英语被动语态详解

一、语态概述
英语的语态是通过动词形式的变化表现出来的。英语中有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。
主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。巧记为：主动、主动、主去动。如：Many people speak English. 谓
语：speak的动作是由主语many people来执行的。
被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，即行为动作的对象。巧记为：被动、被动、主被动。所谓“被动语态 ”，
相当于中文中常说的“被……”、“由……”的句式，如：“他的自行车被偷了。”，“这座楼房是 由他们建造的。”
再如：English is spoken by many people. 主语English是动词speak的承受者。
判断：看下面的两个例句，你来判断哪个是主动哪个是被动？
He opened the door.他开了门。 （____________）
The door was opened.门被开了。 （____________）
二、被动语态的构成
被动特点强调宾（语），用be加上过去分（词）。行为对象作主语，逻辑主语by来引。
1. English is ___________（speak）in Canada.
2. The blouse is ___________（make）of silk.
3. English is ___________（speak）by many people.
谁做的动作不知道，说出谁做的没必要。动作承受者需强调，用被动语态莫忘了。
1. Some stamps were ___________（steal）last week.
2. The PRC was ___________（found）on October 1, 1949.
3. Football is ___________（play）in most middle schools.
被动语态须留意，P.P前面助动be. be + P.P
am（is,are）现在时，am（is,are）+P.P
was和were表过去。was（were）+P.P
完成have（has）been。have（has）been+P.P
将来，情态，be原形。will（can,may,must）be+P.P
进行时态两个be，前表时态后加ing。am（is,are）+being+P.P
被动 语态由“助动词be＋及物动词的过去分词”构成。人称、数和时态的变化是通过be的变化表现出来的。 说明：别看英语中一会儿主动被动一会儿现在时一会儿过去时啥的，好像看得咱们眼花缭乱啦。其实呢，这么一堆东西归纳起来，就两点：时态和语态。
歌诀：被动语态be字变，过去分词跟后面。 < br>说明：那么，什么时候用被动语态呢？简单的说，凡是汉语中带“被”的句子，都能转换成英语的被动语态 。
几种常用时态的被动语态——

1.一般现在时： amisare+过去分词
肯定句：Bikes are ___________（sell）in that shop.
否定句：Bikes are not sold in that shop.
疑问句：Are bikes sold in that shop? Yes, they are. No, they aren't.
2.一般过去时： waswere+过去分词
肯定句：China was ___________（liberate）in 1949.
否定句：China was not liberated in 1949.
疑问句：Was China liberated in 1949? Yes, it was. No, it wasn't.
3.一般将来时： shallwillbe going to + be+过去分词
肯定句：An English class will be ___________（give）by Jack tomorrow.
否定句：An English class will not be given by Jack tomorrow.
疑问句：Will an English class be given by Jack tomorrow? Yes, it will. No. it won't.
4.现在进行时：amisare + being+过去分词
肯定句：A car is being ___________（drive）now.
否定句：A car is not being driven now.
疑问句：Is a car being driven now? Yes, it is. No, it isn't.
5.现在完成时：have has+ been+过去分词
肯定句：A road has been ___________（build）by the government.
否定句：A road hasn't been built by the government.
疑问句：Has a road been built by the government? Yes, it has. No, it hasn't.
6.情态动词：情态动词+be + P.P
1）This clock can be ___________（repair）here.
2）The trees may be ___________（plant）at other times of the year.
3）The composition must be ___________（hand）in after class.
4）The young trees should be ___________（plant）in spring.
三、被动语态的用法
（1）不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁。例如：
Some new computers were ___________（steal）last night.
一些新电脑在昨晚被盗了。（不知道电脑是谁偷的）
This book was ___________（publish）in 1981. 这本书出版于1981年。

（2）强调动作的承受者，而不强调动作的执行者。例如：
The window was ___________（break）by Mike. 窗户是迈克打破的。
This book was ___________（write）by him. 这本书是他写的。
Eight hours per day for sleep must be guaranteed. 每天8小时睡眠必须得到保证。
歌诀：
谁做的动作不知道，说出谁 做的没有必要；动作承受者需强调，被动语态
运用到。

