定语从句讲解1

定语从句的讲解

一、概念
定语从句也称形容词性从句，在整个句子 中起定语的作用。定语从句通常置于它
所修饰的名词和代词之后，这种名词和代词被称为先行词。
引导定语从句的关联词为关系代词和关系副词。其中，关系代词有who, whom, whose, that,
which等，在从句中可作主语、宾语，定语等；关系副词有when, where, why等词，在定语从
句中只用作状语。

二、关系代词引导的定语从句
（一）定语从句中有关系代词 who whom whose which that as
（二）关系代词的作用;
1.连接主句和从句。
2.代表被修饰的先行词。
3.在定语从句做一个句子成分。

（三）关系代词的用法
:代表的先行词为人或物，在从句中做主语，宾语和表 语。
A plane is a machine that can fly.
He is the man that is good at English.
There are some films( that )I’d like to see.
He isn’t the boy that he used to be.
注意：that引导定语从句时：
1）作宾语时that可省略。
2）That前不可用介词。
如：His dog ( that)I gave him became ill and dead.
The room in which I live is large.
: 代表的先行词为物，在从句中做主语，宾语
The film (which) I saw last night was wonderful.
This is the book (which) I bought yesterday.
Gui lin is a city which has a 200-year history.
注意：1）作宾语时，which可以省略。
2) 做介词的宾语时只用which
The school (thatwhich) he once studied in is very famous.
==The school in which he once studied is very famous.
Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine (thatwhich) you asked fo
r.
==Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine for which you asked.

3）Which 也可以代替前面的一个句子或句中的一部分
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如：He said he was invited ,which was a lie.
Tai Wan is part of china ,which we all know.
; :代表的先行词为人，在从句中做主语和宾语。
Where is the man who was here?
The man who gave the speech is our head master.
That is the man who teaches us English.
He is the man who I spoke to.
: 代表的先行词为人，在从句中做宾语.
Where is the man whom I met this morning ?
The man____________________________(你与之说话的) is a worker.
She married the man (whom )she was engaged to.
Mr. Smith ( whom )________________(你昨天见到的)is a friend of mine.

; 代表的先行词为人或物，在从句中做定语。
I saw the man whose face is red.
This is the window whose glass is broken.
I borrowed a book whose writer is a farmer.
Nobody wants the house __________________________(房顶塌了的)
This is the teacher ___________________________(她的名字已为人所知)
注：指物还可以用of which互换
The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.
==The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.
Do you like the book whose cover is yellow?
==Do you like the book the color of which is yellow?



6.关系代词that和which的区别
(1)只能用that的情况
1)如果先等词被最高级修饰，关系代词常用that,不用which。
This is the best film _____________________(我曾经看过的)
The tallest tree ___________________(我发现的) is this.
2)如果先等词被序数词修饰，关系代词常用that,不用which。
This is the first book____________________(用英语写的)
3)如果先行词是all, much, anything, something, nothing, everything, little, none ，few.等不
定代词，关系代词一般只用that，不用which。例如：
All the people _______________(出席的) burst into tears.
Everything ________________(我们看到的) was interesting
4)如果先行词被all ,little, none，any, the only, few, much, no, some, the very等词修饰，关
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系代词常用that,不用which,
如：I read all the books that you gave to me.
After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owned.

5)如果先等词被the only ,the very , the same ,the last修饰，关系代词常用that,不用which
This is the only book that I really like.
6)先行词有两个，一个指人，一个指物，关系代词应该用that。而不用who, which.
如:
The boy and the dog _______________（在图画里的）are very lovely.
7)who ,which开头的特殊疑问句中，关系代词用that.(避免重复)
Who is the person __________________________________(刚才站在这里的)
Which of us_________________________(懂英语的)doesn’t know this?
8)关系代词作表语时，关系代词用that.
He is not the man that he used to be.
It took us many years to make the city _____________（今天这样的）

(2)只能用which的情况
1） 非限制性定语从句中，指物无论做主语还是宾语，不能 用关系代词that,作宾语用的关
系代词也不能省略。非限制性定语从句就是指不是如：
There are about seven million people taking part in the election, most of whom are well
educated.
Bei jing ,which is china’s capital, is rich in culture.

