dirty反义词-锻炼的近义词是什么
高中英语讲义
英语中的动词有时态(Tense)要求。所谓“时”,即动作发生的时间;“态”,
即动作
的方式状态。“时”有四种:现在时,过去时,将来时,过去将来时;
“态”也有四种:一般式,进行式
,完成式,完成进行式。因此,英语中一共有
16种时态。常用的时态有9种,
过去时
现在时 将来时
一般式 一般过去时(did) 一般现在时(do,does)
一般将来时
(will+do;be going
to +do)
进行式
过去进行时现在进行时将来进行时
(waswere+do-ing) (amisare+do-
ing) (willshallis,
are going to be
do-ing)
完成式 过去完成时 现在完成时 将来完成时
(had done) (have/has
done) (shallwill +have
done)
二.新课讲解
1.一般过去时(the Past Simple)
(1)用法(uses)
表示过去某时发生的动作或存在的情况。如:
He worked in a bank
all his life.
He discovered a desert island in
the Pcific.
The safari was exciting but
dangerous.
I knew what he meant.
They
always interviewed new employees on Fridays.
(2)形式(form)
即动词的过去式,分两种情况,一种是在动词结尾加ed或ied,
这种动词
称为规则动词,另一种不能加,形式多样,称为不规则动词。
规则动词:
a.一般情况下,动词词尾加 -ed ,如:
work-worked
play-played want-wanted act-acted
b.以不发音的 -e 结尾动词,动词词尾加 -d,如:
live-lived
move-moved decide-decided decline-declined
hope-hoped judge-judged raise-raised
wipe-wiped
c.以辅音字母 + y结尾的动词,把-y变为-i 再加-ed,如:
study-studied try-tried copy-copied
justify-justified
cry-cried carry-
carried embody-embodied empty-emptied
d.以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节动词,双写词尾辅音字母,再加 -ed,如:
stop-stopped beg-begged drag-dragged
drop-dropped
plan-planned drip-dripped
只要坚持 梦想总会实现
1
高中英语讲义
不规则动词的过去式变化规律性不强,须多加记忆。
go - went
make - made get - got buy - bought
come - came fly-flew
(3)一般过去时的时间状语Past Simple and Time Adverbials
下列时间状语常和一般过去时连用:
yesterday, last month,
last Monday, two days ago, three years ago
等等。
即在句子中出现这样的词语时,要注意句子的谓语动词用一般过去时。
I
finally passed the driving test last week.
(4)一般过去时的疑问式和否定式:
一般过去时的疑问句和否定句用did和didn’t
+ 动词原形。如:
Did you see the match last night?
We didn’t see the beginning of the movie
because we were late.
2.一般现在时(Present Simple)
(1)用法uses
a.表示反复发生的动作,日常活动,习惯等。如:
I
always take sugar in coffee.
I don’t smoke.
Mary wears a pony tail.
b.
表示一般的真理或永久性的状态。如:
Water freezes at 32
Fahrenheit.
We have a very good relationship
with our parents.
He resembles his father.
c.表示将来的官方事件或不变的时间表。如:
The Chinese Spring
Festival falls on a Friday next year.
The last
film show begins at 9 p.m.
2.形式(Form)
a.陈述句中,除第三人称单数外,谓语动词都用原形。如:
I live in
Nanyang.
They usually watch TV programmes on
Saturday evening.
b.陈述句中,主语为第三人称单数(third
person singular),谓语动词的结尾
要加-s或-es(以y 结尾的y变i加-
es)。什么是第三人称单数?要满足两个条
件,第一是第三人称,如 she, he ,they,
it, John, my father 等等; 第二
是单数,即表示一个人或物,比如he,
she, it, John, my father 等等,而they
他们, 是复数,
多个人,不是单数。如:
She hurries to work every morning.
只要坚持 梦想总会实现
2
高中英语讲义
He
puts on special equipment when he dives.
c.
在疑问句,否定句或简略答语中,用do 或does。 如:
Does your mother
travel a lot?
Yes, she , she doesn’t.
