熟练的反义词-forwarding
考无忧论坛 免费注册、无需点数
定 语 从 句
一、基本概念:
在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。如:
Do you know the man who spoke at the meeting
just now?
That is the house where he lived
ten years ago.
定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词;定语从句一般用关系代词或关系副词
来引导,关系词放在先行词与定语从句之间
起连接作用,同时又作从句中的一个成帧?
引导定语从句的关系代词有:that, who, whom, whose, which;
关系副词有:when, where, why.
二、关系词的用法:
(一)关系代词的用法:
1. 作主语用who, which和that, 如:
He is the man whothat lives next door.
The train whichthat has just left is for
Shenzhen.
2. 作宾语用whom, who, which, that, 如:
The man (whomwhothat) we have just seen is a
famous writer.
Where is the book (whichthat)
I bought last week?
注:在非正式文体中,用于指人的关系代词who
whom, that 通常可以省略,但在正式文体中通常用whom,
不可
省略;用于指物的关系代词which和that
在非正式文体中也通常省略,但在正式文体中一般不省略。
3. 作定语用whose, 如:
(a) He is the man whose car was stolen last
week.
(b) It was a meeting whose importance I
did not realize at that time.
注:“whose
+名词中心词”这一结构在定语从句中既能作主语(如上a句),又能作宾语(如上b句)。whose
的
先行词常用来指人,但有时也可以用来指具体事物或抽象概念,这时可以与of which
结构互换,词序是:“名词
+of which”,如:
They came to a
house whose back wall had broken down.. (= the
back wall of which)
He’s written a book the
name of which I’ve completely forgotten. (= whose
name)
4. 作表语只用that ,它既可以指人,也可以指物,但时常省略。如:
He is no longer the man that he used to be.
This is no longer the dirty place (that) it
used to be.
(二)关系副词的用法:
1.when
指时间,在从句中作时间状语,它的先行词通常有:time, day, morning, night,
week, year 等。如:
I still remember the time
when I first became a college student.
Do you
know the date when Lincoln was born?
注:when时常可以省略,特别是在某些句型和某些时间状语中。如:
Each
time he came, he did his best to help us.
But
help never stopped coming from the day she fell
ill.
考无忧论坛 免费注册、无需点数
考无忧论坛
免费注册、无需点数
2.where指地点,在从句中作地点状语。它的先行词通常有:place,
spot, street, house, room,
city, town,
country等,如:
This is the hotel where they are
staying.
I forget the house where the Smiths
lived.
注:where有时也可以省略。如:
This is the
place (where) we met yesterday.
3.
why指原因或理由,它的先行词只有reason。如:
That is the reason
why he is leaving so soon.
注:why时常也可以省略。如:
That is the real reason he did it.
(三)
使用关系副词应注意下列几点:
1.
这三个关系副词在意义上都相当于一定的介词+which结构:
when = on (in,
at, during…) + which;
where = in (at, on…) +
which;
why = for which. 如:
I was in
Beijing on the day when (=on which) he arrived.
The office where (=in which) he works is on
the third floor.
This is the chief reason why
(=for which) we did it.
2. 当先行词是表时间的time,
day等和表地点的place, house等时,一定要注意分析从句的结构,如果缺少主语
或宾语
时,关系词应该用which或that,
缺少时间状语或地点状语时,才能用when或where,试比较:
I’ll never
forget the day when my hometown was liberated.
I’ll never forget the days whichthat we spent
together last summer.
His father works in a
factory where radio parts are made.
His
father works in a factory whichthat makes radio
parts.
3.
when和where既可以引导限制性定语从句,也可以引导非限制性定语从句。而why 只
能引导限制性定语从句。
三.限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句
1.限制性
定语从句说明先行词的情况,对先行词起限定作用,与先行词关系十分密切,不可用逗号隔开,也不
可省
略,否则全句意义就不完整。如:
This is the telegram which he
refers to.
Is there anything (that) I can do
for you?
2.非限制性定语从句只是对先行词作补充说明,没有限定作用,它与先行词的关
系比较松散,因而不是关键性
的,如果省略,原句的意义仍然完整。这种从句在朗读时要有停顿,在文字
中通常用逗号与主句隔开。如:
This note was left by Tom, who
was here a moment ago.
As a boy, he was
always making things, most of which were electric.
