英语语法精华

英语语法精华
时态 语态
一般现在时
一般过去时
一般将来时
一般过去将
来时
现在进行时
过去进行时
将来进行时
过去将来进
行时
现在完成时
过去完成时
将来完成时
时态与语态
主动时态
dodoes
did
willshall do
wouldshould do
被动语态
amareis done
waswere done
willshall be done
wouldshould be done
一般时态
进行时态 amareis doing amareis being done
waswere doing waswere being done
willshall be doing 无
wouldshould be 无
doing
完成时态 havehas done havehas been done
had done had been done
willshall have willshall have been
done done
过去将来完wouldshould have wouldshould have
成时 done been done
完成进行时现在完成进havehas been doing 无
态 行时
过去完成进had been doing 无
行时
将来完成进willshall have 无
行时 been doing
过去将来完wouldshould have 无
成进行时 been doing
主动态：用于主动句中，它表示主语是谓语动词所表示动作的执行者。通常如 果
主动句中谓语动词是及物动词时，主动句可转换成被动句。
被动态：用于被动句中，它表示主语是谓语动词所表示动作的承受者。
用于被动的情况：
①、by短语（by+动作执行者）；
②、不知道、不必知道或不愿说出动作的执行者； < br>③、用于表示“据说”、“据信”、“据报道”、“据估计”、“众所周知”、“必须指出”、
等 句子，使语气更加委婉。
㈠一般现在时：动词原形或第三人称单数（复数形式）
用法：①、表示现在动作或状态
例句：1.I agree with you.
works in a hospital.
3.-Are you a student? -Yes,I am.
is a book on the desk.
book is written by .(被动)

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is said that there is plenty of oil off our coast(沿海).(被动)
must be pointed out that China is a development country.(被动)
②、经常性或习惯性的动作（与频度 副词always,usually,frequently,regular
ly,rarely,s eldom,never,sometimes）
例句： always care for each other and help each other.
2.I usually get up at 6:00 every morning.
drinks heavily.
rarely rains here.
are often shown in our university.(被动)
③、普遍真理或客观事实
例句： earth move round the Sun.
lies in the east of Asia.
ce makes perfect.(熟能生巧)
4.A friend in need is a friend indeed.（患难朋友才是真正朋友）
are driven with engines(发动机).（被动）
④、表示将来要发生的动作
I、用于陈述 句(谓语动词是begin,start,come,go,arrive,leave,depart,ret ur
n,retire,stay,stop,end,open,close及be动词等时，可表示 规定、计划或安
排要发生的事情，通常与表示将来的时间状语连用)
例句： meeting begins tomorrow.
train arrives at 2:30 p.m and leaves at 3:00 p.m.
match takes place on Sunday.
retires（退休） next month.
ow is Saturday.
speaks next.
II、用于时间状语从句（通常由whe n,as,after,before,tilluntill,as soon
as等连词引导）
例句：1.I’ll come and see you when I have time.
2.I’ll write to you after I leave Shanghai.
mother going to leave before we get back?
will stay here untilltill you come.
will start as soon as you are ready.
III、用于条件状语从句(通常由if,unless,in case,so long as等连词引导)
例句： can catch the bus if we hurry up.
the weather permits,we’ll go for a picnic tomorrow.
3.I won’t write to him unless he writes to me.
will fail unless you work harder.
⑤、一般现在时还可以用于：
1. 报刊、杂志新闻标题或小说章节题目；
2. 剧情介绍或广播电视解说词；
3. 舞台表演、体育比赛等现场解说。
㈡一般过去时（动词过去式）
①、过去某时发生的动作或存在的状态（通常与表示过去的时间状语连用）
例句：1.I met her yesterday.

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worked in that bank for five years.
3.I saw him ten minutes ago.
4.-Did you hear Mary sing just now? –No,I didn’t.
bridge was built in 1980.(被动)
②、过去经常性或习惯性动作（只适用于动态供词和would,可与often ,alaways
等频度副词连用）
例句：1.I uesd to go to the movies when I was young.
often did morning exercises when we were young.
always carrled(撑着) an unbrella.
never drank wine.
that time this kind of work was always done by men.(被动)
having breakfest,he would read newspapers in those days.
③、表示委婉语气（一般用于want,hope,think,wonder等词）
例句：1.I hope you could atend the opening ccremony(开幕式).
2. Did you want to see me?
3.I thought I might come and see you this evening.
4.I wondered if you could lend me your pen.
④、表示虚拟语气
㈢一般将来时（willshall+动词原形）shall用于第一人称
①、将要发生的动作或状态（通常要与表示将来的时间状语连用）
例句： willshall arrive this afternoon.
2.-Will you be busy tonigh? -Yes,I will.
won’t come to the party next week.
will you be able to give us an answer?
will come again.
conference(会议) will be held tomorrow.(被动)
②、表示一种倾向或习惯性动作
例句：(庄稼) will die without water.
er he has time,he will come and see us.
⊿be going to+动词原形与be to+动词原形也可表示将要发生的动作或情况。
⑴be going to+动词原形(表示打算或准备要做的事或即将肯定要发生的事)
例句：i、I am going to buy a house.
ii、She isn’t going to meet him at the station.
iii、Is he going to leature in English?
iv、Who is going to speak first?
v、She is going to have a baby.
vi、Look at these clouds!It is going to rain.
⑵be to+动词原形(表示按计划安排即将发生的事或表示指示、命令、禁止或征
求意见)
例句：i、This railway is to be opened to traffic next month.(被动)
ii、The Prime Minister（首相） is to make a statement(声明) tomorrow.
iii、You are to deliver these invitations before ten.(指示、命令)
iv、You are not to tell him anything about our plans.（禁止）
v、Am I to go on with the work?(征询)

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⊿其他固定结构
例句：i、Look out!The train is about to move.
ii、Look!The match is on the point of starting.
iii、The guests are due to arrive next week.
㈣现在进行时（主动：amareis doing 被动：amareis being done）
①、表示现在（说话时）正在进行的动作
例句： students are making an experiment now.
2.I am not doing my homework.
is raining now.
m are you waiting for?
5.-What are you doing now? –I am watching TV.
6.A power station is being built there.(被动)
②、表示现阶段（暂时）正在进行的动作（说话时不一定正在进行）
例句： are attending a conference these days.
is writing a book on ecology(生态).
is a teacher of physics,but he is now teaching mathematics.
days a number of things are being dealt with by Robert.(被动)
’t take that ladder father is using it.
③、表示不断重复的习惯性动作（常和always,continually等频度副词连用）
例句： is always helping people.
is always raining.
is continually changing clothes.
burglar alarm(防盗报警器) is forever going off for no reason.
④、表示渐进的过程(只适用于某些表示转变的动词)
例句： hair is turning grey.
are becoming less tolerant of smoking these days.
3.I am forgetting my French because I never speak it.
spring comes,the days are getting longer and the lights shorter.
⑤、表示即将发生的动作（按现在计划或安排要发生的动作 ，常带有将来的时间
状语，通常只适用于go,come,arrive,leave,start,s top,meet,play,do,work,g
ive,take,have,stay,spen d,join,publish,(see)等少量动词）
例句： train is arriving soon.
is leaving in a few days.
3.I am seeing him tomorrow.
4.I’m having dinner with her tonight.
㈤过去进行时（主动：waswere doing被动：waswere being done）
①、表示过去某个时刻或阶段正在发生的动作（通常要用表达过去时间状语表示）
例句： I arrived,Tom was taking on the telephone.
were discussing a work plan when I went in.
were you doing this time yesterday?
those years we were having a hard time.
wind was no longer blowing,but it was still drizzling(下雨).
machine was being repaired last month.(被动)