We don’t like extreme sports.
Mary doesn’t
understand why risk is exciting.
d.一般现在时的时间状语(Present Simple and time
adverbials)
句子中如果有以下词语(时间状语),谓语动词常要用一般现在时。
always, usually, regularly, every
morningdaynightweekyear, often,
sometimes,
occasionally, from time to time, twice a week,
rarely, seldom,
once a month, hardly ever,
never.等等
I know that I do put people down
occasionally.
He regularly swims and plays
tennis.
Some people never go on adventure
holidays.
From time to time, I dream about
becoming a millionaire.
3.一般将来时(the Future
Indefinite)
(1)用法uses
a.依据观点或信念揣测未来。如:
She will make a good lawyer.
You will
make great progress in English study if you follow
my advice and
take persistent efforts.
I
think China will become a rich country one day.
Who do you think will win the match.
b.
表示说话时瞬间做出的决定,可能是提议或意图。如:
All right, I will
help you with the housework.
I think I won’t
go to the party after all.
I think I will go
for a walk. I have a slight headache.
c.表示意愿、承诺和提议。如:
I will always be your
friend.
She will bring back your bicycle
tomorrow.
d.表示请求、邀请。如:
Will you come with
me?
Will you wait for me?
Will you come to
my party on Sunday evening?
e.
依据现在看到的迹象对未来事件做出推断。如:
只要坚持 梦想总会实现
3
高中英语讲义
Look at the clouds; it’s
going to rain.
He is going to win the match.
f.表示要做某事的主观意图。如:
I am going to change my
lifestyle completely.
I am going to study
medicinelawfine arts.
My parents are going to
move to the countryside.
(2)形式(Form)
will+动词原形(a,b,c,d);
be going to
+动词原形(e,f).
be to +动词原形。如:
They are to be
married in June.
The Prime Minister is to
visit China next month.
The bridge is to be
open to traffic on Oct.1.
4.过去进行时(Past
Continuous)
(1)用法(uses)
a.过去一段时间内的持续动作。如:
I was planning to go on a trip to Greece.
The robbers were waiting at the bus stop.
He was reading from morning till night
yesterday.
b.描述故事发生的背景或状态。如:
He was
sleeping under a tree when the storm began.
We
were talking quietly at the bar when a fight broke
out.
过去进行时和一般过去时用于同一个句子时,过去进行时描述故事发生的背景,
过去
时说明该事件。如:
In the end, I was standing there in
a state of shock when a policeman
asked me for
my name and address.
He was having lunch when
the earthquake was reported on TV.
(2)形式(Form)
waswere+ 动词-ing.如:
He was working in the
garden although it was raining hard.
The
trapeze artist was preparing her act.
Was the
trapeze artist preparing her act?
The trapeze
artist wasn’t preparing her act.
5.现在进行时(Present Continuous)
(1)用法uses
a. 表示说话时正在进行的动作。如:
只要坚持 梦想总会实现
4
高中英语讲义
Excuse me, you are sitting
in my seat.
My agent is waiting for me, I have
to go.
We are studying English now.
b.表示一定时间段内经常进行的动作(暂时的日常活动或习惯)。如:
We are
eating a lot of seafood here in Spain.
We are
struggling with backwardness and poverty.
c.已经确定或安排好的将来活动。如:
We are flying to Paris
tomorrow morning.
I am leaving for a trek in
Nepal next week.
I am writing to her tonight.
Will you post this letter for me if you are
passing a post box?
(2).形式form
am,is, are
+ 动词-ing.
I am staying at a luxurious hotel by
the sea.
Grandpa is forgetting things
nowadays.
Are they planning to spend their
holidays in Corsica?
(3).现在进行时的时间状语(Present
Continuous and time adverbials)
常见的有: just,
now, at the moment, at present.这些时间状语可放在be
和
v-ing之间,可以放在句尾,也可以放在句首。
I am just driving
to work.
We are having a meeting at the
momentnowat present.
At present, many
scientists are looking for intelligent forms of
life
outside
the Earth.
