英国标准-绢的拼音
第二十三讲
强 调
在说话或写文章时,
我们有时候要突出或强调某个词、词组或句子, 这时就要用强调结
构。下面探讨的是各类强调句型、强调词汇及强调方式。
一、结构强调
1 .
It is (was) + 状语+ that + 句子
这种结构用来强调状语,
表示状语成分的可以是单词、词组或句子。句子可以是主语从
句、宾语从句或状语从句。强调的如果是原因状语从句, 从句只能由because 引导, 不能
由since、as 或why 引导。例如:
I t was last summer
that I graduated from the university .
我是去年夏天从那所大学毕业
的。(时间状语)
I t was at an
evening party that I first saw her .
我是在一次晚会上第一次见到她的。
(地点状语)
I t is only when
one is ill that one realizes the value of health .
人们生病了才知道健康的
价值。(时间状语从句)
I t was
because(不用since、why 或as) the water had risen that
they could not cross the
river . 正是因为水涨了,
他们没有渡过河去。(原因状语从句)
I t is what you will do
that is essential . 重要的是你的行动。(主语从句)
2 . It
is(was) + 代词(名词, 形容词) + that(who, whom,
which,whose) + 句子
这种结构强调名词或代词,
这个名词或代词可以是后面句子的主语、宾语或宾语补足语,
如果是主语, 则直接用that +
谓语。这时, 句中的that 可用who, whom, which 等代替。
例如:
It is Prof essor Wu that (who) sent me the
letter . 给我寄信的是吴教授。(主语)
It is I that am (或is)
to go in her place . 代她去的是我。(主语)
It is you
that are (或is) to blame . 该受责备的是你。(主语)
It is
this novel that( which) they talked about last
week . 他们上周讨论的就是这部小
说。(宾语)
It was Doctor
James that (whom) we invited to give us a lecture
. 被邀请给我们作报告
的是詹姆士博士。(宾语)
It was chairman
of the committee that we elected her . (宾语补足语)
It is red that he has painted the door .
(宾语补足语)
.. 注意下面句子的差异:
I suppose it is I
who am responsible . (不用is)
I suppose it is
me who is responsible . (不用am)
I suppose it
is he ( she) who is responsible .
I suppose
it is we ( they) who are responsible .
It is
him whom you met at the station . (强调结构, 不用he)
That is he whom you met at the station . (
that is . . .结构, 不用him)
Note: 值得注意的是,
有三类句子成分不可以进行强调, 即表语、谓语动词和though, al
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though, whereas 等引导的让步状语从句或对比状语从句。例如:
The
picture is wonderful . (表语)
It is wonder ful
the picture is . (误)
Alice teaches music at a
middle school . (谓语动词)
It is teaches that
Alice music at a middle school . (误)
Although
he is young, he knows a lot about the world .
(让步状语从句)
It is though he is young that he
knows a lot about the world . (误)
I like
classical music whereas he prefers pop songs .
(对比状语从句)
It is whereas he pre f ers pop songs
that I like classical music . (误)
3 . 句尾的强调
英语句子的句尾是突出的位置, 要强调某个部分, 可以把它放在句尾, 而把不重要的部分
放在句子中间。例如:
Karl saw in Inga strength,
determination, a vigorous and vivacious girl , the
kind of
woman he needed .
The war would
soon break out in the Middle East , we were told .
(弱)
The war , we were told, would soon break
out in the Middle East . (强)据说, 中东不
久就要爆发战争了。
Team A will win the match, in all probability
. (弱)
Team A will , in all probability, win
the match . (强) A 队很可能赢得这场比赛。
The history of
English words is the history of our civilization
in many ways . (弱)
In many ways, the history
of English words is the history of our
civilization . (强)
4 . 倒装结构和句首的强调
倒装结构和句首位置可以强调表语、宾语、定语、状语、主语等。例如:
Never
will they give up the struggle for f reedom and
peace . (状语)
Under no circumstances can
visitors be allowed to walk on the grass . (状语)
Most bitterly did she complain to her father .
Never a cent did he earn in the whole month .
Not in the least would he care about it .
Seldom have I seen her recently .
Hardly
does she understand what he wants .