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②、表示过去不断重复的动作（常与always,continually连用，表示赞美厌烦）
例句： was forever complaining about something.
was always borrowing money and forgetting to pay it back.
were always ringing me up when they lived here.
he worked in factory,Robert was continually making mistakes.
③、表示客气请求
例句：1.I was wondering if you could give me a lift(搭车).
2. I was hoping you could send me some books.
④、在故事、传说、自传、报道等文体中表示背景
例句：Last night,I was reading a ly,there was a knock at
the door.
㈥将来进行时（willshall be doing（无被动））
①、表示将来某一时刻正在进行的动作（一般和特定表示时间状语连用）
例句： will be having teaching practice next week.
will be taking an examination this time tomorrow.
3.I will be seeing a friend off the day after tomorrow.
will be having a meeting from 2 to 4 this afternoon.
will you be doing in the evening?
②、表示单纯未来（不带情感色彩）
例句：1.I will be working on this tomorrow.
will be woring here.
won’t be buying this car.
she be joining us for dinner?
shall we doing next?
㈦现在完成时（主动：havehas done被动：havehas been done）
①、从过去持续到现在（并可能继续持续下去）的动作（常与so far,up to now
等时间状语及for,since引导的时间状语连用）
例句：1.I have studied English for three years.
has lived here since 1990.
3.I haven’t been very successful so far.
totill now he has won five prizes.
nds of cars have been made in our factory this year.(被动)
is the first time(that)I have been here.
②、过去不确定时间里完成的动作（该动作与现在有联系或有影响）
例句：1.I have already seen that film.
2.-Have you had lunch yet? –No,I haven’t had lunch yet.
train has just left the station.
you(ever)met her before?
have been a lot of changes recently.
has just been sent to England.(被动)
He has been to Beijing.他去过北京（现在不在北京）
He has gone to Beijing.他去了北京（现在在北京或者在去北京的路上）
③、反复或习惯性动作（与often,frequently,regularly,several times连用）
例句：1.I have often walked to work.

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has frequently made mistakes in his work.
has attended classes regularly.
4.I have seen him on TV several times.
5.I have never done a ting like this.
㈧过去完成时（主动：had done 被动：had been done）
①、 从过去某时之前持续到过去某时（并可能继续持续下去）的动作（常与
by,before等引导的表示 过去某时为止的时间状语连用，且常有由for,since引
出的时间状语，表示该动作在过去持续的 时间）
例句： had worked in that company for ten years by the end of last
year.
had lived in Shanghai for five years before he moved here.
said that she had made much progress since she came here.
was the second time(that)I had heard her sing the song.
②、过去某时以前已经完成的动作（常用于表示 带有特定过去时间状语句子中，
或出现在表示过去时间的上下文中）
例句： hadn’t finished the task by yesterday evening.
concert (had)started before we got to the hall.
discussion had been begun when I went into the classroom.(被动)
realized they had lost their way.
found the book that he had lost.
was excited because she had never been to a dance before.
the teacher (had)left the room,the children started talking.
had already left home when it begen to rain.
③、表示过 去未曾实现的愿望（用法仅限于expect,hope,want,intendmean等）
例句：1.I had expected to meet you in London,but I heard you left English.
2.I had hope to send you a telegram(电报),but I didn’t manage it.
had wanted to help,but they couldn’t get here in time.
4.I hadn’t intendmeant to take my children on the trip,but they insisted
on going with me.
④、用于虚拟语气
㈨将来完成时（主动：willshall have done被动：willshall have been done）
①、将来某时已经完成的动作或状态
例句： the year 2015 we will have built Pudong airport.
you come back next week,they will have finished all the work.
3.I expect you will have changed your mind by tomorrow.
4.I won’t have left by Monday.
②、表示对现状的揣测
例句： will have arrived home by now.
and I worked together for five won’t have forgotten me.
㈩现在完成进行时（havehas been doing（无被动））
①、从过去某时开始一直延续到现在（现在仍在进行或刚结束）的动作（常与
for,since引导的时间状语连用）
例句： satellite(卫星) has been cirelling the earth for five years.
have been waiting for you for more than two hours.

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has been writing that essay since this morning.
have just been talking about you.
②、现在、以前一段时间反复发生的事情
例句： have been seeing each other quite a lot recently.
has been cycling to work for the last several weeks.
(十一)一般过去将来时（主动：wouldshould do被动：wouldshould be done，
通常用于宾语从句中，表示在过去某一时刻之后，将要发生的动作或存在的状态）
例句： said that he would get married soon.
asked me whetherif I wouldshould be free tonight.
3.I want to know when she would come here again.
thought that it would not rain.
told me that an important meeting would be held tomorrow.
that time she was five years two years she would go to school.
△一般过去将来时还可用waswere going to+动词原形表示
例句： said that he was going to try again.
didn’t tell me where they were going to go.
△时态呼应：句子中 如果主句谓语动词使用现在或将来时态，从句的时态可根据
意想而定。但如果谓语动词使用过去时态，则 从句谓语动词也要使用相应的过去
时态。
⑴当从句动作与主句动作同时发生，从句用一般过去时或过去进行时
例句：1.I worked so hard that I was always tired.
teacher said that the students were having an exam.
⑵当从句动作发生在主句动作之前，从句要用过去完成时
例句： knew that she had made a mistake.
told me that he had been offered a well-paid position(高薪职位).
⑶当从句动作发生在主句动作之后，从句要用一般过去将来时
——————————————————————————————————
定语从句
限制性定语从句：对所修饰词起限定作用，使该词的含义更具体、明确。
非限制性定语从句：对所修饰词只作附加说明，从句与主句间用逗号隔开。
①、由关系代词that,who,whom,which,whose引导
修饰人时，关系代词用who(宾格whom)或that
修饰物时，关系代词用which或that
Whose指物时，whose+名词=名词+of+which
☆非正式文体中，做宾语的关系代词可以省略，作主语关系代词只有当主语是I
t iswas…,that iswas…,there be…时才可省略
☆定语从句谓语动词形式应与所修饰词保持数的一致
例句： man whothat called me this morning is my good friend.
he met Mary,who invited him to a party.(非限制性定语从句)
girl(whomthat)you say yesterday is my girlfriend.
is Alice,(whom)I mentioned the other day.(非限制性定语从句)
is the book whichthat has just appeared.
reason (whichthat)he gave was unacceptable.