(4)动词-
ing的拼写规则
a.
一般情况下直接加ing,如:
think
---thinking sleep---sleeping speak---speaking
b.动词词尾是辅音字母加不发音的字母e结尾的,去掉字母e,再加ing
wake---
waking make---making come---coming
take---taking leave---leaving have---
having
c.以重读闭音节结尾,呈现“辅,元,辅”结构的动词,先双写末尾的辅音字母,
再加ing
。begin,cut, get, hit, run, set, sit, spit, stop,
swim, beg,
drop, fit, nod, dig, forget,
regret, rid, put, travel 等。
d.以 y 结尾的动词,直接加
ing
carry—— carrying enjoy—— enjoying
study--studying
e.以ie结尾的动词,把ie改为y ,再加ing
只要坚持 梦想总会实现
5
高中英语讲义
die---
dying lie---lying
6.将来进行时(Future
Continuous)
willbe going to + be + 动词-ing.
This time tomorrow, we will be crossing the
Atlantic.
We’d better move the dining table
into the kitchen. We will be eating
there
during the winter.
7.过去完成时 (the Past Perfect)
过去完成时表示过去某一时间或动作以前已经发生或完成了的动作.
它表示动作发生的时间是“过去的过去”.
His eyes shone
brightly when he finally received the magazine he
had long
expected. 当她终于收到她盼望已久的杂志时,她兴奋得两眼闪光.
By the time he was twelve, Edison had begun to
make a living by himself.
12岁时,爱迪生就开始自己谋生.
过去完成时的用法
过去完成时的主要用法和现在完成时一样.不同的是,过去完成时把时间推
移到
了过去某一时间之前,与现在无关.
(1)过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作以前已经完成了的动作.
这个过去的时间状语有by, before等介词短语或when, before等引导的从句.
Helen had left her keys in the office so she
had to wait until her husband
came home.
海伦把钥匙忘到办公室里了,因此她不得不等她丈夫回来.
When we got to the
cinema, the film had already begun.
当我们到达电影院时,电影已经开始了.
He told me that he had
visited the Great Wall before.
他告诉我他以前参观过长城.
By the end of the match, they had kicked 2
goals, and we had kicked 4.
比赛结束时,他们踢进了2个球而我们踢进了4个球.
When Jack arrived
he learned Mary had been away for almost an hour.
杰克到达后得知玛丽走了近一个小时了.
(2)表示动作在过去某一时间之前开始,一直延续
到过去的这一时间,而且还可
能继续下去的动作,常和for,
since构成的短语或引导的从句连用.
The news came as no
surprise to me. I had known for some time that the
factory was going to shut down.
听到这个消息我并不感到吃惊.工厂要倒闭
这件事我早就知道了.
By the time
I left the school, he had taught the class for 3
years.
到我毕业时,他已经教那个班三年了.
He said he had
made great progress since he came here.
只要坚持
梦想总会实现
6
高中英语讲义
他说自从他来这里他已经取得了很大进步.
(3)用于表示与过去事实相反的虚拟条件从句或在as
if从句中表示与过去事
实相反。如:
If he had seen you
yesterday, he would have asked you about it.
假如他昨天看到你,他就会问你这件事了.
I should have called
you if I had known your telephone number.
假如我过去知道你的电话号码,我就给你打电话了.
He described the
scene as if he had been there.
他描绘的景色如同他去过那里一样.
Had I known that you
wanted the book, I would have sent it.
如果我知道你要这本书,我会送来的.
8.现在完成时(the Present
Perfect)
(1)发生在过去但对现在有影响的动作。如:
I have lost
my keys. (I can’t open the door)I lost my
keys.丢钥匙的动
作发生在过去,即钥匙已经丢了。
Her last book
has been a great success.(she is a well-known
person now.)
I have walked across the Amazon
jungle.(It doesn’t matter when exactly
I did
that.)
Have you ever eaten sweet potatoes?
I have often dreamt about going to the South
Pole.
