过去完成时与被动语态

◎过去完成时
概念：表示过去的过去
过去完成时：即过去的过去所发生的事情！
其构成是：主语＋had＋过去分词。
用法：
①表示过去某一时刻之前已经完成的动作，常与由by，before引导的时间状语连用。
We had learned 5000 words by the end of last month.
到上个月底为止我们已经学了五千个单词。
I had finished the composition before supper.
晚饭前我就已经把作文写完了。
②表示过去某一动作之前已经完成的动作，常与由when，before等连词引导的时间状
语从句连用。
When I woke up it had already stopped raining.
我醒来的时候雨就已经停了。
I hadn’t learned any English before I came here.
我来这儿之前没学过英语。
③用于宾语从句或间接引语中
I wondered who had taken the umbrella without permission.
我想知道谁不经允许就把雨伞拿去。
He told me that he had passed the exam.
他告诉我他已通过考试。
被动语态
熟记结构
被动语态的结构为“助动词be＋及物动词的过去分词（p. p）”。被动语态的不同时态是
通过be的时态变化来表示的，其人称和数方面应与主语保持一致。其具体变化为：
一般现在时：am／is／are＋p. p.
—Look! What a nice garden!
—Yes. It every day.
A. is cleaned B. has been cleaned C. is being cleaned D. was cleaned
（选A。考查一般现在时的被动语态）（泰安市）
一般过去时：was／were＋p. p.
① —Who’s the little boy in the photo, Susan?
—It’s me. This photo ten years ago.
A. takes B. is taken C. took
（选D。考查一般过去时的被动语态）（北京）
② I’m sure the telephone before the car.
D. was taken
A. invented B. is invented C. was invented D. is inventing
（选C。考查一般过去时的被动语态）（天津）
③ The telephone by Bell in 1876.
A. invent B. invents C. was inventing D. was invented
（选D。考查一般过去时的被动语态）（吉林）
④ Professor Yi Zhongtian to the Talk Show on CCTV -1 last weekend.
A. invites B. invited C. was invited
（选C。考查一般过去时的被动语态）（山西）

⑤ —How clean the window is!
—Yes. It just now.
A. has been cleaned B. was cleaned C. is cleaned D. will be cleaned
（选B。考查一般过去时的被动语态）（盐城）
一般将来时：shall ／will be ＋p. p.
—People say the subway building in Harbin in a few years.
—Sounds . I have never seen it before.
A. will finish, interesting B. is finished, interested C. will be finished, interesting
（选C。考查一般将来时的被动语态）（哈尔滨）
现在完成时：have ／has been ＋p. p.
现在进行时：am／is／are＋being＋p. p.
过去将来时：should ／would be ＋p. p.
含情态动词的被动结构：情态动词＋be＋p. p.
① —Some of the plastic bags can’t after June 1.
—Yes, people will use environmental bags instead.
A. use B. be use C. be used D. are used
（选C。考查含情态动词的被动语态）（湖北省咸宁市）
② —There is a lot of wind in North China.
—Well, more trees every year to stop the wind.
A. must be planted B. can planted C. should planted
（选A。考查含情态动词的被动语态）（四川省自贡市）
明确用法
被动语态常用于以下两种情况：
1. 不知道谁是动作的执行者，或者没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者；
2. 强调动作的承受者。例如：
这棵树是那个男孩弄断的。
The tree ______ ______ by that boy.（填was broken）

熟练转换
将主动语态变为被动语态的基本方法为：
将主动语态的宾语作为被动语态的主语；
谓语动词变为“be＋及物动词的过去分词”，并通过be的变化来表达出不同的时态；
③ 主动语态的主语变为介词by的宾语，组成介词短语放在被动结构中的谓语动词之
后。（有时by短语可 以省略）。
例如：
① The terrible earthquake destroyed thousands of houses in that area. （上海市）
Thousands of houses in that area by the terrible earthquake.
② More and more foreigners speak Chinese in the world now. （重庆市）
Chinese by more and more foreigners in the world now.
③ Dangerous driving causes many accidents. （山东省临沂市）
Many accidents by dangerous driving.
注意特例
将主动语态变为被动语态应注意以下几个特殊情况：
A. 带有双宾语的 动词变为被动语态时，可以把其中一个宾语变为被动语态的主语，若