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year she bought this car,which cost her $$10.000.
8.A teacher is a person whose duty (it) is to teach.
is George,whose class you will be talking next week.(非限定)
is the new machine whose parts are too small to be seen.
is a lamp,whose light(the light of which)travels in all directions
②、若先行词是everything,something,anythin g,nothing,none,one,all,some,
any,no,little,few, much,the only,the same,the very,the next,the first
last与the+形容词最高级等及先行词由人和物组成时，关系代词应用that或省
略； 而当先行词是everyone,everybody,someone,anyone,anybody时，关 系代词
用who或whom。
例句： that everything that you want to tell us?
2.I have never taken anything that didn’t belong to me.
was all that I could do for you.
is not much that I can do.
is the only property that I have.
is the very film that I want to see.
was the firstlast person that left the room.
was one of the best movies that I had ever seen.
is the greatest man that has ever lived in that country.
are only three boys and two cars that I can see.
there anyone here who can speak English?
saw the manager talking to somebody whom he didn’t know.
③、由介词+whomwhich引出的定语从句
△介词前置，指人时关系代词用whom,指物时关系代词用which
△介词后置，指人时关系代词用whom或that或省略, 指物时关系代词用which
或that或省略
有时也可由名词代词+of+which引出定语从句
☆非限制性定语从句，限定词all, most,some,any,few,both,one等可与of+who
mwhich连用，表示 部分与整体关系
例句： colleague(同事)with whom I am working can speak French.
colleague (whomthat) I am working with can speak French.
is a man from whom we all should learn.
is a man (whomthat) we all should learn from.
,for whom I was looking,was a professor.
,(whomthat)I was looking for,was a professor.
is the house in which I lived ten years ago.
is the house (whichthat) I lived ten years ago.
ladder on which I was standing began to slip.
ladder (whichthat) I was standing on began to slip.
car,for which she paid $$1,000.
car,(whichthat) she paid $$1,000.
les(分子)make up matter（物质）,the state of whichwhose sta
te（状态） can be changed.

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are 108 known elements(元素),most of which are metals（金属）.
15.I have three brothers,all of whom are studying at university.
wife and son,both of whom had gone abroad,rang me up yesterday.
④、修 饰way,direction,distance等名词，除了可用介词+which引出从句外，
还 可用that来引出，或者省略连接词
例句： is the way (in whichthat) he worked.
direction (in whichthat) a force is acting can be changed.(力作
用方向可以改变)
distance (through whichthat) light travels in a second is about
300,000 kilometers.
⑤、由关系副词when,where,why引出定语从句
关系副词when,where在从句中作副词，可用介词+which结构来代替；
修饰time,moment除了用when或介词+which引出定语从句外，还可用that；
修饰reson可用why或for which或that引出定语从句；
非正式文体中，when和why常被省略，where被介词后置的形式代替。
例句：1.I don’t remember the day (whenon which) he left.
worked for the three months (whenduring which) he lived there.
year (whenin which) I entered the university was 1990.
4.I didn’t know the time (whenthatat which) he came back.
TV,we can see things happen almost at the exact moment(有了电视，
我们几乎能在事情发生的那一瞬间就看到它们).
is the place wherein which he was born.
is the place (whichthat) he was born in.
is the office whereat which he works.
is the office (whichthat) he works at.
is the reason (whythatfor which) she spoke.
’ll put off(推迟) the race untill next week,when the weather
may be better.（非限制性定语从句）
1982,he came to Shanghai,where he has lived ever since.（非限定）
⑥、由关系代词as,but引出的定语从句
as可用在the same…as,such…as,as…as等结构中；
but作关系代词时相当于thatwho which…not,和带有否定词的主句连用，在从
句中一般作主语。
例句： the nuclear power station we use the same generator as is used
in the thermal power station.在核电站中，我们使用与热电站想通的发电机
consists of the same molecules as water (consist of).冰是由与水
相同的分子组成的。
works in the same workshop as(that) I do.
4.I want such a coat as is worn by foreigns.
one will believe such stories as he told.
6.I have never seen such kind of people as they are.
7.I had seldom seen him looking as pleased as he was now.
is no rule but has (whichthat doesn’t have) exception(无例外).


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is no one in the world but knows (who doesn’t know) the Great
Wall.
⑦、由as和which引出的特种定语从句
as和which在引导非限制性定语从句时，代表前面整个句子；
as 在从句中可作主语 或宾语，作主语时其谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。所引
导的从句可以前置，后置或插在主句中间，通常 可译为“正如（像）……”；
which在从句中作主语，其谓语动词都用第三人称单数形式。所引导 的从句不可
前置，只能放在主句之后，译为“这（那）……”。
例句： was usual at the weekend,the club was almost cmpty.
you can see,we have got a problem with the engine(发动机).
(金属) have many good propertics（性能）,as has been stated before.
missed the train,which annoyed(恼火) him very much.
said they were French,which was not true.
rain rattled(打)on the roof all night,which kept us awake.
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非谓语动词
㈠动词不定式
主动形式 被动形式
一般式 to+V原 to be V-ed
完成式 to have V-ed to have been V-ed
进行式 to be v-ing 无
完成进行式 to have been v-ing 无
其他形式 for+逻辑主语+to V原
of+逻辑主语+to V原
疑问词whether+to V原
☆不定式的一般式表示的动作与主要谓语动词同时或之后发生；完成式所表示的
动作在主 要谓语动作之前发生；进行式表示的动作在主要谓语动作发生时某动作
正在进行；完成进行式表示的动作 在谓语表示动作之前一直进行的动作。
△不定式的逻辑主语是其动作承受者时，不定式要用被动形式。
①如果要说明不定式的动作是谁做的，可由for来引导逻辑主语（逻辑主语一般
用人称代词宾 格名词）；
②形容词如good,nice,kind,wise,clever,selfish, foolish,silly,absurd,br
ave,right,wrong,careles s,considerate,naughty,honest,impolite,rude,cru
el,grateful,wicked等作主语时，逻辑主语常用介词of来引导；
③动词不定式否定式为：not to V原和not to have V-ed
⊿及物动 词aim,agree,appear,arrange,ask,beg,bother,care,choo se,claim,
consent,dare,decide,demand,deslre,det ermine,elect,endeavour,expect,fa
il,find,guaran tee,happen,help,hesitate,hope,wish,learn,long,mana ge,me
an,offer,plan,plot,pledge,prepare,pretend ,proceed,profess,protnise,re
fuse,seem,seck,str ive,swear,tend,think,threaten,trouble,undertake,vo l
unteer,wear后常跟带to不定式
▽疑问词whether+to+V原（ad vise,ask,concider,decide,discover,discuss,
expl ain,find out,forget,inquire,know,learn,remember,sh ow,teach,tell,t
hink,understand,wonder+to+V原）

