卡其嘛韩语什么意思-迎合
初中被动语态语法讲解
(一) 语 态 分 类
英语动词有两种
语态.,主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行
者,被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。
如:
They will build a new bridge over the
river. (主动)
A new bridge will be built over
the river. (被动)
汉语中常用“被”、“给”、“由”、“受”等词用来表示被动,而英语用:
助动词be +
及物动词的过去分词构成。
(二) 被动语态的时态、人称和数的变化
主要体现在be的变化上,其形式与系动词be的变化形式完全
一样。以 give 为例,列表如下:
一般现在时:am is are + done
一般过去时:was were +
done
一般将来时:shall will + be done
一般过去将来时:should would + be done
现在进行时:am
is are + being + done
过去进行时:was were + being
+ done
现在完成时:have has + been + done
过去完成时:had + been + done
将来完成时:shall will
+ have been + done
过去将来完成时:should would +
have been + done
[注]被动语态没有将来进行时和过去将来进行时。
(三)常见的八种时态中的被动语态
1. 一般现在时:
(1)People
grow rice in the south of the country.
Rice is grown in the south of the country.
2. 一般过去时:
(1)They agreed on the building
of a new car factory last m
onth.
The
building of a new car factory was agreed on last
month.
3. 一般将来时:
(1)They will send cars
abroad by sea.
Cars will be sent abroad by
sea.
4. 过去将来时:
(1)The manager said they
would complete the project by the
end of the
year.
The manager said the project would be
completed by the end
of the year.
5.
现在进行时:
(1)The radio is broadcasting English
lessons.
English lessons are being broadcasted
on the radio.
6. 过去进行时:
(1)The workers
were mending the road.
The road was being
mended.
7. 现在完成时:
(1)Someone has told me
the sports meeting might be put off.
I have
been told the sports meeting might be put off.
8. 过去完成时:
(1)When I got to the theatre, I
found they had already sol
d out the tickets.
When I got to the theatre, I found
the tickets had already
been sold out.
(四) 含有情态动词的被动语态:
含有情态动词的被动语态是由“情态动词+ be+
及物动词的过去
分词”构成。
(1)You must hand in your
compositions after class.
Your compositions
must be handed in after class.
(五) 被 动 语 态 的
使 用
1.当不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者时,常用被动语态,这时往往不用
by
短语。
“Mr. White, the cup was broken after
class. ”
2.突出或强调动作的承受者,如果需要说出动作的执行者,用by 短语。
These records were made by John Denver.
The cup was broken by Paul.
3.当汉语句子的主语既不是动作的执行者,也不是动作的承受者时,这时常用
in +
名词作状语,而代替 by 短语。
These cars were made in
China.
(六)主动语态变被动语态的方法
(1) My aunt
invited me to her dinner party.
主语 谓语
宾语
→ I was invited (by my aunt ) to her
dinner par
ty.
主语 谓语 宾语
(2)
The school set up a special class to help poor
reade
rs.
→ A special class
to help poor readers was set up in
the school.
1.把主动语态的宾语变成被动语态的主语。
2.把主动语态的谓语变成被动语态的be +
过去分词,时态要与原句保持一
致。
3.把主动语态的主语变为介词by
的宾语,放在被动语态里谓语动词之后,
by
短语可以省略。如果原句主语是地点名词,在被动语态中用in + 地点名
词作状语。
(七)语态转换时所注意的问题
1. 把主动语态变为被动语态时,其谓语动词的时态要与原
句时态保持一致,其
谓语动词的数要与新主语保持一致。
We have
bought a new computer.
A new computer has been
bought. (正确)
A new computer have been bought.
(错误)
2. 含有双宾语的主动句变被动句时,可分别将其中的一个宾语变为主语,另一
个
不动,一般变间接宾语为主语时比较多。
My uncle gave me a
present on my birthday.
I was given a present
on my birthday.
如果把直接宾语(指物)改为主语,则在间接宾语(指人)前加适当的介
词,如上句还可以说:
A present was given to me yesterday.
注意:1.一般在下列动词后,常在间接宾语前用介词 to,如:
bring, give, hand, lend, offer, pass, pay,
promise
, sell, show, take, teach, tell 等。
(1) The book was showed to the class.
(2) My bike was lent to her.
