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定语从句详解
Company Document number:WTUT-WT88Y-W8BBGB-
BWYTT-19998
定语从句(AttributiveClauses)
一:定义 (Attributive
Clauses):在复合句中,由关系词(关系代词或关系副
词)引导的,用作定语来修饰主句的某个
名词或代词(先行词)或者整个句子
的形容词性从句(定语从句),一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。
定语从句三要素:先行词,关系词和从句
1) 先行词:被定语从句修饰的词
2)
关系词:引导定语从句,代替先行词在从句中充当成分的词
3)
从句:既然为句,就有人称,时态,数的变化。
二:关系词:关系代词和关系副词
关系代词
:who(指人),whom,whose,that,which,as;在从句中做主语,
宾语,或
定语,指人或物
关系副词:when(时间),where(地点),why(原因);在从句中依次
做时
间,地点,原因状语,可以用介词(in,on,for,during等)+ which替换
★补充1:人称代词:指直接指代人或者事物的代词
人称
第一人称
单复数
单数
复数
第二人称 单数
复数
第三人称
单数
复数
主格
I
We
You
You
He she it
They
宾格
Me
Us
You
You
Him her it
Them
★补充2:物主代词:表示所有关系的代词叫做物主代词,也叫人称代词的所
有格
形容词性物主代
词
第一人称单数
第二人称单数
第三人称单数
(性别)
My
Your
His her its
mine
yours
His hers its
我的
你的;你们的
他的;她的;它
的
名词性物主代词 中文意思
第一人称复数
第二人称复数
第三人称复数
our
your
their
ours
yours
theirs
我们的
你们的
他们的
★归纳表格(1) —
关系代词
That
Who
Whom
Which
指人
Yes(√)
yes(√)
yes(√)
No(×)
指物
yes(√)
no(×)
no(×)
yes(√)
主语
yes(√)
yes(√)
no(×)
yes(√)
宾语
yes(√)
yes(√)
yes(√)
yes(√)
★归纳表格(2) — 关系代词
指人
主语
Who
that
宾语
Whom(优) that
who
指物 That
which That which
定语
Whose(of
whom)
Whose(of
which)
指人和物 that that whose
★归纳表格(3) — 关系代词
关系代词 指示(替代)
对象
that
which
who
whom
whose
人 物
物
人
人
人 物
句中(成分)
作用
主 宾
主 宾
主 宾
宾
定
限制性定语
从句
(√)
(√)
(√)
(√)
(√)
非限制性定
语从句
(×)
(√)
(√)
(√)
(√)
★归纳表格(4) — 关系副词
关系副词 先行词 句中成分
限制性定语
从句
when
where
时间
地点
时间状语
地点状语
(√)
(√)
非限制性定
语从句
(√)
(√)
why
3:具体用法及实例
关系代词
原因 原因状语 (√) (×)
1)W
ho:who在从句中主要作主语,在非正式语体里who还可以作从句中的宾
语,但不能放在介词后
(1)主语
分解:The man is a teacher. The man is
speaking in the classroom.
合并:The man who is
speaking in the classroom is a teacher
(2)宾语
分解:The man is my friend. You met the man in
the street just now.
合并:The man who(whom)you
met in the street just now(可后置) is
my friend.
(3)概括
He is the man who wants to see you.
He is the man who I saw in the park yesterday.
2)Whom:在从句中作宾语,可放在介词后
(1)宾语
分解:The
woman is a doctor. They want to visit the woman.
合并: The woman whom they wanted to visit is a
doctor.
(2)概括
He is the man (whom) I saw
in the park yesterday.
小结:Who whom 都可在定语从句中充当宾
语成分,但whom作为宾语,较为正
式;而who作为宾语使用时,常用语非正式语中;二者若同时出
现而且充当相
同成分,whom优先。
3) Whose:用来指人或物,(只能用作定语,
若指物,相当于名词所有格,可以同of
which互换)。
(1)定语
分解:The teacher praised Lilei. His English is
the best in our class.
合并:The
teacher praised Lilei, whose English is the best
in our
class.
分解:The house is mine. The
window of the house is broken.
合并:
1)The
house whose window is broken is mine. Whose = the
house’s
(whose相当于先行词的所有格)
2)The house the
window of which is broken is mine.
3)The house
of which the window is broken is mine.