引导非限制性定语从句的关系词有:who, whom, whose, which, when
和 where,不可以用that和why。
另外,非限制性定语从句从意义上讲,相当于一个并
列句,在口语中使用并不普遍,在日常生活中,人们通常用
考无忧论坛 免费注册、无需点数
考无忧论坛 免费注册、无需点数
并列句或简单句来表达。如:
I told the story to John, who later did it to
his brother.
= I told the story to John, and
he later told it to his brother.
Yesterday I
happened to see John, who was eager to have a talk
with you.
= Yesterday I happened to see John
and he was eager to have a talk with you.
3.两种定语从句的内涵不同,限制性定语从句具有涉他性,而非限制性定语从句具有
唯一性,这在理解和翻译
时应特别注意。试比较:
All the books
there, which have beautiful pictures in them, were
written by him.
All the books there that have
beautiful pictures in them were written by him.
His brother, who is eighteen years old, is a
PLA man. (只有一个)
His brother who is a PLA man
is eighteen years old. (不止一个)
4.有时,非限制性定语从句所修
饰的不是某一个词,而是整个主句或是主句中的一个部分,这时一般采用which
或as来引导。如:
He passed the exam, whichas he hoped he would.
注:(1)as引导的从句可以放在主句之前,而which引导的从句只能放在主句之后。
They are hollow, which makes them very light.
As is known to all, Taiwan is a part of China.
(2)从意义上讲,which指前面主句的内容;而as指代的是作为一般人都知道的常
识性的东西,因此常译成“就象… …那样”。
(3)如果定语从句的内容对主句的内容起消极作用,则用which,而不用as,如:
She stole her friend’s money, which was
disgraceful.
He tore up my photo, which upset
me.
5.在正式文体中,以the way为先行词的限制性定语从句通常以in which或
that 引导,如:
The way in which you answered the
questions was admirable.
但在非正式文体中,人们通常省略in
which或 that :
The way (in which) he spoke to
us was suspicious.
I don’t like the way
(that) you laugh at her.
四.关系词的选择
1.
在非限制性定语从句中,关系代词作主语,只能用who 指人,which指物;关系代词做宾语,常用who
m
(口语中有时用who)指人,which指物,它们都不能用that代替。
2. 关
系代词作介词宾语,不论是在限制性定语从句中,还是在非限制性定语从句中,当介词前置时,只能用
w
hom指人,which指物;但如果介词后置,则不受这种限制,关系代词还可以省去,特别是在口语中。如:
Do you know the boy to whom she was talking?
Do you know the boy (that) she was talking to?
The pencil (whichthat) he was writing with
suddenly broke.
3. 在限制性定语从句中,当先行词指物时,关系词可用whi
ch或that,二者常可以互换;但在下列情况中,
只能用that,不用which:
考无忧论坛 免费注册、无需点数
考无忧论坛 免费注册、无需点数
(1) 当先行词是all, a lot, (a) little, few, much,
none, anything, something, everything,
nothing等词时。如:
All that can be done has been
done.
In this factory I saw little much that
was different from ours.
(2) 当先行词被all, any
no, much, little, few, every等限定词所修饰时。如:
We
heard clearly every word that he said.
(3)
当先行词是序数词或被序数词所修饰时。如:
The first thing that
should be done is to get the tickets.
When
people talk about Hangzhou, the first that comes
to mind is the West Lake.
(4)
当先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级所修饰,以及先行词被序数词和形容
词最高级同时修饰时,如:
Is that the best that you
can do?
That’s the most expensive hotel that
we’ve ever stayed in.
This novel is the
second best one that I have ever read.
(5)
当先行词被 the very, the only, the next, the
last等所修饰时。如:
This is the very book that I
want to find.
(6) 当先行词为指人和指物的两个并列名词词组时。如:
The guests spoke highly of the children and
their performances that they saw at the Children’s
Palace.
She described in her compositions the
people and places that impressed her most.
(7) 当主句是以which开头的特殊疑问句时。如:
Which is the
car that killed the boy?
4.
在定语从句中,当先行词指人时,关系词可用who(m)或that,二者常可互换。
但在下列情况中,用who(m),而不用that:
(1) 当先行词是one,
ones, any, few, anyone, anybody, someone,
somebody, everyone,
everybody等词时。如:
Is
there anyone who can answer this question?
He
was among the few who managed to live through the
enemy prison camp.
注:在非正式文体中可以说:You’re the
one that knows where to go.)
(2) 当先行词是he,
they, those, people, person等词时。如:
He who
wants to catch fish just not mind getting wet.
