dug怎么读-老娘们
被动语态
I、被动语态的构成形式be+Vt.p.p.
(一).语态
是英语动词的一种形式,是用于表示主语和谓语之间的关系的。英语语态分为
主动语态(active
voice)和被动语态(passive voice)两种。
主动语态是表示主语是动作的执
行者。如:1)Yesterday I parked my car
outside the school.
被动语态是表示主语是动作的承受者。2)A
sound of piano is heard in the hall.
(二).被动语态的基本时态变化
在被动语态的句子中,谓语部分的结构是be + Vtp.p.
(及物动词过去分词)。其中be是
变量,随时态的变化而变化;动词的过去分词是常量,永远不发生变
化。当然,这只是指谓
语部分而言。be动词作为一个独立的谓语动词有自己现在分词(being)和
过去分词 (been)。
那么,下面我们来看看be在各种时态中的变化形式
被动语态通常为八种时态的被动形式。以do为例,各种时态的被动语态形式为:
1)amisare +done (过去分词)一般现在时
2)has have
been done 现在完成时
3)amis are being done 现在进行时
4)waswere done一般过去时
5)had been
done过去完成时
6)waswere being done过去进行时
7)shallwill be done一般将来时
8)shouldwould be done过去将来时
我们可看看下面的实例:
English is spoken in many countries all over
the world .(一般现在时)世界上许多国家
都讲英文。
Some TV
sets for sale in the department store were stolen
last night.(一般过去时)那
家商场用来出售的部分电视机昨晚被盗。
He won’t be allowed,by his father,to marry
Larra.(一般将来时)他父亲不会让他娶拉
拉为妻的。
They would
be sent to the army when they finished the
training.(过去将来时)他们结
束训练时将被派往部队。
The
project is being carried out.(现在进行时)这个计划正在执行中。
The case was being investigated
then.(过去进行时)那时这案子正在调查中。
This novel has been
translated into several languages.
(现在完成时)这本小说已被译成
了几种语言。
They said that
production costs had been
reduced.(过去完成时)他们说生产成本已经下
降了。
II、一般来说,在我
们日常生活中,能用主动语态的时候就尽量不去用被动语态。只有
在下列情况中我们才用被动语态
英语里被动语态的使用似乎比汉语要广泛。英语的被动语态常用在下列的场合:1)
当我
们不知道动作的执行者的时候,如:1、Look!There’s nothing here.
Everything has been t
aken away.
2、My
car has been moved!
2)当我们不必提出动作的执行者的时候,如:I
was born in 1960.
3)当我们强调或侧重动作的承受者的时候,如:She
is liked by everybody.
III、特殊的被动结构
1
)带情态动词的被动结构:它的固定句式为“情态动词+be+过去分词”。也有个别带to
的情态动词
例外,如:ought to和have to,它们的被动结构就只能在不定式中。例如:The
debt must be paid off before next
month.那笔债务必须在下个月前付清。
The debt has to be
paid off before next month.那笔债务必须在下个月前付清。
2)带有两个宾语的主动语态变成被动语态
将这种主动态的句子变成被动态的句子,可选两个宾
语中的任何一个作为被动态句子的
主语,而将另一个宾语作为“保留宾语”写入被动态的句中。但有一点
要说明,那就是,如果
你选直接宾语作“主语”,有时要在被动态句子的“保留宾语”前加上合适的介词
。因为这些动
词常有两种句式,即:我们可以说give sb. sth.,send sb.
sth.,buy sb. sth;我们也可以说
give sth to sb,send sth
to sb,buy sth for sb。请看下面两种情况的对照
She sent
me a novel on my birthday.
I was sent a
novel on my birthday.
A novel was
sent to me on my birthday.
3)关于带有复合宾语的主动态变成被动态
如果将带有复合宾语(既:宾语+宾语补足语)的主
动语态的句子变成被动语态的句子,
我们只能选择原来句子的宾语作被动语态句子的主语;而这时,原句
里的宾语补足语现在就
变成被动语态句子的“主语补足语”了。
The story
made us laugh .(宾语补足语)
We were made to
laugh by the story.(主语补足语)
4)在使役动词have,make,g
et以及感官动词see,watch,notice,hear,feel,observe
等后面不
定式作宾语补语时,在主动结构中不定式to要省略,但变为被动结构时,要加to。
Someone saw a stranger walk into the building.
A stranger was seen to walk intothe building.
有些相当于及物动词的动词词组,如“动词+介词”,“动词+副词”等,也可以用于被动结
构,但要把它们看作一个整体,不能分开。其中的介词或副词也不能省略。例The meeting
is to be put off till Friday.
6)非谓语动词的被动语态。v.+ing形式及不定式to
do也有被动语态(一般时态和完成时
态)。例I don’t like being
laughed at in the public. There are two more trees
to be plante
d.
7)It is said
that+从句及其他类似句型。
一些表示“据说”或“相信”的动词如believe,co
nsider,expect,report,say,suppose,th
ink等可以用于句型“
It+be+过去分词+that从句”或“主语+be+过去分词+to do sth.”。如:It
i
s said that…据说,It is reported
that…据报道,It is believed that…大家相信,It is hoped
that…大家希望,It is well known that…众所周知,It is
thought that…大家认为,It is sug
gested that…据建议。
It is said that the boy has passed the
national exam.=The boy is said to have passed
the national exam.