10

attempt,begin,start,co ntinue,deserve,dread,fear,hate,dislike,like,lov
e,intend,learn,neglect,omit,prefer,propose,requir e,need,want,try,regr
et,remember,forget,mean,st op,cease,go on,can’t bear,can’t afford+to
V原+V-ing

had better,had best,rather than,would rather…(than),would sooner…(t
han),hadwould just as soon,maymight just as well,can not but,can no
t choose but,can not help but,do nothing else than,do no more than+V
原
△在do nothing(anythingeverythi ng)but(exceptbesides)句型中，bute
xceptbesides等后跟不带 to 的不定式作宾语；但如果不是这种句型，那么bu
texceptbesides后要跟带to不 定式作宾语
例句： night I did nothing but watch television.
will do anything but work on a farm.
3.I have done nothing except do what I should.
doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking.
advise,allow,ask,assume,beg,bribe,cau se,compel,command,consider,decla
re,direct,enab le,encourage,expect,find,forbid,force,get,hate,hel p,ins
pire,instruct,intend,invite,lead,leave,li ke,oblige,order,permit,persu
ade,prefer,press,r equest,remind,say,send,suppose,teach,tell,tempt,te n
d,think,urge,warn,want,wish,count on,rely on,care for,wait for+toV原
㈡分词
主动形式 被动形式
现在分词 一般式 V-ing being V-ed
完成式 having v-ed having been V-ed
其他形式 逻辑主语+V-ing
过去分词 V-ed

·现在分词含有主动意义，表示正在进行的动作；
·过去分词含有被动意义，表示已经完成的动作；
·当现在分词的逻辑主语是该动作的承受者时，该现在分词一般要用被动形式；
·现在分词被动式：表示被动意义，且强调其动作正在进行或与谓语动词的动作
同时发生；
·现在分词完成式:表示动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前；
·如果要说明分词的动作由谁做的 ，可用物主代词名词所有格作逻辑主语（若
不在句首，还可用人称代词宾格名词普通格）
·现在分词否定式not V-ing或not having V-ed

ack nowledge,admit,advise,advocate,antlelpate,apprecia te,avoid,confes
s,consider,delay,defer,deay,dis courage,enjoy,endare,escape,excuse,fac
ilitate, fancy,favour,flalsh,forbid,forgive,imagine,include ,involve,ju
stify,keep,mind,miss,mention,pardon ,permit,postpone,practice,pardon,q
uit,recall,r ecommend,resent,resist,resume,risk,stand,suggest,u ndersta
ngd+V-ing

11

can’t help,can’t stand,don’t mind,feel like,give up,leave off,put
off,dream of,think ofabout,be afraid of,be ashamed of,beaware of,be
capable of,be fond of,be proud of,be shy of,be tiredsick of,be keen
on,concentrate on,count on,dependrely on,keep on,insist on,persist
in,succeed in,(be)engaged in,be interested in,be busy(in),be worth,aim
at,be good at,consent to,contribute to,objuct to,stick to,look forward
to,be usedaccustomed to,be responsible for,be suitable for,care
forabout,refrain from,result from,be charged with,burst out+V-ing
_________________________ ____________________________________________
虚拟语气
时间 条件从句 主句
对现在情况的假设 V-edwere would+V.
对过去情况的假设 had+V-ed would hava V-ed
对将来情况的假设 should+ to V. would+V.

·虚拟条件句所假设的情况一般不存在或实现可能性很小
·虚拟语气主句中除了用would 作助动词外，还可以用could,should,might等
助动词
·当虚拟条件句中还 有were,had,should时，可以省略if,而把were,had,should
移到主语 之前，即倒装句
·与现在或过去事实相反的虚拟条件句，还有两种：
①、if it were not for…=were it not for…
要不是，如果没有……（与现在相反）
②、if it had not been for…=had it not been for…
要不是，如果没有……（与过去相反）
——————————————————————————————————
强调句、倒装句和省略句
㈠强调句
·强调句的句型为It iswas+强调中心成分+that…
·被强调的主语或宾语，指人时可用who或whom代替t hat,指物时有时也可用
which来替代that
·当强调由not…until引出的状语从句时，要把not until…一起放到iswas
后面
·在口语中，强调句常用来反驳对方的观点
㈡倒装句
倒装句是指谓语的全部或一部分放到主语之前的句子。其中，整个谓语置于主语之前的倒装称为全部倒装；谓语的一部分（如情态动词和助动词）放到主语之前
的倒装称为局部倒装 。
①、在疑问句中的倒装
例句： you a college student?
you finished your work?
is your plan for the summer vacation?
can fibreboard insulatc sound?（为什么纤纸板能隔音？）


12

②、在there be句型中的倒装
例句： is a television on the table.
are a large number of books in the library.
can be no mistake about the calculation(计算).
is no stopping him.
③、以地 点状语here,there,back,down,away,in,out,off,up等副词开头的及时
间状语now,then等副词开头的句子的倒装
△以这些副词开头（表示地点和时间）的句 子，当主语为名词（词组）时，要用
全部倒装（但主语是代词时，保持正常语序）
例句： is your car.
comes a taxi!
we are!(我们到了！)
goes the last bus.
stands a strange man.
he comes!
came the rain.
came(忽然)a man in army uniform（制服）.
rushed（冲出来）the bandit(歹徒)with a gun in his hand.
and up went the ballon(气球).
is the best time to visit Beijing.
comes your turn.
came a new problem.
followed eight years of the Anti-Japanese War（接着是八年抗战）.
④、由介词词组表示的状语（从句）前置引起的倒装
△当主语是较长的名词（词组）时要全部倒装（若主语是代词不能倒装）
例句： the top of the hill stands an old temple（庙宇）.
front of the village flows a murmuring stream.村前流淌着潺潺溪水。
the side of the late stood a beautiful paviliton(亭子).
the door lies a vacuum cleaner(吸尘器).
his side sat the faithful(忠实的)pet dog.
the visitors were a group of tourists from abroad.
⑤、only引导的状语（从句）位于句首时引起的倒装
例句： last week did the opening ceremony(典礼)take place.
is this way can we learn a foreign language well.
after the class is over can students leave the classroom.
through sheer luch did he escape death in the crash.他在空难中
得以逃生完全是侥幸。
with the help of my friends have I finished compiling(编写)this
book.
⑥、否定词位于句首时引起的倒装
否定词语never,few,little,seldom,nowhere,no longer,no sooner…(than),
hardlyrarelyscarcely…(when),in cain,at no point,by no means,in no
case,on no account,under no circumstances,not(until),not only…(but a
lso)等开头的句子，通常要局部倒装