将直接宾语(sth .)变为主语，需根据习惯在原间接宾语前加上介词to或for。 用to的常见
词有：give, show, send, lend, pass, pay, teach, throw, take, bring etc. 用for的常见词有：make,
choose, sing, play, draw, save, buy, get, leave, cook etc.
eg. 1. Mary gave him some books.
He was given some books by Mary.
Some books were given to him by Mary.
2. Her father bought her a new bike.
She was bought a new bike by her father.
A new bike was bought for her by her father.
B. 带复合宾语（宾语+宾语补足语）的动词变为被动语态时，只能将宾语变为被动语态的
主语，宾语补足语 不可变为主语。
eg. 1. We call him Gina.
He is called Gina (by us).
2. They made me happy.
I was made happy( by them).
3. He asked me to come here.
I was asked to come here (by him)
C. 在see, let, make, hear, watch etc.动词之后，作宾语补足语的动词不定式不带to，但在变
为被动语态时，则一定要加上to。
eg. 1. We saw them play football just now.
They were seen to play football just now.
2. We often hear her sing in English.
She is often heard to sing in English.
【练一练】
1. The boy _ __ streets without pay in the old days.
A. was made to clean B. made clean C. made to clean D. was made clean
2. These children ___ _ dance.
A. were seen to B. were seen for C. were seen D. saw to
monkey was seen ____ _ off the tree.
A. jump B. jumps C. jumped D. to jump
D. 在某些“不及物动词+介词副词”(相当于及物动词)的句子中，变被动语态时，注意不要
丢掉介词副词。
eg. 1. People often talk about that film.
That film is often talked about.
2. We should speak to the old people politely.
The old people should be spoken to politely.
【练一练】
1. Old people must be looked after well and _ __ politely.
A. speak to B. spoken C. speak D. spoken to
2. Old people must _ __.
A. look after well B. be looked well after
C. looked well after D. be looked after well
3. Newly-born babies _ _ in hospital.
A. are taken good care B. are taken good care of

C. take good care of D. take good care
E. 主动形式表示被动意义的词：
1）某些感官动词:
look, smell, taste , feel, wear ,sound etc.
2）某些及物动词+副词：
wash, write, sell, read, open, cut, shut, keep etc.
eg. 1. This coat feels soft.
2. The pen writes smoothly.
3. That book sells well.
4. This kind of shirt washes easily.
【练一练】
1. The apple _ __ very sweet.
A. is tasted B. taste C. tastes D. are tasting
2. You _ more beautiful in the light blue shirt.
A. see B. watch C. look D. look at
F. 只有及物动词(vt.)才有被动语态，不及物动词(vi.)没有被动语态，因为它不带宾语。
eg. Happen
What was happened? ×
What has happened? √
What is happening? √
【练一练】
An accident __ __ on this road last week.
A. has been happened B. was happened C. is happened D. happened
G. 若主动句的主语是表示地点的名词，变为被 动语态时，应将其变为in+名词，作地点状
语，能不变为by的宾语。
eg. Our village opened a new school last year.
→A new school was opened in our village last year.
H. 若主动句的谓语动词是know，变为被动语态时，应将其变为 be known to，而不能变
为 be known by。
eg. People all over the world know the Great Wall.
→The Great Wall is known to people all over the world.
I. 若主动句的主语是nobody, no one等否定不定代词时，变为被动语态时应将anybody,
anyone作介词by的宾语，并将其谓语动词改为否定的被动语态。
eg. Nobody can answer this question.
→This question can not be answered by anybody.
注意区别
被动语态和过去分词作表语的区别：
⑴含义不同：被动语态强调动作，重点说明动作由谁完成 、怎样完成；而过去分词作表语
通常用来描写情景，叙述人或事物的特征及所处的状态。试比较：
The window is broken. 窗子破了。（系表结构）
The window is broken by him. 窗子被他打破了。（被动语态）
⑵用法不同：过去分词作表语时可以被 so，very，too等程度副词修饰，而被动语态则不能用so，very，too修饰，而需用much，very much，so much，too much修饰。试比较：
He was very interested in science. 他对科学有极大的兴趣。（系表结构）

I was so much surprised at the scene that I didn’t know what to do.
我被那种场面搞得大吃一惊，不知所措。（被动语态）

牢记（相关）句型
初中教材中与被动语态相关的句型有：
1. be covered with被??覆盖
2. be made of由??制作（发生物理变化）
be made from由??制作（发生化学变化）
be made in由（某地）制造
be made by被（某人）制造
3. be used for被用来??
be used as被当作（作为）??来使用
be used to do sth. 被用来做某事
4. It is said that… 据说??
It is hoped that… 希望??
It is well known that… 众所周知??
5. be filled with… 用??装满