batch是什么意思-初中物理公式大全
从句
从句按其在复合句中的作用,分为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、定语从句和状
语从句等。(参见以
下各条)
3、各从句在句子中的位置以及用法:
(1)
表语从句:在句子中作连系动词的表语的从句,它位于主句中的系动词之后。
例如:
That is why he did not come to school
yesterday. It is because you are so clever
.
(2) 宾语从句:在句子中作及物动词或介词的宾语。
①基本形式:(主句+)连词+从句主语+从句谓语+...
②
关于宾语从句连词的选择:
若从句来源于一个陈述句,那么,连词用
that
,在口
语中
that
可以省略;
若从句来源于一个一般疑问句,连词则用
if
或
whether
;
若从句来源于一个特殊疑问句,则连词就是疑问词(如
what
,
w
ho
,
where
,
when
等)
例如:
They believe that the computer will
finally take the place of human
beings.
(他
们相信计算机终将代替人类。) (从句本来就是陈述句)
I
wonder whether I should say
something for him
to the headmaster.
(我不知道是不是该为他在校长跟前说点什么。)
(从
句来源于一般问句
Shall I say something for him to
the headmaster?
)
He asked me where
he
could get such medicine
. (他问我在哪儿能搞到那样的药。)
(从句来源于特殊问句
Where
can he get such
medicine?
)
③
宾语从句的时态问题:如果主句是现在时,从句则用现在某一时态,甚至可以用过去时;
如主句是过去时,从句则相应地使用过去某一时态,遇到客观真理时仍然用现在时。如:
I
think
I will do better in English this
term.
(我想本学期我的英语会学得好点。)
The teacher
asked the boy if the earth is round.
(老师问那个男孩地球是不是圆的。)
④ 下列结构后面的从句一般也作为宾语从句看待:
be sorry afraid sure glad
+that
从句,如:
I’m sorry I’m late.
(对不起,我迟到
了。)
I’m afraid he isn’t in at
the moment.
(恐怕他此刻不在家。)
(3) 状语从句:在复合句中作状语,
其位置可以在主句前或主句后。状语从句可以分为时间、地点、原
因、目的、结果、比较、让步、条件等
几种。状语从句由从属连接词引导。
时间状语从句通常由
when ,as ,while,
after, before, since, as soon as ,since, till
(until),
while, whenever
等引导。时间状语从句一般放在句首或
句尾,特别注意,时间状语从句不允许
使用将来时,而应该用现在时替代。如:
When
you finish the work, you may go out to play
with Sam.
(你完成工作就可以出去和Jim一起玩了。)
I won’t leave until Mum comes back
.
(妈妈回来了我才会走。)
地点状语从句通常由
where,
wherever
等引导。如:
Go back where you came
from
! (哪里来还滚
到哪里去!)
I will never
forget to catch the thief who stole my
necklace
wherever
he may be.
(我永远也不会忘记去抓住那个偷我项链的贼,无论他会在哪里。)
原因状语从句通常由
because, since,
as
等引导,一般放在句首或句尾。如:
He went abroad
because
his father had found a good
university for him
. (他出国了,因为他父亲给他找了一所好
大学。)
目的状语从句通常由
so that..., so...hat..., in order
that...
等引导,往往放在句尾,从句中
通常含有
can could
may might
等情态动词。如:
He got up earlier so
that he could
catch the first train.
(他起身更早为的是赶上第一班车。)
结果状语从句通常由
so that...,
so...that...
等引导,放在句尾。结果状语从句一般表示已经
发生的事情,故多
为过去时态。如:
He lost so many bikes
that he
decided never to buy a
new one.
(他丢了那么多辆自行车,他决定再也不买新车了。)
比较状语从句通常由
as,
than, as (so)...as
等引导,一般省略从句的谓语部分,只剩下名词或代
词
(用主格或宾格均可)。如:
Jane is much taller
than
Ime
. (Jane比我高多了。)
I don’
t have as
many books as you (do)
. (我书没有你多)
让步状语从句通常由
though (although), as, even if(
even though), however,
whatever
等引
导。如:
Even if you pay the
debt
(债务)
for me, I will not thank you
because it has
nothing to do with me.
(即使你替我还了债我也不会感谢你,因为它与我毫无关系。)
He
wears a
T-shirt though it is very cold
.
(他穿了一件T恤衫,尽管天很冷。)
条件状语从句通常由
if, unless, as
long as
等引导,条件状语从句一般放在句首或句尾,特别注
意,时间状语从句不允许使
用将来时,而应该用现在时替代。
You will certainly fail in the
coming final exams
unless you work
much harder
. (即将来到的期末考试你肯定考不及格,
除非你更用功。)
If it doesn’ t rain tomorrow
,
we shall
go hiking
. (如果明天不下
雨我们就要去徒步旅行。)
[注意] 1、
because
与
so
;
(al)though
与
but
;
if
与
so
不可以同在一个句子中成对出现。
2、时间、条件、原因,让步状语从句放在句首时需要用逗号与主句隔开。
(4)
定语从句:在复合句中作定语用修饰句子中某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。
①
定语从句的位置:放在名词或代词的后面。如:
The man who has an
umbrella in his hand is
my uncle
.