Hardly a
slice o f bread did they waste .
No one else
shall I live with .
Only yesterday did I hear
of the news .
Across the river lies a newly
built bridge .
Very little care does he take
of the children .
He was a famous singer,
I..ve heard . (宾语从句)
Enclosed is a cheque for
300 yuan . (谓语)
A terrible mess you..ve made
of the work . (宾语)
War we are not afraid of,
but war we are opposed to . (介词宾语)
Alice, he proposed to . (介词宾语)
Keener and keener she became on painting .
(表语)
A f lying saucer it cer tainly was .
(表语)
A scandal people called the whole matter
. (宾补)
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一、结构强调
In China she was born, and in China she
would die . (状语)
Lonely she lived in a shabby
house by the river . (状语)
Child as he is , he
knows a lot about the world . (让步从句)
Much as
he liked her , he had to leave for a long period
of time . (让步从句)
He would much like to see
her again .
Much would he like to see her
again . (状语起首)
A man..s early education is
very important in his later life .
Very
important is a man..s early education in his later
life . (表语起首)
They will go different ways ,
but will reach the same destination .
Di f f
erent ways they will go, but the same destination
they will reach . (宾语起首)
Note: ①下面的“主要动词+ 主语+
助动词”结构也是表示强调。例如:
If I must die, die I must .
If I should do it , do it I will .
He did
not fail . Succeed he did .
She wanted to
leave and leave she did .
Surrender he would
not till he was killed .
Die he would not
because he was optimistic .
While I may
travel around the world, travel I will .
②如果名词、形容词或副词不位于句首, as 相当于since 或because,
引导原因状语从
句, 不作though 解。例如:
As he was ill ,
he stayed home for a rest . 他因病在家休息。(原因)
Ill
as he was, he worked the whole day . 他虽然生病,
但仍然工作了一天。(让步)
.. 但有时候, as 倒装结构可能表示原因状语,
也可能表示让步状语, 视上下文而定。
参阅有关章节。例如:
Young as he
was , he did not know much about the world .
他由于年轻, 对世事
了解甚少。(原因)
Young as he was , he
knew a lot about the world . 他虽然年轻, 但却很懂人情世
故。(让步)
.. 考察下面两句:
, Jane is not
prettier than her younger sister .
A . Pretty
though is she B . Pretty as is she
C . As she
is pretty D . Pretty as she is(D 项正确)
, the
most familiar to general public is the criminal
jurisdiction .
A . All the activities B . The
activities
C . Of all the activities D . It
is the activities(C 项正确)
③在强调句中, that
作直接宾语或间接宾语时可以省略。例如:
Was it her ( that) you
were talking about ?
It is not I (who)
to blame .
It was a new dictionary ( that)
Father sent to me .
④如果强调的是时间状语或地点状语, that
有时可以省略。例如:
It was in that bookstore ( that) I
came across the book .
It was only yesterday
( that) we first met . 只是在昨天我们才第一次会面。
Was it
last year ( that) you got the degree ?
你是在去年获得学位的吗?
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5 .“特殊疑问词+ is(was) + it + that +
句子”结构的强调
如果强调的是特殊疑问句, 要用“特殊疑问词+ is( was) + it
+ that + 句子”结构, that 有时
可省, 表示“究竟在哪里..,
到底是谁..”等。例如:
Where was it ( that) you saw the
man ? 你到底在哪里看见那个人的?
Who was it ( that ) you
want to see ? 你究竟想见谁?
How is it ( that ) your
answer differs f rom his ?
Which is it that
you want ?
When was it that you ever said so
?
Why is it that you want to change your idea
?
What is it that you want me to say ?
Note: 有时, 这类强调结构可用作表语或宾语。例如:
The question
is who it is that we can trust .
He asked
which picture it is that we should send the
president as a present .
It rests on what
measure it is that is most effective .
二、其他类型的强调
1 . do
如果句子中没有助动词,
在肯定句中可以用do 表示强调, 一般译为“务必, 一定, 确实”
等。例如:
Do come early . 一定早点来。
She did send you a
letter last week . 她上周确实给你寄过一封信。
“You are
quite wrong—she does like you
.”“你大错特错了———她的的确确喜欢你!”