Those who are against the proposal put up your
hands.
注:在固定结构的谚语或习语中,可用he that…。如:
He
that promises too much means nothing.
(3)
当先行词有较长的后置定语修饰时。如:
Do you know the writer in
blue with thick glasses who is speaking at the
meeting?
(4)
在分隔式定语从句中,若先行词指人,为了明确修饰关系,应当用who(m)。如:
A new
master will came tomorrow who will teach you
German.
There’s only one student in the
school whowhom I wanted to see.
考无忧论坛
免费注册、无需点数
考无忧论坛 免费注册、无需点数
I was
the only person in my office who was invited.
(5) 两个定语从句同时修饰一个指人的先行词,第二个定语从句常用who(m)来引导,如:
She is the only girl I know who can play the
guitar.
5. 在定语从句中,当先行词指人时,在下列情况中,一般用关系词that:
(1) 当主句是以who或which开头的特殊疑问句时。如:
Who is the
man that is reading the newspaper over there?
Which of us that knows anything does not know
this?
(2) 当先行词被形容词最高级或序数词所修饰时。如:
He is
the greatest man that has ever lived.
(3)
当先行词被the only, the very, the last等词所修饰时。如:
She is the only person that understands me.
6. 当先行词被the
same所修饰时,关系词既可以用as,也可以用that。在表示具体事物
时,有时两者有一定的区别。一般说来,表示同一种类多用as,表示同一事物多用that。
如:
This is the same instrument that I
used yesterday. 这就是我昨天用过的那台仪器。
This is the
same instrument as I used yesterday.
这台仪器跟我昨天用过的那台一样。
在抽象概念上,同种类和同一事物是没有绝对区别的,所以两个词可换用:
I have
the same opinion as that you have.
这里要注意的是:
(1) 使用as时,它引导的定语从句中的动词可以省略,但使用that时,定语从句中
的动词不可省略。如:
Women received the same pay as
men.
Women received the same pay that men
received.
(2) 在“the same…that”结构中,that只是用来加强语
气,强调“相同”。that可以省去而不改变句子原意,甚至连名
词前的same也可以省去。如:
This is the same instrument that I used
yesterday.
= This is the same instrument I
used yesterday.
= This is the instrument I
used yesterday.
但在“the
same…as”结构中,same和as都不能省略。
(3) 当“the
same…that”结构中的that作为关系副词用时,不可以直接与as互换。
如:
He lives in the same building that I live.
= He lives in the same building as that I
live in.
Shall we meet at the same place that
we last met?
= Shall we meet at the same
place that as we last met at?
7. 当先行词前有such,
so, as时,关系词应当用as。如:
A wise man seldom talks
about such things as he doesn’t understand.
考无忧论坛 免费注册、无需点数
考无忧论坛 免费注册、无需点数
He spoke in such easy English as everybody
could understand.
At this time of the day,
all buses and trolleys have to carry as many
passengers as they can.
It is so easy a book
as every schoolboy can read.
Let’s discuss
such things as we can talk of freely.
定语从句专项练习题及详解50题
place _______interested
me most was the Children's Palace.
A. Which B.
where C. what D. in which
you know the man
_______?
A. whom I spoke B. to who spoke C. I
spoke to D. that I spoke
is the hotel
_______last month.
A. which they stayed B. at
that they stayed
C. where they stayed at D.
where they stayed
you know the year ______the
Chinese Communist Party was founded?
A. which
B. that C. when D. on which
is the day
______I'll never forget.
A. which B. on which
C. in which D. when
factory ______we'll visit
next week is not far from here.
A. where B. to
which C. which D. in which
changes have taken
place since then in the factory _______we are
working.
A. where B. that C. which D. there
is one of the best films _______.
A. that
have been shown this year B. that have shown
C. that has been shown this year D. that you
talked
you lend me the book ______the other
day?
A. about which you talked B. which you
talked
C. about that you talked D. that you
talked
pen ______he is writing is mine.
A. with which B. in which C. on which D. by
which
arrived at a farmhouse, in front of
______sat a small boy.
A. whom B. who C. which
D. that
engineer ______my father works is
about 50 years old.
A. to whom B. on whom C.
with which D. with whom
there anyone in your
class ______family is in the country?
A. who
B. who's C. which D. whose
14.I'm interested
in ______you have said.
