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2019年高考英语二轮复习:被动语态语法讲解
(一) 语 态 分
类
英语动词有两种语态.,主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主
语是动作的
执行者,被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。如:
They will build
a new bridge over the river. (主动)
A new
bridge will be built over the river. (被动)
汉语中常用“被”、“给”、“由”、“受”等词用来表示被动,
而英语用:
助动词be + 及物动词的过去分词构成。
(二)
被动语态的时态、人称和数的变化
主要体现在be的变化上,其形式与系动词be的变化形式完全一
样。以 give
为例,列表如下:
一般现在时:am is are + done
一般过去时:was were + done
一般将来时:shall will + be done
一般过去将来时:should would + be done
现在实行时:am is are + being + done
过去实行时:was were + being + done
现在完成时:have has + been + done
过去完成时:had
+ been + done
将来完成时:shall will + have
been + done
过去将来完成时:should
would + have been + done
[注]被动语态没有将来实行时和过去将来实行时。
(三)常见的八种时态中的被动语态
1. 一般现在时:
(1)People grow rice in the south of the
country.
Rice is grown in the south of
the country.
2. 一般过去时:
(1)They agreed on the building of a new car
factory last
month.
The building of
a new car factory was agreed on last
month.
3. 一般将来时:
(1)They
will send cars abroad by sea.
Cars will
be sent abroad by sea.
4. 过去将来时:
(1)The manager said they would complete the
project by
the end of the year.
The
manager said the project would be completed by the
end of the year.
5. 现在实行时:
(1)The radio is broadcasting English lessons.
English lessons are being broadcasted on
the radio.
6. 过去实行时:
(1)The workers were mending the road.
The road was being mended.
7.
现在完成时:
(1)Someone has told me the
sports meeting might be put
off.
I
have been told the sports meeting might be put
off.
8. 过去完成时:
(1)When I got
to the theatre, I found they had already
sold
out the tickets.
When I got to the
theatre, I found the tickets had
already been
sold out.
(四) 含有情态动词的被动语态:
含有情态动词的被动语态是由“情态动词+ be+ 及物动词的过去
分词”构成。
(1)You must hand in your compositions after
class.
Your compositions must be handed
in after class.
(五) 被 动 语 态 的 使 用
1.当不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者时,常用被动语态,这
时往往不用by
短语。
“Mr. White, the cup was broken
after class. ”
2.突出或强调动作的承受者,如果需要说出动作的执行者,用by
短语。
These records were made by John
Denver.
The cup was broken by Paul.
3.当汉语句子的主语既不是动作的执行者,也不是动作的承受者
时,这时常用in +
名词作状语,而代替 by 短语。
These cars were made in
China.
(六)主动语态变被动语态的方法
(1)
My aunt invited me to her dinner party.
主语 谓语 宾语
→ I was invited (by my aunt )
to her dinner party.
主语 谓语 宾语
(2) The school set up a special class to help poor
readers.
→ A special class to help
poor readers was set up in
the school.
1.把主动语态的宾语变成被动语态的主语。
2.把主动语态的谓语变成被动语态的be + 过去分词,时态要与
原句保持一致。
3.把主动语态的主语变为介词by 的宾语,放在被动语态里谓语
动词之后,by
短语能够省略。如果原句主语是地点名词,在被动语态
中用in + 地点名词作状语。
(七)语态转换时所注意的问题
1. 把主动语态变为被动语态时,其
谓语动词的时态要与原句时
态保持一致,其谓语动词的数要与新主语保持一致。
We have bought a new computer.
A new computer has been bought. (准确)
A new computer have been bought. (错误)
2. 含有双宾语的主动句变被动句时,可分别将其中的一个宾语
变为主语,另一个不动
,一般变间接宾语为主语时比较多。
My uncle gave me a
present on my birthday.
I was given a
present on my birthday.
如果把直接宾语(指物)改为主语,则在间接宾语(指人)前加适当
的介词,如上句还能够说:
A present was given to me yesterday.
注意:1.一般在下列动词后,常在间接宾语前用介词 to,如:
bring, give, hand, lend, offer, pass, pay,
promise, sell,
show, take, teach, tell 等。
(1) The book was showed to the class.