13

例句： have I been abroad.
few people does such an opporlunity occur(机遇).
does he know that the police are about to arrest(逮捕)him.
do I go to the movies.
e was the boy to be found.
longer are they staying with us.
sooner had he arrived in New York than he went to the conference.
did I think it possible.
ly(刚刚)had I collected the clothes when it began to rain.
vain(陡然)did we try to make him change his mind.
no point south of the river did the enemy(敌人)advance(前进)more
than a mile.
no time and under no circumstances,should we yield to difficulty.
在任何时候和任何情况下，我们都不应该向困难屈服。
no account must you accept any money against your conscience.你
绝不可以收受昧了良心的钱。
a word would he say.他一句话也不肯说。
until a week ago did I find out where he was.
only had she cleaned the room,but also she had got the supper ready.
⑦、以sosuch…that开头的句子的局部倒装
例句： rapidly did he speak that nobody could hear clearly.
dense(浓)was the fog(雾）that the ship had no stop sailing(航行).
was his strength that he carried all the big boxes onto the third
floor.他力气真大，把所有的大箱子搬上了三楼。
was the force(威力)of the explosion（爆炸）that all the windows
were broken.
⑧、so,norneither位于句首引起的倒装
△在so(表示肯定)，norneither(表示否定)开头的句子中要局部倒装。
例句：1.-White studies electrical(电力)engineering（工程）. –So do I.
2.I went to the football game yeasterday,and so did tom.
3.-You haven’t read this article. –NorNeither have I.
can’t do it,nor can I,nor can you,nor can anybody.
㈢省略句
·一个句子中有一个或几个 成分被省略掉，这样的句子称为省略句。一个省略句
在语法结构上是有缺陷的，但被省略的词语通常可以 在上下文中找到或从说话时
的情景中推断出来。
·在并列句中，一般在后句中与前句相同的成 分通常要省略（并列句中有时会省
略前句中的某些成分，而被省略词语出现在后句中）。
·复 合句中，有时少数主句也有省略，但通常出席那在句首，有时整个主句都可
省略，只剩下一个从句。 < br>·复合句中的省略通常出现在以when,while,once,if,unless,though, althoug
h,whether,than,as,no matter wh- 等连词引出的状语从句中
①、简单句中的省略
例句：1.-Are these shirts white? –Yes,they are(white).

14

2.-Are you hungry? –(I’m) Not very (hungry).
3.-Who is that man? –(He is)My cousin(堂哥).
4.-How is the weather? –(It is)Going to clear up(快晴了).
5.-When are we due to arrive? –(We are due to arrive)In about two hours.
6.-How many classes do you have in the morning?
-(We have)Four(classes in the morning).
7.-Will you join us? –I should love to.
8.-Linda has bought a car. -when?
9.-He won’t come. -why?
10.-I went to an exhibition(展览)this morning? -With whom?
11.-It looks like a shower(下阵雨). –Yes,somewhat（有点像）.
12.-I imagine this is a very old building. –Very likely.
13.-I hope I am not disturbing you too much. –Certainly not.
14.(I’m)Glad to see you.
15.(I)Hope to hear from you soon.
16.(Are you)Feeling better today?
17.(Is there)Anything I can do for you?
18.(Would you)Like a cigarette?
19.(It’s)A nice day again!
20.(That’s)A good idea!
wonderful(it is)!
a great achievement(成就)(it is)!
23.(Come)This way,please!
24.(Pass me)The sugar,please!
②、并列句中的省略
例句：1.I major in English,and he(majors)in French.
room is on the second floor,and his(room is)on the third.
nces are made up of molecules,and molecules(are made up)of atoms.
物质由分子组成，分子由原子组成。
4.I will buy a house,and she will(buy a house)too.
was the winner in 1996,and Bob(was the winner)in 1997.
brother smokes a lot,but I don’t(smoke).
tried to help her,but(they tried)in vain(无用).
still have shortcomings,and(we have)very big ones,too.
have increased trade with China and(they have increased trade)with
other East- Asian countries,too.
tried to combat pollution,but(they did)not(combat pollution)very
successfully at the beginning.
is a radiant energy(辐射能),but sound is not(a radiant energy).
will(take the course)and Pauf might take the course.
③、复合句中的省略
例句：1.(I)Hope you will have a good journey.
2.(I’m)Sorry I’ve kept you waiting.
3.(It’s)Too bad she won’t be able to go to the party.

15

4.(It’s)No wonder(毫无疑问)they were very sad to hear the news.
5.-Are you going to buy the house? –Unless my wife objects(反对).
6.-You all like the story? -Yes,except that the conclusion is too
abrupt(只是收尾太快了些).
(he was)still a boy of six,he was sent away from home(送出家门).
s,once(they are)discovered,will be completely wiped out.一旦发
现敌人，就全部消灭之。
(it is)necessary,I’ll pay him a personal visit.
object at rest remains at rest unless(it is)acted upon by an external
force.静止的物体，如果不受外力的作用，永远保持静止状态。
(they were)reduced in numbers,they gained in fighting capacity.
虽然他们人数减少了，战斗力却增强了。
documents(文件)will be returned（发还）as soon as(they are)sig
ned(签署).
our company,everybody is well taken care of,no matter what his
position(位置，职位)(is).
travels much fast than sound(does).
bridge is as long as that one(is).
speed of radio waves is the same as that of light(is).
substances as glass and plastics(are)insulators.
greater(is)the resistance,the smaller(is)the current.电阻越大，
电流越小。
——————————————————————————————————
情态动词 ·情态动词有一定的词义，但不能单独作谓语，只能用于构成复合谓语，且无人
称和数的变化，可以 用来增加谓语的语气和情态等。
·情态动词一般只有两种时态形式：现在式和过去式。这两种时态后面 可接动词
原形、动词进行式、动词完成式或动词被动式等。
·带有情态动词的被动语态为：情态动词+be+过去分词
㈠can和could
①、表示能力（can表示现在的能力，could表示过去的能力）
⑴如果要表示过去一次性能力，要用waswere able to
⑵如果要表示已经具有某种能力，要用havehas been able to
⑶如果要表示将来的能力，通常用will be able to
②、表示许可
③、表示可能
⑴can可表示潜在的可能性，也可表示揣测、怀疑、惊异等情态（此时通常用 于
疑问句、否定句或惊叹句中）
⑵如果要表达过去的可能还可用cancould have V-ed（这里can只能用于疑问
句或否定句中），这比单独用could语气更委婉
⑶could have V-ed（本可以）还可以表示过去可能有能力做却没有做的事
⑷could只有在过去时间的语境中表示的意义与can相同，否则，只表示一种婉
转语气


