiency that so commonly spoiled the
fortunes of family firms in the second and third
generation after the energetic founders.
(1996年真题)
例2. The American economic
system is, organized around a basically private-
enterprise插入语或
隐性定, market- oriented economy
分译in which在这种经济中 consumers largely determine
what shall be produced by spending their money
in the marketplace for those goods and services
that they want most.合译
例3. If, on the
other hand, producing more of a commodity results
in reducing its cost, this will
tend to
increase the supply offered by seller-producers,
which in turn will lower the price and
permit
more consumers to buy the product.
例4.
The government promised to give preferential
taxation policies and loans of low interest rate
to those enterprises that could improve their
structure of production and were willing to take
in
over 50 laid-off workers yearly.
例5. The local government introduced the snakes
into this area hoping that they would control the
number of mice, which finally became the
threat needed to be controlled.
例
environmental protection should be given priority
which means the economic
development would be
lowered to some extent in a developing country.
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例7.
She was confirmed to be infected with bird flu
that calls for a quarantine and medical
observation for weeks in the hospital.
例8.
In Europe, as elsewhere multi-media
groups have been increasingly successful
groups which bring together television, radio
newspapers, magazines and publishing
houses
that work in relation to one another.(2005年真题)
二、考研英语长难句之同位语从句
例1. The audience leraned
form the internet the news that a serious
explosion broke out in
Xi’an a few days
ago.观众从网上知道了这则消息:几天前,西安发生了一起严重的爆炸事
故。
例
rumor that she eloped with her boyfriend just
cannot hold water, for I saw her at home
just
now.她和她男朋友私奔的谣言根本站不住脚,
例3.
However, the
conventional view that education should be one of
the very
highest priorities for promoting
rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong.(2009年第3篇)在贫穷国家,为了促进经济的快速发展,教育应该是最优
先考虑
的方面之一,然而这个传统的观点是错的。
三、考研英语长难句之倒装句
倒装(inversion)是一种语法手段,用以表示一定句子结构的需要和强调某一句子成分的
需要
。英语的最基本的结构是主、谓结构,倒装就是将这种比较固定的词序加以颠倒。
倒装有两种。将主语和谓语完全颠倒过来,叫做完全倒装(complete
inversion)。如Then
began a bitter war between
the two countries.于是两国之间开始了恶战。
只将助动词(包括情态动词)移至主语之前,叫做部分倒装(partial inversion)。如At
no
time was the entrance left
unguarded.入口无时无人把守。
英语句子的倒装一是由于语法结构的需要而进行的倒装
,二是由于修辞的需要而进行的
倒装。前一种情况,倒装是必须的,否则就会出现语法错误,后一种情况
,倒装是选择性的,
倒装与否只会产生表达效果上的差异。
例1介词短语提前(Among the advantages (that future
biochips, or “living computers”,
would have
over conventional semiconductor chips)(that定从) are
(that they are smaller, they do
not generate
as much heat, and they allow for the parallel
processing of information)that主语从
句, making
them faster than today’s semiconductor devices.
例2This is the world out of which grows
the hope(the hope grows), for the first time in
history(插入语), of a society where there will be
freedom from want and freedom from fear.
注意:调整语序,加强语气。
以There be引出的倒装句
a. There
seem to be many good candidates in the district.
b. There exist many problems among the
present day students.
c. There appears to be
a man in black in the distance.
以副词here,
there, then, now, next引出的倒装句
a. Here come
the rest of the party.
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b. Now comes your turn.
c. Then
followed the discovery of a new compound.
d.
Next came Edward with his wife.
以表地点的介词短语引出的倒装句
a. At the school gate
stood a guard.
b. Under the tree are sitting
some students.
c. On the bed lay a pretty
kitten.
主语为代词时,不用倒装
Behind the counter
he stood.
Behind the counter stood a man
with glasses.
