合拢的近义词-什么的贝壳
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前复习:
用所给单词的适当形式填空
1I_______ (see) Tom last Friday.
2_______you_______ (go) to the Great Wall last
summer?
3-Where_______ you_______ (put) your
pen?
-I_______ (put) it in my pencil-box, but
it's nowhere to be found.
4 When_______
you_______ (start) to live in China?
5- The
train_______ (leave) already.
- When_______
the train_______ (leave)?
6. Suzhou_______
(change) a lot in the past years.
7._______
you ever_______ (be) to Hangzhou?
8. I_______
(have) my sister's letter for two days.
9. His
parents (get) married twenty years ago.
10.
Let's_______ (meet) at the school gate tomorrow
morning.
11. With the medicine box under her
arm, Miss Zhao_______ (hurry) off to look after
the man.
12. Jim_______ (make) many friends
since he_______ (come) to China.
13.
They_______ (know) each other for about ten years.
14. He already_______ (write)a letter to the
factory to ask them to stop making noise
15.-
When_______ she_______ (leave)? - Two hours ago.
㈠英语中的语态-主动语态和被动语态
⒈英语动词有两种语态:主动语态和被
动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行
者,被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。如:①They
built a new bridge over the
river. (主动) →A new
bridge was built over the river by them. (被动)
②Many people
speak English. (主动) →English is
spoken by many people. (被动)
⒉汉语中常用“被”、“给”、“由
”、“受”等词用来表示被动,而英语用“助动词be
+及物动词的过去分词构成”,即“be+p.p
.”,其中助动词be有人称、数和时态
的变化。
㈡被动语态的基本用法
⒈当句子的主语是动作的执行者时,谓语的形式是主动语态。当句子的主语是动
作的承受者时,
谓语要用被动语态。被动语态由助动词be+过去分词构成,时
态通过动词be表现出来。
⒉什么时候使用被动语态
⑴不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁。
①Some windows were broken last night. ②This
book was published (出版) in 2005.
注意:第②句=This book came out in 2005. come out
是不及物动词短语,不能用
于被动语态。
⑵只强调动作的承受者,而不强调动作的执行者。
①Educational CD-
ROMs are sold in many countries. ②Rice was first
grown in
China.
③English is learned all
over the world.
注意:不及物动词或不及物动词短语无被动语态,如:appear, happen, take
place
等。
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⒋主动改为被动语态的例子:主动语态基本结构为主、谓、宾。
⑴His
brother washes dishes every day. → Dishes
are washed every day by
his brother.
主(执行者) 谓 宾(承受者) 其他
⑵Peter will
clean the room tomorrow. →The room will be cleaned
tomorrow by
Peter.
⑶He must look after
the little boy. →The little boy must be looked
after by him.
⑷The students are watching a
charity show. →A charity show is being watched by
the students.
被动语态 .
1 一般现在时的被动结构:am
/is /are done.
一般现在时的被动结构: Paper
____________(make) in this factory.
.
2.一般过去时的被动结构:was /were done. .
一般过去时的被动结构:
This cup ___________( use)for drinking nine years
ago
3.含情态动词的被动结构:can /may / must /should
be done. .
4.含情态动词的被动结构: The playground can
/may /must
___________(clean) after school. .
4.一般将来时的被动结构:be going to / will be done。 .
一般将来时的被动结构: 结构 。 A new bridge ____________(
build) over the
river here next year. .
5.现在进行时的被动结构:be being done. .
现在进行时的被动结构:
A teaching building ______________(build) in our
school now. 6.现在完成时的被动结构 have/has been done. .
/ Thousands
of trees ____________ _(plant) on
the hills since last year. .
有关被动语态的几个问题
1.双宾语的被动语态
show ,pass, give .=show, pass
.give sth. to sb. . buy, get, sing
sb.
sth.=buy, get, sing sth. for sb. My uncle gave me
a new dictionary
yesterday. .
___________________________
__________________________
__.
2.复合宾语的被动语态
makeseehearwatch sb. do sth.
. =sb. be madeseenheardwatched to do
sth.
The boss made her work for sixteen hours a
day. .
____________________________________________.
3.短语动词的被动语态 .
We should take care of the old
people very
well. .
______________________________________________.
4.特殊疑问句的被动语态 .
Who broke my cup ?
_______________________________________________.
(四) 含有情态动词的被动语态:
含有情态动词的被动语态是由“情态动词+
be+ 及物动词的过去分词”构成。
(1)You must hand in your
compositions after class.
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Your compositions must be handed in after
class.
(2)He can write a great many letters
with the computer.
A great many letters can be
written with the computer by him.
(五) 被 动 语 态
的 使 用
1.当不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者时,常用被动语态,这时往往不用by 短语。
“Mr. White, the cup was broken after class.
”
2.突出或强调动作的承受者,如果需要说出动作的执行者,用by 短语。
These records were made by John Denver.
The
cup was broken by Paul.