2 .utter, sheer, very
和ever
very 表示强调时, 前面常有the, this , that 或my,
their 等, 后跟名词, 也可在名词前插入
first , same, own 等词,
相当于exactly, real, t rue, genuine, actual, mere,
itself and no
other ,
just , none other
than, even 等。ever 表示强调时, 多构成ever so, ever such, as
. . .as ever
词组; 也可放在what , who, where, when
, which , why, how 后, 书写时同这些词分开写
(分开写时,
其意义不同于whatever, whoever 等) , 意为“究竟, 到底”。例如:
At that very moment he came .
The very
sight of snake makes the girl shiver .
He
escaped under their very nose .
I..ll go this
very minute .
This is the very lowest price .
这是最最低的价。
You may keep the book for your
very own . 你可以保留这本书, 仅为自己用。
Who ever said so
?这到底是谁说的?
What ever do you mean by saying
that ? 你说那话到底什么意思? (不可用whatever )
She is ever
such a nice girl .
He is as great a poet as
ever lived . 从来没有比他更伟大的诗人。
What he said was
utter nonsense . 他说的是一派胡言。
She won by sheer
luck . 她完全凭侥幸获胜。
Note: ①as + 形容词(副词) + as ever
(before)意为“跟从前同样的”;more . . .than ever 意
为
“比从前更..”。例如:
She is as diligent as ever .
她跟从前一样勤奋。
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二、其他类型的强调
He is more diligent than ever .
他比从前更勤奋。
②whatever 和whatsoever
在否定句或疑问句中放在名词后表示强调。例如:
There can be no doubt
whatever about it . 这件事是毫无疑问的。
That..s nothing
whatsoever to do with me . 那件事同我一点关系没有。
3 . at
all
这种用法的at all 意为“根本, 究竟, 毕竟”。例如:
If it
were not for the sun, we could not live at all .
Do you know it at all ? 你究竟知道不知道?
4 . the
last
the last 加名词可以表示强烈的否定意义, 注意译法。例如:
He would be the last person in the world to
deny this . 他决不会否认这一点。
This is the last place
where I expected to meet you . 我万没有想到会在这儿碰上你。
Not to keep his promise will be the last thing
for him to do . 他绝不会不守承诺的。
He is the last man
to do it . 他决不会干那事。
He should be the last
(man) to blame . 怎么也不该怪他。
She is the last
person for such a job . 她最不配做这个工作。
He is the
last man to consult . 根本不宜找他商量。
5 . on earth,
in the world, in heaven, earthly 和under the sun
这些短语或单词用于肯定句意为“究竟”, 用于否定句意为“全然, 一点也..”。也可加
强最高级的语气, 意为“最最”。例如:
Where under the sun
did you put the book ? 你到底把书放到哪里去了?
She had
not a penny in the world . 她身无分文。
That is the
most ridiculous thing on earth . 那是最可笑的事情了。
What earthly thing are you doing now
?你这会儿到底在干什么?
6 . the devil, the hell, the
deuce, the blazes, in (the)hell, the plague,a
plague, the mischief 和
the dickens
这几个词同what , who, where 连用, 意为“到底, 究竟”,
有时是粗话。例如:
Who the dickens is she ? 她到底是谁?
What the deuce is the matter ? 究竟是怎么回事?
What the blazes is he ?他到底是干什么的?
What in hell is she doing ? 她究竟在干什么?
Where the devil did he go ? 他妈的他到哪里去了?
When the plague will you pay me ?
你他妈的到底什么时候还我钱?
Why the blazes did you do like
that ? 你他妈的究竟为什么那样做?
What a plague does he
want to do ? 他妈的他到底想干什么?
Note: ①in heaven..s
name, in the name of wonder, in the name of
fortune, in the name of
reason, in the name
of common sense, in thunder , in the creation
等也用来表示强
调, 意为“到底, 究竟。例如:
Which in the
name o f wonder do you decide to choose ?
你究竟决定选哪一个?
What in thunder have you done ?
你他妈的究竟干了些什么?
②下面句中的the devil 另有含义:
The
devil he should wor ry . 他才不当回事呢。
A: Is he an
expert ? 他是专家吗?