以表方位的副词引出的倒装句
a. Up went the
arrow into the air.
b. Down fell a dozen
apples.
c. Off went the horse.
not短语置于句首
a. Not until he went abroad did he know the
truth of the fact.
b. Not a moment did she
waste on campus.
c. Not only did I know her,
but I was her best friend.
d. Not simple is
this book interesting, but also instructive.
no短语置于句首
a. By no means should he be
left alone.
b. In no way are can we allow
this to continue.
c. In no case are you to
leave your post.
d. On no account should we
follow blindly.
e. Under no circumstances
can we create or destroy energy.
f. No
longer are they staying with us.
g. No
sooner had she finished the poem than the students
began go ask her questions.
only置于句首
a.
Only by this means is it possible to explain his
failure to act decisively.
b. Only after
making investigation can we have the right to
speak.
c. Only when one loses freedom does
one know its value.
比较状语从句中的倒装
a. He
ran as fast as did the person who came from
England.
b. I spend less than do nine out of
ten people in my position.
c. The greater
the number of the free electrons in a material,
the better is the conductivity of the
material.
让步状语从句中的倒装
a. Small as
atoms, electrons are still smaller.
b.
Complex as it may appear, the rocket, which was
invented in China over 800 years ago, is a
relatively simple device.
c. Hard as I
tried to explain it to him, he still didn’t
understand.
d. Much as I disagree with you,
I yet respect you.
e. Vague though its
category (is), it is without doubt an essay.
f. Try as he would, he could not lift the rock.
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四、考研英语长难句之被动语态
1.变为汉语的主动形式
e.g. In his
attitude can be found seeds for art in the
20
th
century: the art of the
primitive, of symbol, and of imagination.
e.g. It leads the discussion to extremes at
the outset:it invites you to think that
animals should be tested either with the
consideration humans extend to other humans,
or with no consideration at all.
e.g. On the whole such a conclusion can be
drawn with a certain degree of confidence, but
only if
the child can be assumed to have had
the same attitude towards the test as the other
with whom he
is being compared, and only if he
was not punished by lack of relevant information
which they
possessed.
e.g. In
general, the tests work most effectively when the
qualities to be measured can be most
precisely
defined and least effectively when what is to be
measured or predicted can not be well
defined.
2.被动结构的表语化,可译为:“是…的”, “由…的”等。
e.g.
The movement to oppose racial discrimination was
personally initiated and led by a famous
Negro
leader.
e.g. This picture was taken by
my brother as he went to Yunnan.
3.译成具有被动意义的汉语结构。
e.g. For all the help
this computer may provide, it should not be seen
as a substitute for
fundamental thinking and
reasoning skills.
e.g. It should be
made clear to entire citizens that whoever enjoys
rights must undertake
corresponding
obligations.
e.g. Those who support the
“nature” side of the conflict believe that our
personalities and behavior
patterns are
largely determined by biological factors.
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e.g.
How well the predictions will be validated by
later performance depends upon the amount,
reliability, and appropriateness of the
information used and on the skill and wisdom with
which it
is interpreted.
4.增添“人们”、“大家”等适当的词做汉语译文的主语。
e.g. With the
new technique, measurement was claimed to be much
more precise.
e.g. And it is imagined by
many that the operations of the common mind can be
by no means
compared with these processes, and
that they have to be acquired by a sort of special
training.
e.g. During this transfer,
traditional historical methods were augmented by
additional
methodologies designed to interpret
the new forms of evidence in the historical study.
综合例题:
Traditionally, legal learning
has been viewed in such institutions as the
special preserve of lawyers rather than a
necessary part of the intellectual equipment
of an educated person.(2007年真题)
五、
考研英语长难句之形式主语(宾语)结构
1. It is + adjective
noun + clause
注意: 先翻从句部分, 再翻形容词名词部分。
a.