16

㈡may和might
①、表示许可
②、表示可能
⑴如果要表达过去的可能还可用maymight have V-ed这比用might语气更婉转
⑵might只有在过去的时间的语境中表示意义与may相同，否则，只表示一种婉
转语气
㈢must
①、表示义务（必须，不得不）（must=have to）
⑴在表示过去的必须时通常用had to，在表示将来的必须时通常用will have to
⑵mustn’t不许，不准；needn’t不必，没有必要
②、表示揣测
揣测现在的事，用must V.(一定，必定，准（是）)；
揣测正在进行的事，用must be V-ing（一定是，准是）；
揣测过去的事，用must have V-ed(肯定（是），一定（已）)。
③、表示必然
㈣will和would
①、表示意图（想要，决心）
②、表示意愿（愿意）
③、表示坚持
④、表示习惯性动作（总是，经常）
⑴在表示习惯性动作时，will的用法与一般现在时的用法相同
⑵用used to也可用来表示过去的习惯性动作
⑶用used to还可表示过去的状态，而would不能
⑷would只有在过去的时间语境中表示的意义与will相同，否则只表示一种婉
转语气
㈤shall
①、表示意图（想要，打算，决心）
☆shall在主语是第一人称 时可表示意图，shall在主语是第一人称或第三人称
的疑问句中时，可表示说话人征求对方的意图
②、表示意愿（会）
③、表示许可（可以）
④、表示命令（命令、警告、禁止、决心）
㈥should和ought to
①、表示义务（应该，应当）
⊿should have V-ed和ought to have V-ed（本该、就该）可表示过去应该做
却没有做的事（有很强的责备语气）
②、表示揣测
㈦need
①、表示必须（需要、必要）
⑴need用于否定句中，通常表示没有义务或可以不做某事
⑵need用于主语是第一人称的一般疑问句时常表示说话人希望得到否定回答
⑶在回答need、must疑问句中，肯定回答用must,否定回答用needn’t
⑷needn’t have V-ed（本不必，其实不必）表示已做了本来没有必要做的事
②、表示推理

17

㈧dare
△dare作情态动词的敢（于）解时，主要用于否定句、疑问句和感叹句
句型 译义
Cancould have V-ed（疑问句） （可）能……？，会（不会）……？
Can’tcouldn’t have V-ed(否定句) 不可能……，不会……
Could have V-ed 可能……，会……，本可以……
Maymight have V-ed 可能……，也许……
Must have V-ed 肯定……，一定……
Needn’t have V-ed 本不必……，其实不必……
Shouldn’t have V-ed 本不该……
Oughtn’t to have V-ed
Should have V-ed 本该……，就该……
Ought to have V-ed
May not have V-ed 可能没有……
Must not have V-ed 肯定没有……
——————————————————————————————————
形容词和副词的比较结构
㈠形容词和副词的原级比较
⊿原级比较通常采用as+原级+as或not asso+原级+as句型
☆动词+倍数分数+as+原级+（名词）+as+比较对象可表示倍数分数的增减
㈡形容词和副词的比较级
·比较级通常采用比较级+（名词）+than句型
·比 较级前有时可加一些修饰词如much,even,ever,far,still,rather,any,y e
t,somewhat,no,a bit,a little,a lotlots,a great deal等表示不同的程度
·the+比较级…,the+比较级…表示越……越……
比较级+and+比较级…表示越来越……
㈢形容词和副词的最高级
·最高级通常 采用the+最高级句型。常用于三个或三个以上的人或物在某一方
面的比较。句中一般带有inofa mong等表示比较范围的短语。
·副词最高级之前的the通常可以省略，但形容词最高级之前的t he通常不能省
略，只有当形容词最高级前用了物主代词和名词所有格或者作表语的形容词最高
级不和别人相比时，定冠词the才可省去。
·最高级前也可用一些程度副词修饰如much,qui te,about,nearly,practicall
y,far,by far,the very等。
——————————————————————————————————
一致关系
㈠主谓一致
☆主谓一致是指句子中的谓语动词在人称和数上必须和主语保持一致。
①、集体名词做主语时
⊿有些集体名词如people,folk,youth,kindr ed,police,militia,clergy,catt
le,poultry,vermin 等作主语时，谓语动词通常用复数
⊿集体名词做主语时，当侧重于整体时作单数用，侧重于成员时作复数用

②、以-s结尾的名词作主语时

18

⑴以- s结尾的专有名词等作主语时，谓语动词用单数
⑵学科名称、疾病名称、游戏名称、抽象名词等作主语时，谓语动词用单数
⑶以- s结尾的海峡、群岛、山脉等名称作主语时，谓语动词通常要用复数
⑷有些以-s结尾的由两个对称部 分组成的物质如glasses,compasses,scales,s
cissors,pince rs,pliers,trousers,pants,shorts,jeans,shoes,suspen ders
等作主语时，谓语动词通常用复数
⑸这些以-s结尾的名词如clothes,co ntents,goods,stairs,wages等作主语时，
谓语动词通常用复数
⑹凡是以-ing结尾的名词如belongings,clippings,earnings,lo dgings,surro
undings,sweepings等作主语时，谓语动词用复数
⑺有些单、复数同形的名词（包括不以-s结尾的）如barracks,works,headqua
rters,crossroads,means,series,species等与aircraf t,hovercraft,deer,fi
sh,sheep,grouse等以及Chinese, Japanese,Swiss等作主语时，其谓语动词的
单、复数依主语的单、复数意义而定
③、并列结构作主语时
⑴由and,both…and连接的表示两个或两个以上的人或动作 主语时，其谓语动词
用复数
⑵由and连接的表示一个人或物的并列结构作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数
⑶用and连接的单数名词前有each,every,many aan,no等作主语时，谓语动词
用单数
⑷当单数主语之后跟with,along with,together with,combined with,as wel
l as,as much as,in addition to,rather than,more than,no less than,exc
ept,but等引导的介词词组时，谓语动词常用单数
⑸当主语是由not only…but also…,not…but…,or…,either…o r…,neithe
r…nor…,none but…连接的并列结构时，根据就近原则使动词和最靠近的词语
保持数的一致
④、名词词组做主语时
⑴当名词词组表示时间、距离、数目等度量概念时，通常可看作一个整 体，其谓
语动词一般用单数；当名词词组看作一个个的个体时，其谓语动词用复数；不可
数名词 如有表示数量的复数名词，其谓语动词用复数
⑵当主语为分数百分数+of+名词时，其谓语动词按of后名词的单复数意义而定
⑶every+名词，each(of)+名词，either of+名词，neither(of)+名词，many aan+
名词单数，more than one+名词单数，one and a half+名词复数,one of+名词
复数，a word of+名词复数，a pile of+名词,an amount of+不可数名词等作主
语时，谓语动词用单数
⑷当form,type,kind,sor t,species,series,pair,portion,quantity后跟of+
名词作 主语时，谓语动词形式取决于这些词的单、复数形式
⑸all of+n.,any of+n.,most of+n.,some of+n.,part of+n.,half of+n.,non
e of+n.,a large proportion of+n.与a lot of+n.,lots of+n.,loads of+
n.,plenty of+n.及the rest(of+n.),the remainder(of+n.)等作主语时，其谓
语动词单、复数形式要根据它们所代表的词的单、复数意义而定
⑹a number of+名词复数,a variety of+名词复数,a group of+名词复数与th
ousands of+名词复数,millions of+名词复数及(a)few of+名词,both(of)+名
词等作主语时，其谓语动词用复数