(2) My bike was lent to her.
2.一般在下列动词后,间接宾语前用介词 for, 如:
build, buy,
cook, cut, choose, do, fetch, find, fix, get,
keep, make, order, paint, play, sing 等。
(1) A new skirt was made for me.
(2) The meat was cooked for us.
(3)
Some country music was played for us.
3. 由动词+ 介词或副词构成的短语动词,要把它们作为整体看,
即
把它们看成一个及物动词,介词或副词不可拆开或漏掉。这类动词
有:
不及物动词+ 介词,如: agree to, ask for, laugh at,
operated on, listen to, look after, think of,
talk about 等。
The patient is being
operated on.
The problem is solved. It
needn't be talked about.
及物动词+
副词:如:bring about, carry out, find out,
give
up, hand in, make out, pass on, point out, put
away, put
off, think over, turn down, work
out, turn out 等。
His request was turned
down.
The sports meet will be put off
because of the bad
weather
4.
带复合宾语(宾语+ 宾补)的动词改为被动语态时,一般把主动
结构中的宾语改为主语,而宾语补足语
保留在谓语动词后面。如:
(1) We always keep the
classroom clean.
→The classroom is
always kept clean.
(2) She told us to
follow her instructions.
→We were told
to follow her instructions.
注意:在see,
watch, hear, notice, listen to, look at,
make,
feel等动词后作宾语补足语的动词不定式都不带 to,但改成被
动语态后都带to,这时不定式为
主语补足语,也就是说不定式作主语
补足语不存有省略to 的问题。
We
often hear him play the guitar.
→He is often heard to play the guitar.
5. 当主动句的主语是nobody, no
one等含有否定意义的不定代
词时,被动句中将其变为anybody,
作by的宾语,并将谓语动词变为
否定的被动语态。如:
Nobody can
answer this question.
误:The question can
be answered by nobody.
正:The question
can not be answered by anybody.
6.
当否定句中的宾语是anything, anybody,
anyone等不定代词
时,在被动句中应将其分别变为nothing, nobody, no
one作主语,
并将谓语动词变为肯定的被动语态。如:
They
haven't done anything to make the river clean.
误:Anything hasn't been done to make the
river clean.
正:Nothing has been done to
make the river clean.
7.
以who为主语开头的疑问句,变被动时,用by whom放在句首:
Who
wrote the story?
误:Who was the story
written?
正:By whom was the story
written?
8. 有些动词既是及物又是不及物,当它们和well,
badly,
easily等副词连用时,表示主语内在品质或性能,是不及物动词,用
主动
表示被动,这时不用被动语态,常见的有:write, read, clean,
sell,
wash, cook 等。如:
(1)The cloth washes
easily. 这布很好洗。
(2)The new product sells
well. 这新产品很畅销。
对比:
The
books sell well. (主动句)
The books were
sold out. (被动句)
The meat didn’t cook
well. (主动句)
The meat was cooked for a
long time. (被动句)
9. 下列情况主动句不能改为被动句:
第一,感官系动词一般用主动形式表示被动意义,如:feel,
look, seem,
taste, sound, remain等。
第二,谓语是及物动词leave,
enter, reach, suit, have,
benefit, lack,
own等。如:
He entered the room and got his
book.
误:The room was entered and his
book was got.
She had her hand
burned.
误:Her hand was had burned.
第三,一些不及物动词短语没有被动语态,如:take place,
break
out, belong to, lose heart, consist of, add up
to等。如:
The fire broke out in the capital
building.
误:The fire was broke out in
the capital building.
第四,不及物动词没有被动语态,如:rise, happen, succeed,
remain, lie等。
When we got to the top
of the mountain, the sun had
already
risen.
误:The sun had already been
risen.
After the earthquake, few
houses remained.
误:After the earthquake,
few houses were remained.
第五,宾语是反身代词,相互代
词,同源宾语,不定式,v-ing形
式及抽象名词等,不能变为被动句子的主语,如:
I taught myself English.
误:Myself
was taught English.
We love each
other.
误:Each other is loved.