So it is quite sad-形式主语 (when divorces come with
small provocations, when parents and
children
give up on one another, when friendships falter at
the first injury, for thus we forfeit
a great
work of art——the long love.)
b. It is thus no
exaggeration that Americans have taken to
mechanical cooling avidly and
greedily.
c. As a result of such contradictory evidence, it
is uncertain whether those suffering seriously as
a result of labor market problems number in
the hundreds of thousands or the tens of
millions.
2. It is + adjective +
infinitive to
注意: 先翻不定式部分, 再翻形容词部分。
a.
It is extremely wasteful to give years of training
at public expense only to have the qualified
teacher or nurse marry after a year of two and
be lost forever to her profession.
b. It is
essential for modern men to master one or two
foreign languages.
c. It is difficult for us
to over-praise the book.
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3. It is + past participle + that-
clause
注意: 先翻过去分词部分, 再翻从句部分。
a. It is
reported that Sadam Hussein was betrayed by his
janissary.
b. It is said that
c. It is
believed that
d. It is rumored that
e.
It is estimated that
f. It is known that
g. It is argued that
六、考研英语长难句之强调句型
例, in the American economic system it is the
demand (of individual
consumers, coupled with
the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and
the desire
of individuals to maximize their
incomes) that together determine (what shall be
produced and how resources are used to produce
it.被动句 )
七、考研英语长难句之并列平行结构
英语常用并列连词,如:and, but, so, yet, for, nor, or,
not only:..but also, either
…or或
neither…nor以及所有并列连词,比较连词(more than not
more than etc)等连接两个或几
个同等成分,这种结构称为并列结构。连接的同等成分
可以是动词的宾语、介词短语或名词
的定语等。
例1In general,
the tests work most effectively when the
qualities要素 to be measured can be
most
precisely defined and(然而) (the tests work )least
effectively when what is to be measured or
predicted can not be well defined. (1995年真题)
例2Astrophysicists working with
groundbased detectors at the South Pole and
balloon
borne instruments are closing in on
such structures, and may report their findings
soon.(1998年真
题)
例3It is not that
(不是)the scales in the one case, and the balance in
the other, differ in the
principles of their
construction or manner of working, but that (而是)
the latter (后者) is a much
finer apparatus and
of course much more accurate in its measurement
than the former (前者)。
(1993年真题)
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八、
考研英语长难句之省略句型
例1. 从句(As families move away
from their stable community, their friends of
many years, their extended family
relationships), 【the informal flow of
informationx】信息的流通渠道 is cut off, and with it
【the confidence】(is also cut
off) (that
information will be available when needed and will
be trustworthy and
reliable. )同位语从 当家庭远离了自己
稳定的社区,远离了自己多年的朋友,
远离了自己原来大家庭的人际关系,信息的流通渠道就被切断了,
随着沟通渠道
被切断,人们的自信也被斩断了,这种自信认为当需要的时候,就可以得到信息,
而且得到的这些信息是值得信赖、可靠的。
九、 考研英语长难句之否定结构
A: 部分否定 partial negation
常用词有代词或副词:all, both, every, everybody, every day,
everyone, many, everything,
entirely,
altogether, absolutely, wholly, completely,
weathered, always,
often等和not搭配时,
表示部分否定,意为“并非都是,不是每个都是”
Both
of them are not my brothers. C.f. “Neither of
them is my brother.”
All is not gold that
glitters = not all is gold that glitters.
Every man cannot do it = not every man can do
it
I don’t remember all these formulas.
This kind of tree is not found everywhere.
The rich are not always happy.
Every
couple is not a pair.
B: 转移否定
a.
否定主语,但否定词not在形式上往往否定谓语
Everybody cannot
enjoy pop music. (not everyone)
b.
否定表语和宾语,但否定词not在形式上往往否定谓语
The cloth does not
feel very soft. = The cloth feels not very soft.