19

⑺majority,population等名 词（短语）作主语，其谓语动词形式依主语的单、
复数意义而定
⑤、名词性从句作主语时，其谓语动词用单数
⑥、非谓语动词（不定式或分词）作主语时，其谓语动词用单数
⑦、代词作主语时
⑴不定代词everyone,everybody,everything,someone,somebod y,something,a
nyone,anybody,anything,no one,nobody,nothing等作主语时，谓语动词用单
数
⑵不定代词all,m ore,most及关系代词that,who,which等作主语时，谓语动词
单、复数形式根据这 些词的意思而定
⑧、其余情况
⑴由there,here引出的句子，当其主语不止一个时 ，谓语动词应按就近原则和
最接近的主语保持一致
⑵the+形容词分词作主语时，如表示抽 象概念时，谓语动词用单数，如表示某
一类人时，谓语动词用复数
㈡其他一致关系
·主语通常要与随后的动词、宾语或补语保持人称和数的一致
·代词应与它的先行项在人称、数、性和格的形式上保持一致
·在主从复合句中，还要注意时态与时间背景的一致
——————————————————————————————————
数 人称代词 物主代词（所有格） 反声代词
主格 宾格 形容词性 名词性
单数 I me my mine myself
you you your yours yourself
he him his his himself
she her her hers herself
it it its its itself
复数 we us our ours ourselves
you you your yours yourselves
they them their theirs themselves

名词规则复数构成
情况 构成 词例
一般情况 加-s books,girls,sides,plays,keys,boys,toys,rays,
bamboos,radios,studies,zoos
以加-es classes,gases,boxes,buzzes,matches,brushes
-s,-x,-z,-ch,
-sh结尾名词
以辅音字母+O结有生命heroe s,echoes,potatoes,tomatoes,vetoes
尾名词 -es
无生命photos,pianos,solos,kilos,tobaccos
-s
以-f或-fe结尾变city-cities,country-countries,spy- spies

20

名词 ffefactory- factories,lady-ladies
为
v+es
有些以f结尾名词可直接加s如：roof-roofs,chief-chiefs,gulf- gulfs,clif
f-cliffs,proof-proofs,belief- beliefs等
有些少数以f结尾名词既可变f为v加es,也可直接加s如：
scanf- scanvesscanfs,dwarf-dwarvesdwarfs,handkerchief- handkerchieves
handkerchiefs

名词不规则复数
情况 词例
单、复数同Sheep,deer,fish,species,aircraf t,barracks,steel works,se
形 ries,means,Chinese
沿用古英语Man-men,foot-feet,tooth-teeth,goose- geese,mouse-mice,lou
复数 se-lice,ox-oxen,child- children

复合名词复数构成
情况 词例
第一个组成词变复数 lookers-on,runners-up,sons-in-law,
men-of- war,editors-in-chief
最后一个组成词变复数 Boy- friends,air-raids,lay-bys,grown-ups,
go- betweens,touch-me-nots
第一和第二个组成词都变复数 Men- servants,women-doctors

规则动词过去式、过去分词构成
情况 构成 词例
一般情况 加-ed worked,helped,wanted,called,played,finished,
attended,revicwed,appcared
以e结尾动词 加-d Lived,liked,hoped,changed,served,agreed
以辅音字母 变y study-studied,try-tried,carry-carried,fly-flied
+y结尾动词 为i
加ed
以重读闭音节双写stopped,planned,permitted,referred
结尾，末尾只辅音
有一个辅音字字母
母的动词 加ed

英语不规则动词归类记忆表
一、AAA型（原形→原形→原形）
原形
read
cut
let
过去式
read
cut
let
过去分词
read
cut
let
汉语意思
读
切，割
让

21

put
cost
hit
set
hurt
put
cost
hit
set
hurt
put
cost
hit
set
hurt
放
花费，值
撞，击
安排，安置
使…伤痛
二、ABA型（原形→过去式→原形）
原形
become
come
run
过去式
became
came
ran
过去分词
become
come
run
三、ABC型
1. ow →ew →own
原形
blow
draw
grow
know
fly
过去式
blew
drew
grew
knew
flew
过去分词
blown
drawn
grown
known
flown
2. i→a →u
原形
begin
drink
sing
swim
ring
过去式
began
drank
sang
swam
rang
过去分词
begun
drunk
sung
swum
rung
汉语意思
开始
喝
唱
游泳
打电话
汉语意思
吹
画
生长
知道
飞
汉语意思
成为
来
跑
3. 原形→过去式→过去式+(e)n
原形
wear
forget
speak
freeze
choose
过去式
wore
forgot
spoke
froze
chose
过去分词
worn
forgotten
spoken
frozen
chosen
汉语意思
穿
忘记
说
冻
选择
4. 原形→过去式→原形+(e)n
原形
eat
forbid
give
ride
see
write
过去式
ate
forbade
gave
rode
saw
wrote
过去分词
eaten
forbidden
given
ridden
seen
written
汉语意思
吃
禁止
给
骑
看见
写

22

fall fell fallen
5. 无规律
落下
原形
amis
are
do
go
take
过去式
was
were
did
went
took
过去分词
been
been
done
gone
taken
四、ABB型
汉语意思
是
是
做
走
拿
1. 原形→ought →ought
原形
bring
buy
fight
think
过去式
brought
bought
fought
thought
过去分词
brought
bought
fought
thought
汉语意思
带来
买
打架
思考
2. 原形→aught →aught
原形
catch
teach
过去式
caught
taught
过去分词
caught
taught
汉语意思
捉,抓
教
3. 变其中一个元音字母
原形
feed
meet
get
hold
babysit
sit
win
find
过去式
fed
met
got
held
babysat
sat
won
found
过去分词
fed
met
got
held
babysat
sat
won
found
汉语意思
喂
遇见
得到
拥有
临时照看
坐
赢
发现
4. 原形→□lt→□lt
原形
feel
keep
leave
sleep
sweep
过去式
felt
kept
left
slept
swept
过去分词
felt
kept
left
slept
swept
汉语意思
感到
保持
离开
睡
扫
5. 变其中一个辅音字母
原形
build
hear
过去式
built
heard
过去分词
built
heard
汉语意思
建造
听见