3.当汉语句子的主语既不是动作的执行者,也不是动作的承受者时,这时常用in +
名词作
状语,而代替 by 短语。
These cars were made in
China.
(六)主动语态变被动语态的方法
(1) My aunt
invited me to her dinner party.
主语 谓语
宾语
→ I was invited (by my aunt ) to her
dinner party.
主语 谓语 宾语
(2) The
school set up a special class to help poor
readers.
→ A special class to help poor
readers was set up in the school.
1.把主动语态的宾语变成被动语态的主语。
2.把主动语态的谓语变成被动语态的be +
过去分词,时态要与原句保持一致。
3.把主动语态的主语变为介词by
的宾语,放在被动语态里谓语动词之后,by
短语可以省略。
如果原句主语是地点名词,在被动语态中用in + 地点名词作状语。
(七)语态转换时所注意的问题
1. 把主动语态变为被动语态时,其谓语动词的时态要与原
句时态保持一致,其谓语动词的
数要与新主语保持一致。
We have
bought a new computer.
A new computer has been
bought. (正确)
A new computer have been bought.
(错误)
2. 含有双宾语的主动句变被动句时,可分别将其中的一个宾语变为主语,另一个不动,一
般变间接宾语为主语时比较多。
My uncle gave me a
present on my birthday.
I was given a present
on my birthday.
如果把直接宾语(指物)改为主语,则在间接宾语(指人)前加适当的介词,如上句还可以
说:
A present was given to me yesterday.
注意:1.一般在下列动词后,常在间接宾语前用介词 to,如:
bring, give, hand, lend, offer, pass, pay,
promise, sell, show, take, teach, tell 等。
(1) The book was showed to the class.
(2) My
bike was lent to her.
2.一般在下列动词后,间接宾语前用介词 for, 如:
build, buy,
cook, cut, choose, do, fetch, find, fix, get,
keep, make, order, paint, play, sing 等。
(1) A new skirt was made for me.
(2) The meat
was cooked for us.
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(3) Some country music was played for us.
3. 由动词+ 介词或副词构成的短语动词,要把它们作为整体看,即把它们看成一个及物动
词,介词或副词不可拆开或漏掉。这类动词有:
不及物动词+ 介词,如: agree to,
ask for, laugh at, operated on, listen to, look
after, think of, talk
about 等。
The
patient is being operated on.
The problem is
solved. It needn't be talked about.
及物动词+
副词:如:bring about, carry out, find out, give up,
hand in, make out, pass on, point
out, put
away, put off, think over, turn down, work out,
turn out 等。
His request was turned down.
The sports meet will be put off because of the
bad weather
4. 带复合宾语(宾语+ 宾补)的动词改为被动语态时,一般把主动结构
中的宾语改为主语,而
宾语补足语保留在谓语动词后面。如:
(1) We
always keep the classroom clean.
→The
classroom is always kept clean.
注意:在see,
watch, hear, notice, listen to, look at, make,
feel等动词后作宾语补足语的动词不
定式都不带 to,但改成被动语态后都带to,这时不定式为
主语补足语,也就是说不定式作
主语补足语不存在省略to 的问题。
We
often hear him play the guitar.
→He is often
heard to play the guitar.
5. 当主动句的主语是nobody,
no one等含有否定意义的不定代词时,被动句中将其变为
anybody,
作by的宾语,并将谓语动词变为否定的被动语态。如:
Nobody can
answer this question.
误:The question can be
answered by nobody.
正:The question can not be
answered by anybody.
6. 当否定句中的宾语是anything,
anybody, anyone等不定代词时,在被动句中应将其分别变
为nothing,
nobody, no one作主语,并将谓语动词变为肯定的被动语态。如:
They haven't done anything to make the river
clean.
误:Anything hasn't been done to make the
river clean.
正:Nothing has been done to make
the river clean.
7. 以who为主语开头的疑问句,变被动时,用by
whom放在句首:
Who wrote the story?
误:Who was the story written?
正:By whom was
the story written?
8. 有些动词既是及物又是不及物,当它们和well,
badly, easily等副词连用时,表示主语内在
品质或性能,是不及物动词,用主动表示被动
,这时不用被动语态,常见的有:write, read, clean,
sell, wash,
cook 等。如:
(1)The cloth washes easily.
这布很好洗。
(2)The new product sells well.
这新产品很畅销。
对比:
The books sell well. (主动句)
The books were sold out. (被动句)
The meat
didn’t cook well. (主动句)
The meat was cooked
for a long time. (被动句)
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9. 下列情况主动句不能改为被动句:
第一,感官系动词一般用主动形式表示被动意义,如:feel,look, seem,
taste, sound, remain
等。
(1)— Do you like
the material? — Yes, it feels very soft.
误:It is felt very soft.
(2)The food tastes
delicious.
误:The food is tasted delicious.
(3)The pop music sounds beautiful.
误:The
pop music is sounded beautiful.
第二,谓语是及物动词leave, enter, reach, suit, have,
benefit, lack, own等。如:
He entered the room
and got his book.