(
手上抓了一把雨伞的
人是我的叔叔。)
② 语法术语的改变:被修
饰的名词或代词称为先行词;引导定语从句的连接词称为关系词,其中
that、which、who<
br>称为关系代词,
where、when、how
称为关系副词。
③
关系代词或关系副词的作用:
关系代词
who、whom
和
whose<
br>指人,分别在从句中作主语、宾语和定语。
which
指物
that
多
指物,
有时也指人,它们在从句中可以作主语或宾语。定语从句中关系代词作从句宾语时可以省略。<
br>This is the thief (thatwhowhom) we have been
looking for these days.
(这个就是我
们近日一直在找的小偷。)
Please find a room
which is big enough for all of us to live
in
. (请找一间足够大能住下我们全体的房间。)
关系副词
when<
br>或
where
引导定语从句时,它们在从句中分别作时间状语和地点状语。如:
This is
the room where they had a quarrel a
week ago.
(这是一个星期前他们吵架的房间。)
I
can
never forget the day when I first saw you
.
(我永远不会忘记第一次见到你的日子。)
④ 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。限制性定
语从句在句中不能省略,否则主句意思就不完
整。非限制性定语从句和主句之间往往用逗号分开,这种从
句是一种附加说明,如果从句子中省
去,也不致于影响主句的意思。如:
She spent
the whole evening talking about her latest
book, which none of us had heard of.
(她一个晚上都在谈论她最近的书,我们一个人都没
有听说过那本书。)
[注解]
1、关系代词只能用
that
的情况:当先行词是指事物的不定代词(
all
,
anything
等),或先行词部分
含有最高级,或含有序数词时,不
能用其他的关系代词,只能用that. 如:
All that Lily told me
seems untrue.
(Lily告诉我的话似乎不真实。)
Can
you give me anything that has no sugar
inside?
(能不能给我点里面没有糖的东西?)
This is the
first two-story bus that runs
in our city
.
(这是第一辆运行于我市的双层公交车。)
2、关系代词在从句中作主语时一般用
who
(指人)、
that
(指物),而不用
that
指人或用
w
hich
指物。
如:
Do you know the woman who is
weeping in the corner?
(你认识那个在角落里哭泣的女
人吗?)
Do not tell me any
words that have nothing to do with me
.
(跟我无关的话,
请一个字也不要说。)
3、关系代词作从句的宾语时,常用
whi
ch
或
whom
,较少使用
that
或
who
,而
且,关系代词常常省略。
如:
Tom’s father was the first
parent whom our teacher talked to
.
(Tom的父亲是我
们老师第一个谈话的人。)
4、当关系代词紧跟在介词后面时,必须用
which
或
whom
,而当介词移到句尾时,则又可以使用
tha
t
或
who
. 如:
This is the room in which
Miss Li once lived. (= This is the room Miss
Li once lived in.)
(这是李小姐曾经居住过的房间。)
(5) 主语从句:在句子中充当句子主语的从句叫主语从句。位于谓语动词之前。通常由
th
at,whether
以及疑问连词引导。一般情况下,常用it替代主语从句,而将主语从句移到句尾
。如:
When we
should start
is still a
question
. (我们该在什么时候开始还是个问题呢。)
十五、直接引语和间接引语(初中不作特别要求)
1、直接引语和间接引语:在陈述句中,直
接引用说话人原来的语句,称为直接引语。在书写时,直接引语用引
号。用自己的词语来转述表达原来说
话人说的内容,称为间接引语。
2、直接引语改变为间接引语:
1、直接引语如果是陈述句,变为间接引语时应注意以下各点:
①不用引号,而用连接词
that
,但有时可省略。
②人称作相应变化;
③主句里的动词如果是过去时,间接引语中的时态一般应作相应改变: 一般现在时变一般过去时;一<
br>般将来时变过去将来时;现在进行时变过去进行时;现在完成时变成过去完成时;一般过去时变成
过去完成时;但一般过去时如与一个具体的过去时间连用,则时态不变。
如:
He
says,”
→
He says that he is not from the
USA.
Mr Smith said to his girl friend,“ I
haven’ t seen you for a long time.”
→
Mr
Smith said to his girl friend that he had not seen
her for a long time.
2、直接引语如果是一般疑问句,变为间接引语
时,需用从属连接词
whether
或
if
引导,词序要改变。如:
Lin Tao said to Miss Green, ”
→
Lin Tao
asked Miss Green if it was
made in China.
3、直接引语如果是特殊疑问句,变为间接引语时,需用疑问词引导,词序是:连词+主语+谓语。
如:
Lucy said to me, “How can I
help?”
→
Lucy asked me how she could
help
.
4、直接引语如是祈使句,变间接引语时,须将祈使句变为动词不定式,并在动词
不定式前用
tell, ask,
order
. 如:
He said
to the little boy,“ Come here, young man! ”
→
He asked the little boy to go there.
5、直接引语变为间接引语时,指示代词以及表示时间和地点的词或词组应作相应变化:
在直接引语中 在间接引语中
this
these
now
ago
today
that
those
then
before
that
day
that week ( month,etc.)
以儆效尤的意思-擅长的意思
霭-污染的英文
独立主格结构-哈工大研究生分数线
爽约的意思-冗余度
万不得已什么意思-化学符号
啰怎么读-bryant三角
六庚日-涒
歌声的拼音-台的成语
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