主动态和被动态指的是动词形 式，是词法概念；而主动句和被动句则指的是句子结构，从而是句法概念。
所谓主动句就是由主动态动词 （词组）作谓语动词的句子，而被动句则是由被动态动词（词组）作谓语动
词的句子。
四、主动语态变被动语态的方法
（1）把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。
（2）把谓语变成被动结构（be＋过去分词）
（根据被动语态句子里的主语的人称和数，以及原来主动语态句子中动词的时态来决定be的形式）。
（3）把主动语态中的主语放在介词by之后作宾语，将主格改为宾格。例如：
All the people ___________（laugh）at him.
→ He was ___________（laugh）at by all people.
They ___________（make）the bikes in the factory.
→ The bikes are ___________（make）by them in the factory.
歌诀：
宾变主，主变宾，by
五、含有情态动词的被动语态 含有情态动词的主动句变成被动句时，由“情态动词＋be＋过去分词”构成，原来带to的情态动词变成被 动
语态后“to”仍要保留。
歌诀： 情态动词变被动，情态加be加“过分”，原来带to要保留。
例如：
We can ___________（repair）this watch in two days.
→ This watch can be ___________（repair）in two days.
You ought to ___________（take）it away.
→ It ought to be ___________（take）away.
They should ___________（do）it at once.
→ It should be ___________（do）at once.
六、含双宾语的主动结构变被动结构
短语后面跟。谓语动词变被动，be后“过分”来使用。

口诀：
如遇双宾语，最好变间宾。如若变直宾，be done后加to(或for)

含有双宾语的主动句改为被动句时，应将其中一个宾语改为被 动结构的主语，另一个宾语仍保留在原处。
一种情况是把间接宾语（指人）变为主语，直接宾语（指物） 不变；另一种情况是把直接宾语（指物）变
为主语，间接宾语（指人）不变，这时，间接宾语前通常加介 词to，有时加for。例如：
1. My father gave me a new book on my birthday.
→ I was given a new book（by my father）on my birthday.（间接宾语作了主语）
→ A new book was given to me（by my father）on my birthday.（直接宾语作了主语）
2. Father bought me a new coat.
→ I was bought a new coat . （间接宾语作了主语）
→ A new coat was bought for me. （直接宾语作了主语）
七、补充
一些宾补动词如make, see, hear等在主动语态中可以接动词原形（ 实为省略to的动词不定式）作为宾语
补足语的动词在变被动语态是一定要注意恢复to。如：
He made me stand outside. → I was made to stand outside（by him）.
I saw him play football. → He was seen to play football（by him）.
有一个顺口溜方便记忆：
宾补动词真奇怪，to在句中像妖怪。主动句中to走开，被动句中to回来。

小小练习

（ ）1. Basketball _____after school twice a week.
A. is played B. will be played C. was played
（ ）2. A lift ______ to go up and down every day.
A. is used B. are used C. be used
（ ）3. Shoes ____ in the shop last year.
A. was sold B. is sold C. were sold
（ ）4. In this game their hands __________.
A. not be seen B. be not seen C. can’t be seen
（ ）5. These mooncakes _______ already by Mary.
A. will be eaten B. haven’t been eaten C. have been eaten
（ ）6. He ______ to the hospital in a few minutes.
A. was taken B. is taken C. will be taken

（ ）7. My birthday cake _________yet.
A. is made B. has been made C. hasn’t been made
（ ）8. English _______ in this school since 1980.
A. is taught B. has been taught C. was taught
（ ）9. The boy ______by Ling Feng.
A. are looked after B. can be looked after C. were looked after
（ ）10. These treasures ______since many years ago.
A. have been kept B. were kept C. are kept
（ ）11. The garden _______ a week ago.
A. is tidied B. has been tidied C. was tidied
（ ）12. He wanted to know if the tickets ______ to him tomorrow.
A. would be sent B. will be sent C. are sent
（ ）13. At the crossing, a policeman _____often ________.
A. is...seen B. was...seen C. are...seen
（ ）14. Sometimes they _______ play football.
A. are seen to B. are seen C. will be seen to
（ ）15. All the clothes in the shop _______.
A. is tried on B. was tried on C. can be tried on
（ ）16. The worker said that he _______ a ladder at once.
A. needs B. needed C. was needed D. is needed
（ ）17. A doctor _______for by her last month.
A. send B. were sent C. was sent D. sent
（ ）18. The doctor ________ Edison’s mother.
A. was saved B. has been saved C. saved D. have saved
（ ）19. So much metal ______ into small pieces here every day.
A. were cut B. are cut C. is cut D. cut
（ ）20. --- Where is Jim’s telephone number?
--- It ______ on the blackboard already.
A. writes B. wrote C. is written D. has been written