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B: The devil he is . 他绝对不是。
7 . I..ll be hanged if . . .和I..ll be damned
if I . . .
I..ll be hanged if . . .表示“ 决不,
决不会”, I..ll be (或I am) damned if I . . .表示“要是我
.., 我就不是人!”。例如:
I..ll be damned i f it is
true . 那决不是真的。
I..ll be damned i f I do it .
我决不做那件事。
I..ll be hanged i f I go there .
我死也不去那里。
8 .not for the world, not on your
life 和not for worlds
这几个词组表示强烈的否定。例如:
Not f or worlds would she surrender . 她决不会屈服的。
I wouldn..t let her go out alone f or the
world . 我决不会让她一个人单独出去的。
9 . anything like
和anything near
这两个词组用于否定句。例如:
The film
isn..t anything like as interesting as we expected
. 这部电影根本没有我们想象
的那样有趣。
She never came
anywhere near to knowing what it was . 她根本不懂得这是什么。
10 . far, much, by far, still, a great(good)
deal 和all the + 比较级
这几个词或词组用来修饰形容词或副词比较级,
以加强语气。例如:
The path through the forest is by
far more pleasant than that across the field .
Opening the window made it all the hotter .
打开窗户反而更热。
That is all the faster she can run .
她最多只能跑这么快。
Note: ①by far 要放在带the 的比较级前,
但如果比较级前无the, by far 放在比较级前后
均可。例如:
It is
by f ar the longer river of the two .
This t
ree is thicker by far than that one .
This t
ree is by far thicker than that one .
②by far 要放在最高级前。例如:
He is by f ar
the best student in the class .
It is by f ar
the brightest star .
11 . if a
说明数量或某人的身高、年龄, 意为“准有, 无论如何有”。例如:
She is
forty, i f a day . 她一定有40 岁了。
He is six feet
high , i f he is an inch . 他准有六英尺高。
We..ve
covered twenty miles , i f a yard . 我们一定走了20 里了。
12 . if ever, if any, if anything 和if at all
这几个词组一般单独作状语, if ever 和if any 也可引导状语从句,
有时含有让步的意思。
例如:
He is a musician i f ever
there was one . ( = if anyone was = if there was
one at all)世界
上没有音乐家则已, 如有就是他。
He has
little, i f any ink . 墨水他即使有也很少。
I f anything
, the writing is a little neater . 若说区别的话,
这篇文章只是整洁一点。
13 . and that 和and . . .at that
that 是代词, 代替前面整句的内容, and that 一般译为“而且”。例如:
大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)
821 二、其他类型的强调
She only speaks French, and that not very well
. 她只会讲法语, 而且讲得不大好。
She offered a suggestion,
and a good one at that . 她提了一个建议, 而且是一个好建议。
..
有时候, at that 相当于after all, anyway, in spite of
all。例如:
The job was hard to do, but at that
he liked it . 这项工作很难做, 但他还是喜欢它。
14 . 形容词后置
The living body, animal or human, is a
storehouse of electricity .
A scientist is a
good observer, accurate, patient and objective .
科学家善于观察事物,
准确、耐心、客观。
15 .nothing if not
意为“非常, 极”(very, extremely)。例如:
The boy
was nothing i f not clever . 这男孩绝顶聪明。
= The
boy was nothing if he was not clever .
= The
boy was very clever .
16 . anything but
意为“决不, 决不是”。例如:
He is anything but honest
. 他极不诚实。
= He is not honest at all .
= He
is far from being honest .
= He is by no
means honest .
17 . none 表示的强调
This is
none of your business . 这与你没有丝毫关系。
He is none
of my friends . 他决不是我的朋友。( = He is by no means one
of my
friends . )
You can do none o f
this . 这个你决不可做。
He shall be none of my
son . 他决不是我的儿子。
I shall give her none of my
money . 我一分钱也不会给她。
He is none of the richest .
他很穷。( = very poor)
The film is none of the
best . 这部电影一点也不好。
She is none o f the happiest
. 她极不幸福。( = very unhappy)
18 . not an ounce
of 等表示的强调
There is not an ounce of justice .
没有一点公道。
He has not a f licker o f courage .