I don’t agree with all of you. (some of you)
I don’t like both of the books. (I like not
both of them.)
c. 否定状语,但否定词not在形式上往往否定谓语
He has not come to the decision quickly. (not
quickly)
I did not do it for myself. (I did it
not for myself.)
The students did not sit
there listening to the teacher.
d.
在not…and 结构中,否定的往往是and 后的部分,但否定词not往往否定谓语。
The
house is not big and comfortable.
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The house
is not big, but comfortable.
The house is not
big or comfortable.
He doesn’t speak Russian
and French.
Don’t drink and drive.
We
can’t put on airs and make people like us.
正确理解和区分部分否定和全部否定很重要,稍一疏忽,就会铸成译文上的大错。
a. I
don’t know anything about her.(一无所知)
I don’t
know everything about her.(并不全知道)
b. None of
the answers are right.(都不正确)
All the answers
are not right. (并非都正确)
c. I don’t know any of
them.(全不认识)
I don’t know all of them.(并非都认识)
C: 双重否定,意义肯定
双重否定指同一句子里出现两个否定词,即否定之否定,双重否定
句表达的意思是肯定
的,通常比肯定句的语气要重些,译成汉语就译成肯定形式,也可以保持双重否定的
形式。
No one can command others who can’t
command himself.
There was never a great
genius without a tincture of madness.
There
are no roses without thorns.
You can’t make
something out of nothing.
What’s done can’t
be undone.
Nothing is nothing at all.
Hardly a day passed without our learning
anything new.
※可用于表示双重否定的词有
no…not, no
(not)…without, no...but, cannot but + v,
cannot help + v-ing,
without doubt, without
fail, cannot help + v, without exception,
nothing less but, (正是)
none but (除…外,…别无) no
one but (除了… 外,没有别人) none too(一点也不)
have no
alternative choice but to do (除...,别无选择), There is
no doubt that…, There is no
denying that…,
There is no question that..., not seldom, not
infrequently, not unlike, not
displeased
※We cannot but read books to enrich ourselves.
We cannot help admiring his courage.
I can’t help but feel sorry for her.
D: 几乎否定
几乎否定表示整个句子的意思接近于否定,常用的词有:
little,
few, barely, hardly, rarely, scarcely,
seldom,
This problem has been little
studied.
He little realized the danger he
was in.
She is barely right.
I
seldom got any sleep last night.
Scarcely
anything remains to be said.
E: 形式否定,意义肯定
英语中有些形式上,否定而内容含义上都是肯定的结构,译成汉语时不能拘泥于原文的
表
层结构的否定,要忠实于原文的含义。
a. cannot …too,越…..越…,
无论怎样…..也不过分
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(It’s impossible to overdo it. The more...,
the more…)
在此结构中,cannot可改为can hardly,
scarcely, never, too也可改为 over + v, enough,
sufficient 等
You cannot be too cautious.
You can hardly praise him too much.
A man
can never have too many friends.
Newton’s
contribution to modern science can scarcely be
overrated.
He can’t see you quickly enough.
(He desires to see you as soon as possible.)
※cannot wait to do (eager to do)
I
cannot wait to read your new book.
I
cannot wait to see her.
b. no(nobody)…
but 都, 没有….不,只有….才
There is no man but has
his faults.
There is no rule but has
exception.
Nobody reads the book but will be
moved.
There exists no man but has an enemy.
这种结构中的but起关系代词的作用,相当于that, which, who does
will have not.
※注意句子结构
No one believes
that he will succeed.
No one believes but he
will succeed.
There is no one who knows him.
There is no one but knows him.
There is
no man that errs.
There is no man but errs.
You will not find the answer but (that) you
study it thoroughly.
But 为否定含义
c. never
(not)…. but (that) 每当…总是…, 没有哪次不是……
I never
see you but think of my mother.
It never rains
but it pours.
Never a day passed but brought
us good news.