A. all that B. all
what C. that D. which
考无忧论坛 免费注册、无需点数
考无忧论坛 免费注册、无需点数
15.I want to use
the same dictionary ______was used yesterday.
A. which B. who C. what D. as
isn't such
a man ______he used to be.
A. who B. whom C.
that D. as
is good at English, ______we all
know.
A. that B. as C. whom D. what
A. I
went with B. with whom I went C. with who I went
D.I went with him
19.I don't like ______ as
you read.
A. the novels B. the such novels C.
such novels D. same novels
talked a lot about
things and persons ________they remembered in the
school.
A. which B. that C. whom D. what
letter is from my sister, ______is working in
Beijing.
A. which B. that C. whom D. who
our factory there are 2,000 workers, two thirds of
____are women.
A. them B. which C. whom D. who
're the only person ______I've ever met
______could do it.
A. who; B.; whom C. whom;
D.; who
24.I lost a book, ______I can't
remember now.
A. whose title B. its title C.
the title of it D. the title of that
summer
we visited the West Lake, ______Hangzhou is famous
in the world.
A. for which B. for that C. in
which D. what
26.I have bought such a watch
_______ was advertised on TV.
A. that B. which
C. as D. it
27.I can never forget the day
_______ we worked together and the day ______ we
spent together.
A. when; which B. which; when
C. what; that D. on which; when
way ______he
looks at problems is wrong.
A. which B. whose
C. what D.
is the reason ______he didn't come
to the meeting.
A. in which B. with which C.
that D. for which
machine, ______for many
years, is still working perfectly.
A. after
which I have looked B. which I have looked after
C. that I have looked after D. I have looked
after
reason ______he didn't come was
______he was ill.
A. why; that why C. for
that;that which;what
is working hard,
______will make him pass the final exam.
which
is not the way ______I do it.
考无忧论坛 免费注册、无需点数
考无忧论坛 免费注册、无需点数
A. which which
34.I have two grammars,
______are of great use.
A. all of which B.
either of which C. both of that D. both of which
35.I want to use the same tools _______used in
your factory a few days ago.
A. as was B.
which was C. as were D. which
neigh bours
used to give me a hand in time of trouble, _______
was very kind of them.
A. who B. which C. that
D. it
is the magazine _______ I copied the
paragraph.
A. that B. which C. from that D.
from which
is not such a man _______ would
leave his work half done.
A. that B. which C.
who D. as
39. You can depend on whatever
promise _______ he makes.
A. B. why C. when
D. whose
40. Smoking, _______ is a bad habit,
is, however, popular.
A. that B. which C. it
D. though
41. --- Did you ask the guard
_______ happened?
--- Yes, he told me all
_______ he knew.
A. what; that B. what; what
C. which; which D. that; that
42. I shall
never forget those years _______ I lived on the
farm with
the farmers, _______ has a great
effect on my life.
A. when; who B. that; which
C. which; that D. when; which
43. The number
of the people who _______ cars _______ increasing.
A. owns; are B. owns; is C. own; is D. own;
are
44. During the days ________, he worked
as a servant at the Browns.
A. followed B.
following C. to follow D. that followed
45.
Is oxygen the only gas _______ helps fire burn?
A. that B. C. which D. it
46. The clever
boy made a hole in the wall, _______ he could see
_____ was going on inside house.
A. which;
what B. through which; what C. through that; what
D. what; that
47. Is _______ some German
friends visited last week?
A. this school B.
this the school C. this school one D. this school
where
48. John got beaten in the game,
_______ had been expected.
A. as B. that C.
what D. who
49. I have bought two ballpens,
_______ writes well.
A. none of them B.
neither of them C. neither of which D. none of
which
50. All that can be eaten _______ eaten
up.
A. are being B. has been C. had been D.
have been
考无忧论坛 免费注册、无需点数
考无忧论坛
免费注册、无需点数
参考答案及解析
1.
ACDCA. CAAAA CDDAD D BBCB DCD A A
CADDB ABADC BDDAB
ADCDA BBACB
考无忧论坛 免费注册、无需点数
倏怎么读-华盛顿英文
鼓胀-笼盖的拼音
仲弓-锤击
pulled-醋酸强的松龙
飞机场是什么意思女-绿色英语
应当的近义词是什么呢-市侩
慰藉的近义词是什么-简爱读后感200字
老艾-严峻的近义词
-
上一篇:初中英语定语从句讲解
下一篇:定语从句详解+例句(精品)