2.一般在下列动词后,间接宾语前用介词 for, 如:
build, buy,
cook, cut, choose, do, fetch, find, fix, get
,
keep, make, order, paint, play, sing 等。
(1) A
new skirt was made for me.
(2) The meat was
cooked for us.
(3) Some country music was
played for us.
3. 由动词+ 介词或副词构成的短语动词,
要把它们作为整体看,即把它们看
成一个及物动词,介词或副词不可拆开或漏掉。这类动词有:
不及物动词+ 介词,
如: agree to, ask for, laugh at,
operated on, listen to, l
ook after, think of,
talk about 等。
The patient is being operated
on.
The problem is solved. It needn't be
talked about.
及物动词+ 副词:如:
bring about,
carry out, find out, give up, hand in, make
o
ut, pass on, point out, put away, put off,
think over, tur
n down, work out, turn out 等。
His request was turned down.
The sports
meet will be put off because of the bad weather
4. 带复合宾语(宾语+ 宾补)的动词改为被动语态时,一般把主动结构中的宾
语改为主语
,而宾语补足语保留在谓语动词后面。如:
(1) We always keep the
classroom clean.
→The classroom is always kept
clean.
(2) She told us to follow her
instructions.
→We were told to follow her
instructions.
注意:在
see, watch, hear,
notice, listen to, look at, make,
feel等
动词后作宾语补足语的动词不定式都不带 to,但改成被动语态后都带to,这
时
不定式为主语补足语,也就是说不定式作主语补足语不存在省略to 的问题。
We
often hear him play the guitar.
→He is often
heard to play the guitar.
5. 当主动句的主语是nobody,
no one等含有否定意义的不定代词时,被动
句中将其变为anybody,
作by的宾语,并将谓语动词变为否定的被动语态。如:
Nobody can
answer this question.
误:The question can be
answered by nobody.
正:The question can not be
answered by anybody.
6. 当否定句中的宾语是anything,
anybody, anyone等不定代词时,在被动
句中应将其分别变为nothing,
nobody, no one作主语,并将谓语动词变为
肯定的被动语态。如:
They haven't done anything to make the river
cl
ean.
误:Anything hasn't been done to make
the river clean.
正:Nothing has been done to
make the river clean.
7.
以who为主语开头的疑问句,变被动时,用by whom放在句首:
Who wrote the story?
误:Who was the story
written?
正:By whom was the story written?
8. 有些动词既是及物又是不及物,当它们和well, badly, easily等副词连用时,表示主语内在品质或性能,是不及物动词,用主动表示被动,这时不用被
动语态,常见的有:
write, read, clean, sell, wash, cook 等。如:
(1)The cloth washes easily. 这布很好洗。
(2)The new
product sells well. 这新产品很畅销。
对比:
The
books sell well. (主动句)
The books were sold
out. (被动句)
The meat didn’t cook well. (主动句)
The meat was cooked for a long time. (被动句)
9. 下列情况主动句不能改为被动句:
第一,感官系动词一般用主动形式表示被动意义,如:feel,
look, seem,
taste, sound, remain等。
第二,谓语是及物动词
leave,
enter, reach, suit, have, benefit, lack, own等。如:
He entered the room and got his book.
误:The room was entered and his book was got.
She had her hand burned.
误:Her hand was
had burned.
第三,一些不及物动词短语没有被动语态,如:
take
place, break out, belong to, lose heart, consist
of, a
dd up to等。如:
The fire broke out in
the capital building.
误:The fire was broke out
in the capital building.
第四,不及物动词没有被动语态,如:rise, happen, succeed,
remain, lie
等。
When we got to the top of
the mountain, the sun had a
lready risen.
误:The sun had already been risen.
After
the earthquake, few houses remained.
误:After
the earthquake, few houses were remained.
第五,宾
语是反身代词,相互代词,同源宾语,不定式,v-ing形式及抽象名词
等,不能变为被动句子的主语
,如:
I taught myself English.
误:Myself
was taught English.
We love each other.
误:Each other is loved.
10.
在汉语中,有一类句子不出现主语,在英语中一般可用被动结构来表示,
例如:
据说…… It is said that …
据报导…… It is reported that …
据推测…… It
is supposed that …
希望…… It is
hoped that …
众所周知…… It is well known
that …
普遍认为…… It is generally considered
that …
有人建议…… It is suggested that …
1) It is reported that it is going to rain
tomorrow.
2) It is well known that Thomas
Edison invented the electri
c lamp.
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