误:The room was entered and
his book was got.
She had her hand burned.
误:Her hand was had burned.
第三,一些不及物动词短语没有被动语态,如:take place, break out,
belong to, lose heart,
consist of, add up
to等。如:
The fire broke out in the capital
building.
误:The fire was broke out in the
capital building.
第四,不及物动词没有被动语态,如:rise,
happen, succeed, remain, lie等。
When we got
to the top of the mountain, the sun had already
risen.
误:The sun had already been risen.
After the earthquake, few houses remained.
误:After the earthquake, few houses were
remained.
第五,宾语是反身代词,相互代词,同源宾语,不定式,v-ing形式及抽象名
词等,不能变
为被动句子的主语,如:
I taught myself
English.
误:Myself was taught English.
We
love each other.
误:Each other is loved.
10. 在汉语中,有一类句子不出现主语,在英语中一般可用被动结构来表示,例如:
据说…… It is said that …
据报导……
It is reported that …
据推测…… It is supposed
that …
希望…… It is hoped that …
众所周知…… It is well known that …
普遍认为…… It is generally considered that …
有人建议…… It is suggested that …
1) It
is reported that it is going to rain tomorrow.
2) It is well known that Thomas Edison
invented the electric lamp.
练习:
(
) 1. English ____ in Canada.
spoken C. is speaking
( ) 2. This
English song___ by the girls after class.
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D. is spoken
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A. often sings
B. often sang C. is often sang D. is often sung
( ) 3. This kind of car ___ in Japan.
A, makes B. made C. is making D. is made
( ) 4. New computers ___ all over the world.
A. is used B. are using C. are used D.
have used
( ) 5. Our room must ___ clean.
A. keep B. be kept C. to be kept D.
to keep
( ) 6. A new house ___ at the corner
of the road.
A. is building B. is being
built C. been built D. be building
( ) 7.
Doctors ___ in every part of the world.
A.
need B. are needing C. are needed D. will
need
( ) 8. Japanese ___ in every country.
A. is not spoken B. are spoken C. is
speaking D. is not speaking
( ) 9. These
papers___yet.
A. have not written B.
have not been written
C. has not written
D. has not been written
( ) 10. The sports
meeting ___ be held until next week.
A.
didn't B. won't C. isn't D. doesn't
(
) 11. ___ the watch been repaired yet? I badly
need it.
A. Does B. Has C. Is D. Are
( ) 12. ___ these desks be needed?
A.
Will B. Are C. Has D. Do
( ) 13.
Why ___ to talk about it yesterday?
A.
didn't a meeting hold B. wasn't a meeting held
C. wasn't held a meeting D. a meeting
wasn't held
( ) 14. Who was the book___?
A. write B. wrote C. written D.
written by
( ) 15. Where ___ these boxes
made?
A. was B. were C. is D. Am
二、典型例题
( )1.The Olympic Games
___________every four years.
A are
held
ho1d
( )2. In the art show,a
lot of enjoyment _ _to foreign friends by
the Chinese
paintings.
A. is giving
has given
( )3. Today Chinese is becoming
more and more popular. It _________in. many
schools
around the world.
A. teaches
is taught
( )4. Ba Jin, one of the
greatest writers in China, ________as
A. is
regarded B. has regarded C. is regarding
D. regards
B. is teaching C. has taught
D.
B is given C will give D
B were held C.are holding D.will
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( )5. Usually computers
_________to search the Internet.
A. use
B. are using C. are used D. used
(
)6. --Do you often clean your classroom?
--Yes. Our classroom __________every day.
A.
clean B. cleans C. is cleaned
( )7.一Did you hear that water in Tai Lake
smelt terrible?
一Yes.In fact,it
____.That's all because of the people and the
factories around.
A. polluted
po11ute
( )8. --Our environment is getting worse than
before.
--You're right. But
thanks to Earth Day_______, people have done more
and more useful
things to protect(保护)the earth
since Earth Day.
A. is started B.
was started C. has started
( )9.
---I feel very happy that I ____to be the host.
---Congratulations!
A. choose B. am
chosen C. was chosen D. haven chosen
(
)10. Many trees and flowers ______ in our school
last year,and they made our school a
beautiful
garden.
A.plant B.planted C.have
planted D.were planted
( ) famous
paintings __________in the hall next week.
A. will show
be shown
( )12. A
talk on developments in science and technology
in the school hall next week .
A. given
B. will be given C. has been given D. gives
( )13.---Great changes have taken place in
this city.
---Right. Many modern tall
buildings have been ______ these days.
B.
were shown C. is shown D. will
B
was polluted C has polluted D.was
A. turned up
( )-year-olds should
not to drive in China.
A. allow
B. be allow C. allowed D. be
allowed
( )15. —Do you often clean your
classroom?
—Yes, our classroom
______ every day.
B. put up C. shown up
D. fixed up
A. clean B. cleans
C. is cleaned D. Cleaned
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