他没有丝毫勇气。
There is not a suggestion o f wind .
一丝风也没有。
There is not a hint (或glimmer ) o f
hope . 一丝希望也没有。
Not a morsel of food was left
. 一片面包也没留下。
Not a drop of rain has fallen .
一滴雨也没下。
He does not know a word of English .
他一个英语单词也不认识。
He has no ghost o f an idea about
the matter . 他对那件事一点也不知道。
19 . not a rop
等表示的强调
He did not regret a rop (或a rush, a
tittle) . 他一点也不后悔。
He did not care a straw (或a
bean, a fig, a jot , a button) . 他一点也不介意。
He
did not wor ry a pin (或a scrap) . 他一点也不担心。
It
is not worth a cent (或a damn , a curse, two hoots)
. 它一文钱也不值。
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The man did not flinch a hair .
那人一点也不畏缩。
Not a single customer came .
连一个顾客也没来。
She took not the least notice of
your remarks . 她一点也不注意你的话。
He had not the
smallest doubt . 他一点也不怀疑。
She paid not the
slightest attention to him . 她对他一点也不注意。
He
uttered not a single syllable . 他一声都没吭。
It
mattered not a bit . 这一点关系没有。
He hesitated not
a moment . 他一点也没迟疑。
20 . 用重复法进行强调
She told
me that she would never, never forget her college
years .
Like Lincoln, he was tall, raw-boned,
st rong and homely . Like Lincoln, he was obedient
, responsible, and hard-working. Like Lincoln,
he thirsted for knowledge and . . . .
They
can..t do it , can..t those boys (或those boys
can..t ) .
They will make trouble, those
villains .
He must be angry, my brother .
It is a good place for old men , that park .
21 . 用层进法进行强调
Her way of life was
expensive, pointless, and utterly ruthless .
To win victory, many people shed their blood,
gave up their personal interests and laid
down their lives .
22 . by God, by
George, for God..s sake, damn, for goodness..sake
和for pity..s sake
The picture is not worth a
damn . 这幅画毫无价值。
He is damn tired .
By
God, I don..t know it .
For pity..s sake, do
help up a little .
23 .whistle, whisper
和bubble
拟声词可以表示强调, 形象而生动。常用的这类词有crash, murmur
, roar , whisper ,
crack , clap, clink,
cluck, thump , splash, bang, titter , twitter ,
howl , clash 等。例如:
He banged the door open .
他砰的一声打开了门。
The water is bubbling down the
rocks . 水哗哗地从岩石上流下来。
The twigs cracked under
pressure . 树枝在压力下咔喳一声断了。
The rain tinkled on
the window . 雨水丁当地敲打着窗户。
He whispered the word
in her ear . 他同她咬耳朵。(窃窃耳语)
They clapped their
hands when the two leaders clinked glasses .
两位领导人碰杯时, 他
们鼓起掌来。
24 . shall 用于第二、三人称
You shall be there in two hours . (命令)
Children shall not see the film . (规定)
He
shall gain his aim . (决心)
25 . 从He didn..t
buy the book because he was interested in poetry .
的歧义看重音强调
在一个句子中, 若要对某个词或词组进行强调,
可以重读该词或词组。由于强调的对象
不同, 同一个句子可能有多种意义,
比如上面这个句子就可以有两种意思:
He didn..t buy the book
because he was interested in..poetry . (重音落在poetry
上, 对它
大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)
823
二、其他类型的强调
进行强调, 意为He didn..t buy the book,
because it had nothing to do with poetry, and it
is poet ry that he was interested in .
)他没有买那本书, 因为它同诗歌没有关系。(他本
人对诗歌感兴趣)
He
didn..t buy the..book because he was interested in
poetry . (重音落在book 上, 意为
He bought the book,
but it wasn..t because he was interested in poetry
. )他买了那本
书, 并不是因为他对诗歌感兴趣。(那本书是有关诗歌的)
比较:
Father..didn..t take Jack to swim in the pool
today . (Perhaps Father forgot to take Jack
to swim in the pool today . )
Father
didn..t take..Jack to swim today . ( It was Tom
that Father took to swim in the
pool today .