10. 在汉语中,有一类句子不出现主语,在英语中一般可用被动
结构来表示,例如:
据说…… It is said that …
据报导…… It is
reported that …
据推测…… It is supposed
that …
希望…… It is hoped that …
众所周知…… It is well known that …
普遍认为…… It
is generally considered that …
有人建议…… It
is suggested that …
1) It is reported
that it is going to rain tomorrow.
2) It
is well known that Thomas Edison invented the
electric lamp.
被动语态练习题
1. ( ) 1 The People's Republic of
China __ on October 1,
1949.
A.
found B. was founded C. is founded D. was
found
( ) 2 English ____ in Canada.
A. speaks B. are spoken C. is speaking D. is
spoken
( ) 3 This English song___ by the
girls after class.
A. often sings B.
often sang C. is often sang D. is often
sung
( ) 4 This kind of car ___ in
Japan.
A, makes B. made C. is making D.
is made
( ) 5 New computers ___ all over
the world.
A. is used B. are using C.
are used D. have used
2
( ) 1
Our room must ___ clean.
A. keep B. be
kept C. to be kept D. to keep
( ) 2 -I'd
like to buy that coat.-I'm sorry. ___.
A. it sold B. it's selling C. It's been sold D. it
had
been sold
( ) 3 A new house ___
at the corner of the road.
A. is
building B. is being built C. been built D. be
building
( ) 4 The key ___ on the
table when I leave.
A. was left
B. will be left C. is left D. has been left
( ) 5 Doctors ___ in every part of the
world.
A. need B. are needing C. are
needed D. will need
( ) 6 His new
book___ next month.
A. will be published
B. is publishing C. is being
published D. has
been published
3
( ) 1
Japanese ___ in every country.
A. is not
spoken B. are spoken C. is speaking D. is not
speaking
( ) 2 These papers___yet.
A. have not written B. have not
been written
C. has not written D. has not been written
( ) 3 The sports meet ___ be held until next
week.
A. didn't B. won't C. isn't D.
doesn't
4
( ) 1 -My shoes are
worn out.
A. Can't they be mended? B.
Let me have a look at it. C.
How much do they
cost? D. Can't they mended?
( ) 2 ___
the watch been repaired yet? I badly need it.
A. Does B. Has C. Is D . Are
( ) 3
___ these desks be needed?
A. Will B.
Are C. Has D. Do
5
( )
1 Why ___ to talk about it yesterday?
A.
didn't a meeting hold B. wasn't a meeting held C.
wasn't held a meeting D. a meeting wasn't
held
( ) 2 Who was the book___?
A. write B. wrote C. written D. written by
( ) 3 Where ___ these boxes made?
A. was B. were C. is D. am
6
(
) 1 The flowers ___ often.
A. must be
water B. must be watered C. must watered D.
must water
( ) 2 The books may___
for two weeks.
A. be kept B. be borrowed
C. keep D. borrow
( ) 3 The broken
bike____ here by Mr Smith.
A. can mend
B. can mended C. can be mend D. can be mend
7
( ) 1 The old bridge in my
hometown___ next month.
A. is going to
be rebuilt B. will rebuilt C. are going to
be
rebuiltD. are going to rebuilt
( ) 2 The
play ___ at the theatre next Sunday.
A. is going to be shown B. will shown
C. will show D. is
shown
( ) 3 The
old stone bridge ___ next week
.A. is
going to be rebuilt B. will be rebuild C. are
going to be rebuilt D. will rebuild
8
( ) 1 Now these magazines__ in the
library for a long
time.
A. have
kept B. are keeping C. have been keeping D. have
been kept
( ) 2 The pot ___ for ___
hot water
.A. used; keeping B. was used;
keeping C. is used; to
keep D. are used;
keep
( ) 3 Tea ___ in the south of
China.
A. grows B. is grown C. were
grown D. will grow
( ) 4 The bridges___
two years ago.
A. is built B. built C.
were built D. was built
( ) 5 Wet
clothes are often ___ up near a fire in rainy
weather
.A. hang B. hanged C.
hanging D. hung
9
( ) 1 The
river smells terrible. People must ___ dirty
things into it.
A. be stopped
to throw B. be stopped from throwing C.
stop
to throw D. stop from throwing
( ) 2 The
teapot ___ water
.A. is filled with B.
filled of C. fulling of D. filled
( ) 3
Old people must be looked after well and ___
politely.