23

make
mean
send
spend
deal
made
meant
sent
spent
dealt
made
meant
sent
spent
dealt
制造
意思
送,寄
花费
处理
6.辅音字母和元音字母都变
原形
have
lay
lose
pay
say
sell
tell
stand
过去式
had
laid
lost
paid
said
sold
told
stood
过去分词
had
laid
lost
paid
said
sold
told
stood
五、AAB型
原形
beat
过去式
beat
过去分词
beaten
六、有两种形式
原形
bear
过去式
bore
bore
hanged
hung
learned
learnt
lied
lay
showed
showed
spelled
spelt
burned
burnt
smelled
smelt
shined
shone
dreamed
dreamt
过去分词
born
borne
hanged
hung
learned
learnt
lied
lain
showed
shown
spelled
spelt
burned
burnt
smelled
smelt
shined
shone
dreamed
dreamt
汉语意思
生
吊死
挂
学
说谎
躺
给…看
汉语意思
打败
汉语意思
有,吃
放
丢失
付钱
说
卖
告诉
站
hang
learn
lie
show
spell 拼写
burn 烧
smell 闻
shine 照耀
dream 做梦

24

wake
waked
woke
hid
hid
waked
woken
hid
hidden
七、情态动词
醒
hide 躲藏
原形
can
may
must
shall
will
过去式
could
might
∕
should
would
过去分词
∕
∕
∕
∕
∕
汉语意思
能
也许
必须
将要
会
英语不规则动词表（二）
原形
amis
are
babysit
bear
bear
beat
become
begin
blow
bring
build
burn
burn
buy
can
catch
choose
come
cost
cut
deal
dig
do
draw
dream
dream
drink
过去式
was
were
babysat
bore
bore
beat
became
began
blew
brought
built
burned
burnt
bought
could
caught
chose
came
cost
cut
dealt
dug
did
drew
dreamed
dreamt
drank
过去分词
been
been
babysat
born
borne
beaten
become
begun
blown
brought
built
burned
burnt
bought
∕
caught
chosen
come
cost
cut
dealt
dug
done
drawn
dreamed
dreamt
drunk
汉语意思
是
是
临时照看
生
生
打败
成为
开始
吹
带来
建造
烧
烧
买
能
捉,抓
选择
来
花费，值
切，割
处理
挖
做
画
做梦
做梦
喝

25

drive
eat
fall
feed
feel
fight
find
fly
forbid
forget
freeze
get
give
go
grow
hang
hang
have
hear
hide
hide
hit
hold
hurt
keep
know
lay
learn
learn
leave
lend
let
lie
lie
lose
make
may
mean
meet
must
drove
ate
fell
fed
felt
fought
found
flew
forbade
forgot
froze
got
gave
went
grew
hanged
hung
had
heard
hid
hid
hit
held
hurt
kept
knew
lain
learned
learnt
left
lent
let
lied
lay
lost
made
might
meant
met
∕
driven
eaten
fallen
fed
felt
fought
found
flown
forbidden
forgotten
frozen
got
given
gone
grown
hanged
hung
had
heard
hid
hidden
hit
held
hurt
kept
known
lain
learned
learnt
left
lent
let
lied
lain
lost
made
∕
meant
met
∕
驾驶
吃
落下
喂
感到
打架
发现
飞
禁止
忘记
冻
得到
给
走
生长
吊死
挂
有,吃
听见
躲藏
躲藏
撞，击
拥有
使…伤痛
保持
知道
放
学
学
离开
把…借给
让
说谎
躺
丢失
制造
也许
意思
遇见
必须

26

pay
put
read
paid
put
read
paid
put
read

付钱
放
读
原形
ride
ring
run
say
see
sell
send
set
shall
shine
过去式
rode
rang
ran
said
saw
sold
sent
set
should
shined
过去分词
ridden
rung
run
said
seen
sold
sent
set
∕
, ,
shined
汉语意思
骑
打电话
跑
说
看见
卖
送,寄
安排，安置
将要
照耀
shine
show
show
sing
sit
sleep
smell
smell
speak
spell
spell
spend
stand
sweep
swim
take
teach
tell
think
wake
wake
wear
will
win
shone
showed
showed
sang
sat
slept
smelled
smelt
spoke
spelled
spelt
spent
stood
swept
swam
took
taught
told
thought
waked
woke
wore
would
won
shone
showed
shown
sung
sat
slept
smelled
smelt
spoken
spelled
spelt
spent
stood
swept
swum
taken
taught
told
thought
waked
woken
worn
∕
won
照耀
给…看
给…看
唱
坐
睡
闻
闻
说
拼写
拼写
花费
站
扫
游泳
拿
教
告诉
思考
醒
醒
穿
会
赢

27

write wrote written 写


动词过去式和过去分词表：
原形













过去式
heard
swept
cut
did
swam
ate
saw
went
caught
spelt
paid
grew
read
过去分词
heard
swept
cut
done
swum
eaten
seen
gone
caught
spelt
paid
grown
read
中文意思
听见
扫
切割
做
游泳
吃
看见
走
抓住，
拼读
支付
生长
读，阅读
原形










过去式
sent
told
shut
gave
took
rose
spoke
came
wrote
kept
过去分词
sent
told
shut
given
taken
risen
spoken
come
written
kept
中文意思
寄，送
告诉
关
给
带走，送
上升
讲
来
写
保持
forgot


meant
won
forgotten 忘记
meant
won
意思是
获胜

情况
一般情况
下
以不发音
e结尾的
动词
以重读元
音字母+辅
音字母结
尾动词
少数以ie
结尾的动
词
其他
构成
加-ing
去e加-ing
现在分词构成
词例
going,studying,asking,working,answering,
revealing,seeing,being
Come-coming,live- living,move-moving,
take-taking,give- giving,write-writing
双写辅音字母planning,beginning,stopping,sitting,
+-ing getting,forgetting
变ie为y+-ing die- dying,lie-lying,tie-tying
Travel- travellingtraveling,model-modellingmodeling
Worship-worshippingworshiping,kidnap- kidnappingkidnaping
Bar-barring,star- staring,prefer-prefering
Picinic- picnicking,panic-panicking,progrm-programming
构成
加-er或
-est
原级
tall
small
hard
28

情况
单音节和
部分双音一般情况
节词

比较级
taller
smaller
harder
最高级
tallest
smallest
hardest

larger largest
以e结尾 加-r或-st wider widest
later latest
busier busiest
以辅音字变y为i加
easier easiest
母+y结尾 -er或-est
earlier earliest
以重读元双写辅音字bigger biggest
音+辅音字母加-er或hotter hottest
母结尾 -est thinner thinnest
more most
beautiful beautiful
Beautiful
多音节和大部分双音节前加more或more most
Important
词 most important important
carefully
more most
carefully carefully

形容词、副词比较级、最高级不规则变化
原级 比较级 最高级
goodwell better best
badill worse worst
manymuch more most
little less least
far fartherfurther farthestfurthest
old elderolder eldestoldest

large
wide
late
busy
easy
early
big
hot
thin

29