overcook-e2say口语培训中心
主动语态和被动语态
一、语态概述
英语的语态是通过动词形式的变化表现出来的。英语中有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。
主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。巧记为：主动、主动、主去动。
例如：Many
people speak English. (谓语speak的动作是由主语many
people来执行的)
被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，即行为动作的对象。巧记为：被动、被动、主被动。
例如：English is spoken by many
people.(主语English是动词speak的承受者)
主动态和被动态指的是动词形式
，是词法概念；而主动句和被动句则指的是句子结构，从而是句法概念。所谓
主动句就是由主动态动词(
词组)作谓语动词的句子，而被动句则是由被动态动词(词组)作谓语动词的句子。
例如：He
opened the door.他开了门。(主动句)
The door was
opened.门被开了。(被动句)
二、被动语态的构成
被动语
态由“助动词be＋及物动词的过去分词”构成。人称、数和时态的变化是通过be的变化表现出来的。
歌诀是：被动语态be字变，过去分词跟后面。
时态
一般现在时
构成
S+ am is are +done
S+ am is are + not
+done
Am Is Are + S+ done?
一般过去时 S+ was
were +done
S+ was were + not +done
Was
Were S +done
一般将来时 S+ will be +done
S+
will not be +done
Will +S+ be + done?
现在完成时 S +has have been+ done
S+ has have+
not+ been+ done
Has Have + S+ been+ done?
情态动词 S+ canmaymust +be+ done
CanMayMust +S
+ be + done?
例句
English is widely
used all over the world.
They are not invited
to the party.
Am I chosen to the game?
Books were made by hand in the past.
It
was not used by people.
Were ideas spread
quickly in the past?
Books will be replaced by
computer in the future.
Books will not be
replaced by computer in the future.
Will books
be replaced by computer in the future?
Thousands of trees have been planted since
2000.
This car has not been used for long
time.
Have the books been published yet?
The room must be cleaned twice a week.
Can
the work be done on time?
S+ canmaymust + not+
be+ done His ideas may not be accepted.
三、被动语态的用法
(1)不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁。
例如： Some new computers were stolen last night.
一些新电脑在昨晚被盗了。
This book was published in
1981.这本书出版于1981年。
(2)强调动作的承受者，而不强调动作的执行者。
例如：the window was broken by Mike.窗户是迈克打破的。
This book was written by him.这本书是他写的。
Eight hours per day for sleep must be
guaranteed.每天8小时睡眠必须得到保证。
歌诀：谁做的动作不知道，说出谁做的没有必要；动作承受者需强调，被动语态运用到。
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四、主动语态变被动语态的方法
(1)把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。
(2)把谓语变成被动结构(be＋过去分词)
(根据被动语态句子里的主语的人称和数，以及原来主动语态句子中动词的时态来决定be的形式)。
(3)把主动语态中的主语放在介词by之后作宾语，将主格改为宾格。例如：
All
the people laughed at him. ——He was laughed at by
all people.
They make the bikes in the
factory. ——The bikes are made by them in the
factory.
歌诀是：宾变主，主变宾，by短语后面跟。
谓语动词变被动，be后“过分”来使用。
小试牛刀：1. Mary can carry out
the plan on time。
one stole our new computers last night. .
3. They elected her leader of the group.
五、含有情态动词的被动语态
含有情态动词的主动句变成被动句时，由“情态动
词＋be＋过去分词”构成，原来带to的情态动词变成被动语态
后“to”仍要保留。
歌诀是：情态动词变动，情态加be加“过分”，原来带to要保留。
例如： We can
repair this watch in two days. ——This watch can be
repaired in two days.
You ought to
take it away. ——It ought to be taken away.
They should do it at once. ——It should be done at
once.
小试牛刀：
【2011天津】Today a lot of
information can _____ online.
A.
receive B. be received C. is received
D. receiving
【2012广西贵港】Waste paper _______
everywhere. It’s our duty to keep the school
clean.
A. throws B. are
thrown C. shouldn’t be thrown D. should be
thrown
【2011山东聊城】 As everyone knows, rubbish
_______ everywhere.
A. need be thrown
B. mustn’t be thrown C. can’t throw D.
may throw
六、特别留意。
1）主动句中的主语如果是people，they，
somebody等含糊的表示“人或人们”，没有确指执行者是谁，为
被动句时，通常省略“by +
执行者”。
例如：The door was opened secretly. But
nobody came in. 门被偷偷打开了，但是没有人进来。
2）相当于及物动词的短语动词可用被动语态，但是要注意不能漏掉短语的介词或副词。
例如：The old should be taken good care of.
要好好照顾老人。
3）在主动句里，不定式在make，see，hear等动词后面做宾语补足语时
都要不带to，但变成被动句时，后
面的不定式都需要带to。
例如：He was
made to do that work. 他被要求去做那项工作。
小试牛刀：
【2011呼和浩特】 At last the boy was made and
began to laugh.
A. stop crying
B. to to stop to cry C. to stop crying D.
stop to cry
【2011山东枣庄】In the past the children
were made ______15 hours a day.
A. to lock
B. work C. to work
D. lock
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【2012 甘肃兰州】 In many places in China,
the old over 90 not only by their family
but also by the
government.
A. is taking
good care B. are taken good care of C. is
taking good care of D. are taken good care
七、不用被动语态的情况
1) 不及物动词或动词短语无被动语态：
appear、die、disappear、end (vi.
结束)、fail、happen、last、lie、remain、sit、spread、stand 、
break out、come true、 fall asleep、 keep
silence、 lose heart、take place.
比较： rise,
fall, happen是不及物动词；raise, seat是及物动词。
(错) The
price has been risen. (对) The price
has risen.
(错) The price has raised.
(对) The price has been raised.
(错) The
accident was happened last week. (对) The
accident happened last week.
(错) Please seat.
(对) Please be seated.
要想正确地使用被动语态，就须注意哪些动词是及物
的，哪些是不及物的。特别是一词多义的动词往往有两种
用法。解决这一问题唯有在学习过程中多留意积
累。
小试牛刀：1、My dream has .
true B. been came true C. come true
came true
2、The meeting will
at seven next Monday.
taken place B. take place place place
2) 不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语：
fit, have,
hold, marry, own, wish, cost, notice, watch agree
with, arrive at in, shake hands with,
succeed
in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk
into, belong to
例如：This key just fits the
lock.
Your story agrees with what had
already been heard.
3) 系动词无被动语态：
appear, be become, fall, feel, get, grow,
keep, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay,
taste, turn
例如：It tastes good. 它尝起来很好。
4) 带同源宾语的及物动词，反身代词，相互代词，不能用于被动语态： die, death,
dream, live, life
例如：She dreamed a bad dream
last night.
5) 当宾语是不定式时，很少用于被动语态。
例如：(对) She likes to swim.
(错) To
swim is liked by her.
小试牛刀：1、In summer the
days longer and the nights
shorter. (become,get)
2、His
grandfather has for three years.
(die)
3、This book which I bought
last Tuesday me fifty yuan. (cost)
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