A. speak to B. spoken C.
speak D. spoken to
( ) 4 Old people must
___.
A. look after well B. be looked
well after C. looked well
after D. be looked
after well
10
( ) 1 Newly-born
babies___in hospital.
A. are taken good
care B. are taken good care of C. take
good
care of D. take good care
( ) 2 They
were___ at the sudden noise.
A.
frightening B. frightened C. frighten D.
frightens
( ) 3 These walls ___
stone.
A. are made of B. made of. C. are
made into D. made into
11
( )
1 Jane ___ to sing us an American song last
Saturday.
A. called B. was asked C. told
D. was said
( ) 2 The papers ___ to
them.
A. were shown B. show C.
shown D. have shown
( ) 3 The
coat___her sister.
A. made to B. were
made for C. was made for D. was made
to
12
( ) 1 I ___ five minutes to
decide whether I should go or
not.
A. gave B. was giving C. had given D. was
given
( ) 2 Good care____such things.A.
should take of B.
should be taken C. should be
taking D. should be taken of
( ) 3 She
will____good care____.
A. take; of B. be
taken; of C. take; for you D. be taken;
of
you
13
( ) 1 The teacher made
him___ his homework.
A. to do B. do C.
did D. done
( ) 2 The boy_ streets
without pay in the old days.
A. was made
to clean B. made cleanC. made to clean D. was
made clean
( ) 3 These
children____dance.
A. were seen to B.
were seen for C. were seen D. saw to
14
( ) 1 These stones___well.
A. are fitted B. fit C. fits D. is
fitted
( ) 2 The bike ___ 500 yuan.
A. was cost B. costed C. cost D. is
costed
( ) 3 The important meeting ___
on a cold morning last
year.
A.
was'had B. was held C. held D. had
15
( ) 1 Great changes___ in the past
ten years in China.
A. took place B.
have taken place C. were taking place D.
had
taken place
( ) 2 You can't use the
computer, it____.
A. was broken down B.
is wrong C. is bad D. has broken
down
( ) 3 Great changes___in our country during the
past 20
years.
A. have happened B.
happened C. have been happened D.
were
happened
( ) 4 The watch has often ___
down.
A. sat B. lain C. broken D.
fell
16
( ) 1 Please pass me
another cup. This one___.
A. is broken
B. is breaking C. broke D. broken
( ) 2 The story books___ by the writer in the
1960s.A.
are written B. were writtenC. are
writing D. were writing
( ) 3 What time
___ the door ___ every day?
A. does;
closed B. does; close C. is; closed D. close
17
( ) 1 Can he___ himself?
A. get dress B. get dressed C. gets dressed
D. instead of
( ) 2 He fell from his
bike and ___.
A. is hurt B. gets hurt C.
got hurt D. hurt
( ) 3 Lookout, please
keep away from the fire, or your
trousers
will__
A. burnt B. burn C. burning D.
get burn
18
( ) 1 The
apple___very sweet.
A. is tasted B.
taste -C. tastes D. are tasting
( ) 2
You___ more beautiful in the light blue shirt.
A. see B. watch C. look D. look at
( ) 3 What you said ___. like a good idea.
A. heard B. listened C. sound D. sounded
19
( ) 1 -What do you think of the
TV play? -Wonderful. It
is worth___ a second
time.
A. watching B. watched C.
seen D. seeing
( ) 2 How dirty the
tables are! They need___.
A. to clean B.
clean C. cleaning D. cleaned
( ) 3 The
book is worth ___.
A. seeing B. reading
C. seen D. read
参考答案:
1. 1-5 B
D D D C 2. 1-6 B C B B C A 3. 1-3 A B B
4.
1-3 A B A 5. 1-3 B D B
6. 1-3 B A D 7.
1-3 A B A 8. 1-5 D B B C D 9. 1-4 B A D D
10. 1-3 B B A 11. 1-3 B A C 12. 1-3 D D B 13. 1-3
B A A
14. 1-4 B C B 15. 1-4 B D A C 16.
1-3 A B C 17. 1-3 B C D
18. 1-3 C C D
19. 1-3 A C B
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