2) “thosethat +名词”后的定语从句用which引导。不能用关系代词that。
That pen which he took is mine.
A shop should keep those goods which sells well.
3)介词后只用which,whom 不能用that.
This is the room in which he lived.
4) which还有一种特殊用法，它可以引导 从句修饰前面的整个主句，代替主句所表示的整
体概念或部分概念。在这种从句中，which可以作主 语，也可以作宾语或表语， 不用that..
例如：
He succeeded in the competition, which made his parents very happy.
5)先行词是that时，关系代词要用which.
What’s that which flasned in the sky just now?

(3)只用who, whom.而不用that的情况
1)如果先行词是anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody, those, ones等时，
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关系代词应该用 who 或whom，不用 which .that。例如：
Is there anyone here who will go with you?
2)当先行词是指人的集合名词时，如果作这个名词着眼于集体的整体，关系代词用which;
若是 指集体中的各个成员，则用who。
Mr Smith came to visit my family, who were watching TV then.
Our class, which is a very good one, was praised again at the meeting.

三、关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词引导定语从句在从句中 分别表示时间．地点或原因。关系副词when在从句中充
当时间状语，where 充当地点状语，why充当原因状语。
表示时间, 充当时间状语 when=on in of at…+which
I still remember the day when I join the party
注意：
1)关系代词和关系副词都可以引导定语从句，但是它们在句中所作成分不同。
I still remember the day ____we spent together。
May 1 is the day _____ I will never forget
2)当先行词为 by the time ,any time , the way, every time, the first time ,the last time 时，(他
们引导的是时间状语)关系词不用when而用that或者省略
This is the last time that I shall give you a lesson.
The first time I saw him was in 1980
By the time he was 14 he had learned advanced mathematics
但如果time前无修饰语,关系词用that或when 均可
I will never forgt the time when(that) we met for the first time.
3)当先行词为way 时，关系词用in which ,that, 或省略均可。
This is the way that in which 不加 he smiles.

2. where:表示地点。做地点状语 where=inatonduring…+which
Do you knoe the street where he lives?
This is the factory where we worked .
注意：
That is the villiage I was born.
This is the factory ____________we visited
That is the house ________ he lived in..
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The place_______we had been to was far.
The shop that which we saw is beautiful.
表示原因（先行词只有一个 reason），做原因状语。 Why= for which
That is the reason why he was late
注意：在先行词reason后错用关系副词why的情况。
判断下面句子的正误，并说明理由：
Have you asked her for the reason why may explain her absence？ （ ）
Have you asked her for the reason that／which may explain her absence？（ ）

I don’t believe the reason why he has given for his being late （ ）
I don’t believe the reason that／which he has given for his being late． （ ）

四，关系代词／副词引导非限定定语从句
非限定性定语从句：非限定性定语从句的 作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明，通常和主句间用逗号隔开，
将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立 。
引导非限制性定语从句的关系词有：who, whom, whose, which, when 和 where，不可以用that和why。

This note was left by Tom, who was here a moment ago.
As a boy, he was always making things, most of which were electric.


限定与非限定性定语从句的区别
限定性定语从句
与先行词关系密切
不用逗号隔开
可用关系代词that
关系代词在从句中担任宾语时可以省略
非限定性定语从句
与先行词关系不密切
一般用逗号隔开
不可以用关系代词that
关系代词不可以省略

五、定语从句中需要注意的几个问题
1.从句中的主语和谓语一致
1） who, which, that 在从句中作主语时，要注意从句的谓语动词的人称和数须和先行词保持一致。。
The boy who is standing at the door is my son.
Those who have great interest in English will learn it well.
I hate all of the things he represent（Ｔ／Ｆ）

2） 在one of the +复数名词+定语从句” 结构中，复数名词是先行词，关系代词在定语从句中作主语，其
谓语动词用复数形式。
This is one of the best books that have ever been written on the subject.
3） 在“the （only） one of the +复数名词+定语从句”结构中，one 是先行词，关系代词在定语从句
中作主语，其谓语动词用单数。
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This is the only one of the best books that has ever been written on the subject.
Li Lei is one of the students who play the piano beautifully.
Li Lei is the (only) one of the students who plays the piano beautifully.

２ .关系代词和介词
（１） 若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时用whom，不可用who或者that；指物时用which，
不能用that；关系代词是所有格时用whose
1) The man with whom you talked is my friend. (T)
2) The man whothat you talked with is my friend. (F)
3) The plane in which we flew to Canada is very comfortable. (T)
4) The plane in that we flew in to Canada is very comfortable. (F)

（２）介词+关系代词”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few等代词或者数词
1) He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.
2) In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad.
3) There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities.


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