He will not be angry but that he
is offended.
d. nothing but, none but 仅仅,
只, 只有…才
nothing but 后接非指人的名词, none but
后接指人的名词,与nothing other than同
义意为“仅仅,只有…才”
We can see nothing but water.
We found
none but an old man in the room.
None but me
knew what happened.
None but a fool would do
such a thing.
You can find that sort of bird
nowhere but in Australia.
e. noting else
than(仅仅,完全)
His failure was due to noting else
than his own carelessness.
f. no
(none)other than正是, 仅仅是,
This is no
other than the book we want to buy.
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She
is none other than my adviser.
g. more
often than not, as often as not常常, 往往
During
foggy weather, planes are late more often than
not.
As often as not, he gets up late.
※as
likely as not=很有可能
She will forget all
about it as likely as not.
h. 否定词 +
比较级(相当于最高级)
I cannot agree with you more.
C.f. I cannot agree with you any more.
He could not feel better.
The film cannot
be better.
He wants nothing more than
time.
Nothing is more precious than health.
i. 否定词 + without
There is no
smoke without fire.
He believed, not
without reason, that the project will be a
success.
j. no otherwise than 只是,仅仅
He is no otherwise afraid than of his father.
(nobody but….)
He does no otherwise than
fool around all day. (do nothing but)
在有些句子结构中,谓语动词肯否,句意不变。
I wonder if he
can(not) help you in your work.
I don’t know
whether he has (no) friends here (or not).
F:
形式肯定,意义否定
a. more than…can =cannot
简直不、无法,难以
The beauty of the park is more than
words can describe.
This is more than I can
tell.
b. more than one can help 尽量不,绝对不
This is more than I can help.
c. more A
than B, 是A不是B,与其说是B,不如说是A。
在此结构中,A和B
必须是同一比较的对象。
c.f. He is taller than his
sister. (比较级)
He is more brave than wise.
He is more a scientist than a writer.
d. anything but, 绝对不,根本不是,一点也不
The draw bridge
is anything but safe.
He is anything but a
scholar.
e. may might as well 这不如(最好)
It’s still raining hard outside; we may as
well stay here over the night.
f.
动词或动词短语引起的否定意义
miss, deny, lack, refuse,
escape, resist, reject, decline, doubt, wonder,
give up, to say
nothing of, not to mention,
turn a deaf ear to, lose sight of, let alone,
leave alone,
g. 形容词引起的否定
far from,
free fromof, safe from, short of, ignorant of,
wanting of, reluctant to, immune to,
exempt
from,
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h.
介词,介词短语
past, above, beyond, without, instead
of, in vain, in the dark, at a loss, but for, in
spite of
i. 副词短语引起的否定
much less, still
less, let alone, by no means, in no way, no
longer, no more, on no account,
under no
circumstances, in vain, not …at all, not …in the
least
※ before 可以表示否定含义
The bird flew
away before he shot.
He got up before the
moon set down.
He would die before he
betrayed his county.
Another week passed
before he knew it.
She was handcuffed
before she knew it.
十、
考研英语英译汉难句分类辨析之比较结构
more than
not
more than
no more than
no less than
as much as
not so much as
hardly more
than
hardly less than
hardly any more
than
hardly any less than
例. Television is
one of the means by which these feelings are
created and
conveyed-and perhaps never before
has it served so much to connect different
peoples and nations as( Television has
served省略) in the recent events in Europe.
在把不同
的国家和民族联系在一起方面(先翻状语),电视以前从来没有发挥如
此重要的作用,然而,在欧洲最近
的事件中,电视发挥了重要的作用。
before it has never
served so much to connect different peoples and
nations
as( Television has served省略) in the
recent events in Europe.
power是什么意思中文-功勋的近义词
西红柿英语怎么写-无防备都市
没落的意思-双的反义词是什么
eighty-盘桓
crossstitch-lifi
冒着-绚丽多姿
荒芜的反义词是什么-应付是什么意思
wlan什么意思-雅思听力技巧
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