4)
which:指物,在从句中作主语或宾语,可放介词后
(1)主语
分解:Basketball is a game. Basketball is liked
by most boys
合并:Basketball is a game which is
liked by most boys.
(2)宾语
分解:We visited
the farm yesterday. The Farm is located in the
suburb of Beijing.
合并:The Farm (which) we
visited yesterday is located in the suburb of
Beijing.
(3)概括
They needed a plant which
didn't need as much water as rice.
★5)that:多用来
指物,有时也可以用来指人;在从句中作主语或宾语;指物
的时候多用that,也可用which。
(1)常规用法:It’s a question that (which) needs
careful
consideration.(指物,作主语。)
Who is the
man that is reading a magazine under the tree
(指人,作主
语。)
The girl (that) we saw yesterday
is Tom’s sister. (指物,作宾语)
(2)特殊用法:以下情况只能用that
1. 先行词为all , everything, anything, nothing,
little等不定代词时。
eg: All (that) she lacked was
training.
2. 先行词被形容词最高级修饰时
eg: This is the
best film that I have ever seen.
3. 先行词被序数词和the last修饰时
eg: This is the
first play that I have seen since I came here.
4. 先行词中既有人又有物,人物并存时
eg: They talked about
the teachers and the schools that they had
visited.
5.先行词被 every some no all any
little much 等修饰时
eg: I have read all the books
that you lend me.
6.先行词被the only, the very,
the same ,the last 修饰时
eg: He is the only
worker that was praised by the boss in the meeting
yesterday.
7.主句中已经有who 或者 which 时
eg:
Who is the student that is standing in the
classroom.
eg: Which is the machine that we
used last Sunday.
小结:关系代词
That和which
在指物时,通常情况下,可以互换;某些情况(如上)只能用
that;而某些情况(如下)不能用
1:引导非限制性定语从句时
2:在定语从句中,作介词的宾语,而介词又置于其前时,不能
用that;通常介
词也会放到选项中,以增加难度;而在固定短语中,介词是不能提前的。
eg: This is the boy with whom he talked.
eg: This is the book on which she spent 10
dollars.
eg: The man whomwho you spoke to is a
scientist.
eg: The man to whomwho you spoke is
a scientist. (×)
eg: The city thatwhich he
lives in is far away.
eg: The city in
thatwhich he lives is far away. (×)
eg: Is
this the book you are looking for
eg: The old
man whom I am looking after is better.
关系副词
6)When:先行词是时间,在句中充当时间状语
eg: I remember the day when I first met her.
eg: The time when we got together finally came
7)Where:先行词是地点,在剧中充当地点状语
eg: China is the
country where I was born.
eg: The
housewhereIlivedtenyearsagohasbeenpulleddown.
8)Why:先行词是reason,在句中充当原因状语
eg: Can you
tell me the reason why you lost the basketball
game.
eg:
Idon'tknowthereasonwhyhelooksunhappytoday.
小结:关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换
(1) The
reason why for which he refused the invitation is
not clear.
(2) From the year whenin which
he was going to school he began to
know what
he wanted when he grew up.
(3) Great
changes have taken place in the city in whichwhere
I was
born.
小结:关系代词和关系副词
关系代词在定语从句中做主语,宾语和定语;关系副词在定语从句中作状语。
四:种类
1) 限制性定语从句
eg: Teachers who are kind are
popular with the students.
eg: The town where
I live is beautiful.
2) 非限制性定语从句
eg: Mr
Wang, who is kind, is popular with the students.
eg: Linyi, where I live, is beautiful.
eg:
My dictionary, which I bought last year is very
popular with
students.
eg: This novel,
which I have read three times, is very
interesting.
3) 区别
(1) 限制性定语从句是先行词不可或缺的部分,
如若去掉,主句意思往往不明确;而非
限制性从句是先行词的附加说明,即便去掉,也不会影响主句的意
思,与主句之间
通常用逗号分开。
(2) 当先行词是
专有名词或被物主代词或指示代词所修饰时(皆有表强调之意味),其
后定语从句通常是非限制性的。
(3)
在限制性定语从句中,关系词可以省略(作宾语时);而在非限制性从句中,关系
词不可省略
(4) 非限制性定语从句可将整个主句作为先行词,进行修饰,此时谓语动词要用第三人
称单
数;而限制性定语从句一般只能用来修饰先行词,其多为单词或词组。
eg: China is a
great country with splendid history, which is
known to
everyone.
eg: As is known to
everyone, China is a great country with splendid
history.