)
Father didn..t take Jack to..swim in the
pool today . ( Father took Jack to the pool today
just to see it . )
Father didn..t take
Jack to swim in the..pool today . ( Father took
Jack to swim at the
seaside,
not in the
pool . )
Father didn..t take Jack to swim in
the pool..today . ( It was yesterday that Father
took
Jack to swim in the pool . )
..Father didn..t take Jack to swim in
the pool today . ( It was Mother who took Jack to
swim in the pool today . )
比较:
He..s
a..mad doctor . 他是精神病科的医生。
He..s
a..mad..doctor . 他是患有精神病的医生。
She is
an..English student . 她是英国学生。(也可以是: 她是学英语的学生。)
She is an..English..student . 她是英国学生。
I..beg your pardon . 我没听清楚, 请你再说一遍。
I..beg
your..pardon . 对不起。(表示道歉)
I..will speak to
her . 我一定要同她谈谈。(强调要这样做)
I will..speak to her
. 我将同她谈谈。(But I won..t write to her )
I will
speak to..her . 我将同她谈谈。(But I won..t speak to
others)
He..can read . 他能读。(不是不能读)
He
can..read . 他能读。(But he can..t write)
26 .
There are books and books . 的含义
把同一个名词或动词等用and
连接进行重复, 是一种强调方法, 以使语义突出, 表达生动。
这类重复可以表示“不同的类型”, 也可以表示“许多的, 大量的”。例如:
There are books and books . 既有好书, 也有坏书。
There are doctors and doctors . 既有良医, 也有庸医。
You will find artists and artists . 既有优秀的艺术家,
也有蹩脚的艺人。
There are ants and ants and ants on
the ground . 地上到处都是蚂蚁。
She thought and thought
and thought and couldn..t go to sleep . 她思来想去,
难以成眠。
They received twenty and twenty
suggestions . 他们收到了许许多多的建议。
Note:
①下列惯用短语也可表示强调: again and again, on and on, out and
out , over and
over,
up and up, more and
more, through and through, around and around 等。例如:
He is an out and out scoundrel . 他是一个十足的恶棍。
新 世 纪 英 语 丛 书
824 第二十三讲
强
调
The birds were flying around and around the
house . 鸟绕着房屋飞来飞去。
He is an honest man through
and through . 他为人极诚实。
The soldiers walked on
and on . 士兵们马不停蹄地行进。
He read the poem over and
over . 他把那首诗读了一篇又一遍。
He is a tyrant out and
out . 他是个地地道道的暴君。
He is a London of Londoners
. 他是地地道道的伦敦人。
②表语同主语重复往往表示“究竟, 到底,
该是这样”等含义。例如:
I shall pay for it . Business is
business . 钱由我付, 生意毕竟是生意。
You are quite right
. Lawyer is lawyer . 你说得很对, 法官到底还是法官。
Boys
will be boys . 孩子总是孩子嘛。
测试练习(二十三)
选择填空
1 . the train had departed she left the
station for home .
A . It is only then . .
.that B . It is only when . . .what
C . It
was only that . . .when D . It was only when . .
.that
2 . It is during his stay in the count
ryside he began to learn English .
A . when B
. that C . which D . what
3 . It was the
information that he accumulated there gave him
great help .
A . was B . what C . that D .
later
4 . His uncle told her that it is that
she was brought up after her mother..s death .
A . a retired old professor B . from a retired
old professor
C . with a retired old
professor D . by a retired old professor
5 .
that should be given priority to .
A . It is
the government has decided
B . It is only the
government has decided
C . It is what the
government has decided
D . It is what has the
government decided
6 . It is from the
earliest time men began to study the natural
phenomena and the heavenly
bodies .
A .
when B . where C . that D . how
7 .“Were all
three people in the car injured in the accident ?”
“No, only the two passengers who got hurt .”
A . it was B . there is C . it were D . there
was
8 . She said she would go and she go .
A . didn..t B . did C . would D . will
9
. It was to the saving-boat he owed his life .
A . what B . which C . that D . why
10 .
they met each other and became fast friends .
A . It was in the lake area in the north of
the country where
B . Being in the lake area
in the nor th of the country
C . It was in
the lake area in the nor th of the country when
D . It was in the lake area in the north of
the country that
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