(5) As和which都可以引导非限制性定语从句,as一般放在句
首或句中,位置灵活从
句为被动时,常用as;which一般放在句尾,从句为主动时,常用whic
h;
(6) 固定搭配,如such, as, the same后只能用as;
eg:
This is the same pen as I lost.
eg: This is
the same pen that I lost.
eg: This is such an
interesting book as we all like.
eg: This is
so interesting a book as we all like.
eg: This
is such an interesting book as we all like it.
eg: This is so interesting a book as we all
like it.
五:如何选用定语从句的关系词
1) 判断是定语从句还是其他从句;
2) 其次,如若是定语从句,分清限制性还是非限制性,找准主句和从句;
3) 确定主句
的先行词,是词(指人还是指物,关乎先行词的判断)还是句(关乎限制性
和非限制性的判断),进行关
系词的初步选择;
4) 把先行词带回定语从句,看其在定语从句中做什么语法成分(主语,宾语,定
语,状
语)进行关系词的再次判断:若先行词在从句中做主语,宾语或定语,则选择关系代
词;
若在从句中做状语,则选择关系副词;
5)
如果先行词前有特殊修饰语或者固定搭配,以及特殊用法,则按部就班;
6) 关系词如果在从句中担
当主语,则根据先行词判断从句的谓语单复数(有时需要根据
从句谓语单复数,进行先行词选择);作宾
语,则需注意先行词同从句谓语动词的搭
配,是否需要相关介词。
Englishisalanguagesharedbyseveraldiversecultur
es,________usesitdifferently.
them
六:定语从句的误区(易犯错误)
1) 混淆定语从句与并列句以及强调句
例:
1. He has two children, and both of _________
are abroad.
A. them B. which C.
whom D. who
2. He has two children, both
of _________ are abroad.
A. them B.
which C. whom D. who
3. He has two
children, both of _________ being abroad.
A.
them B. which C. whom D. who
1. He wrote a lot of novels, many of _________
translated into
foreign languages.
A. it
B. them C. which D. that
2. He
wrote a lot of novels, many of _________ were
translated into
foreign languages.
A. it
B. them C. which D. that
3. He
wrote a lot of novels, and many of _________ were
translated
into foreign languages.
A. it
B. them C. which D. that
判断:
4.
He is such a good teacher as we all respect him.
5. As is known to us all that China is a
developing country.
6)结合上下句语意
Where did
you find the professor who made the speech
yesterday
It was in the hall ______ the
students often have a meeting.
A. where B.
which C. that D. when
2)混淆关
系代词与关系副词:先行词时表示时间地点原因的名词时,不一定就
要用关系副词,此种情况请看下面:
This is the factory where I want to work.
This is the factory that I want to visit.
The reason why he can’t come is that he is
ill.
The reason that he put forth is very
important.
1. This is the room _________I
lived ten years ago.
A. that B. where
C. who D. what
2. This is the room
_________I lived in ten years ago.
A. that
B. where C. who D. what
3. This
is the room _________I bought ten years ago.
A. that B. where C. who D.
what
4. This is the room _________I visited
ten years ago.
A. that B. where C.
who D. what
5. This is the room
_________I was born ten years ago.
A. that
B. where C. who D. what
3)误认为逗号后一定是非限制性定语从句
4)从句谓语动词单复数的误用,以及谓语动词所要搭配介词的误选
七:特殊用法(固定法则)
1) 在way、distance、direction等词后
的定语从句中,常用that来代替“in(或其他介
词)+which”、when或where,而
that常可省略。
例:
That is not the way ______I
do it.
A. B. which C. for which D. with
which
What surprised me was not what he said
but________ he said it. (04
湖北)
A.
the way B. in the way that C. in the way
D. the way
which
2)at
which
point用于引导定语从句,其意为“就在这时”“就在那时”
等,在许多情况下相当于and at
that (this) moment。
例:
The boy is playing
computer game, at which point his mother comes
3) in which case主要用于引导非限制性定语从语,相当于and in that
this case,其意为“如果是那样这样的话”。
例:
I may
have to go into hospital take tutorial class, in
which case I
won’t be going on holiday.
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