(2)表示到现在为止已经完成的动作或存在的状态。常和always,since,for,
all my life 等时间状语连用。如:
I have been offered
a scholarship at a university in Canada for my
further
education.
has left Beijing for
New York.
Her father has recovered from his
illness.
I have always loved travel.
How
long have you been a travel writer?
I have
known him since 2008.
(2)形式(form)
havehas
+ 动词过去分词
He has had this cough for a long
time.
Have you finished your homework?
Hasn’t he decided what to do?
They haven’t
seen each other for ten years.
只要坚持 梦想总会实现
7
高中英语讲义
规则动词的过去分词形式和过去式形式一样,不规则动词的过去分词和过去式有
些略有区别。
(3)现在完成时及其时间状语(Present Perfect and time
adverbials)
a. before, ever, never, seldom,
sometimes, often,usually,just 通常放在
hashave
之后,有时也放在句尾。如:
Have you ever thought about
becoming an architect?
We’ve never heard the
story of Rip Van Winkle before?
I have often
tried to study violin, always with unsuccessful
results.
b. already 通常用于肯定句havehas之后,yet通常
用于疑问句和否定句的
句尾。
如:
I have already
repaired my bike.
Have you finished your
homework yet?
I haven’t finished my lunch yet.
c. for, since, all my life.
for
表示动作持续的时间。如:
I have lived in this town for 17
years.
I haven’t seen her for ages.
since
表示动作开始的时间点。如:
We have known each other since
we were at primary school.
9.将来完成时(the
Future Perfect)
shallwill +have done
(1)表示在将来某一时间之前已完成的动作,并往往对将来某一时间产生影响.
Pick
me up at 8 o'clock, I will have had breakfast by
then.
早上8点钟你来接我,到时我已经吃完早饭了.
We will have
learned 12 units by the end of this term.
到这个学期末,我们将学完12个单元.
By the time you get
home I will have cleaned the house from top to
bottom.
你到家之前我将把房子彻底打扫一遍.
We shall have
finished the repairs to your car by tomorrow
morning. It
will be ready for you at 11
o’clock.
By tomorrow morning, the weather will
have cleared up.
(2)表示推测,相当于结构.
You will
have heard of this, I guess.
我想你已经听说过这件事了.
只要坚持 梦想总会实现
8
高中英语讲义
I am
sure he will have got the information.
我相信他一定会得到这个信息.
They were husband and wife
for five years. She won’t have forgotten him.
The boy is very smart. By the time he is 18
years old, he will have learned
advanced
mathematics all by himself.
(3)表示某种状态一直持续到说话人所提及的时间.
We will have been
married a year on June 25th.
到6月25日我们俩结婚就满1年了.
10.过去将来时
过去将来时常可用来表示过去习惯性的动作,也可表示未能实现的过去将来时间
的动作.
waswere(not)going to +动词原形;
would (not)
+动词原形;
与一般过去时的构成相同,只需把助动词shall,will,或be
改为相应的过去式
should,would, waswere即可。
(1)动词原形构成过去将来时,常表示根据计划或安排即将发生的事.
如:
He
said he would come to see me.他说他要来看我.
He told
me he would go to Beijing.他告诉我他将去北京.
(2)动词原形也可表示根据计划或安排即将发生的事.
She said she was
going to start at once.她说她将立即出发.
I was told
that he was going to return home.有人告诉我他准备回家.
(3)were+going
to+动词原形还可表示根据当时情况判断有可能但不一
定会发生某事. 如:
It
seemed as if it was going to rain.看来好像要下雨.
11.现在完成时与一般过去时的区别
(1)句子中有确定的过去时间的状语,应该用一般过去时。如:
I have seen
the film.
We saw the film last week.
I
have been all over Europe.
I went all over
Europe in 2006.
(2)现在完成时通过完成了的过去的动作强调对现在情况的影响。
表示动作对现
在的影响是这一时态的重要特点。一般现在时只单单说明过去某时发生的某动
作,
不暗示与现在的联系。如:
I have lost my key.
只要坚持
梦想总会实现
9
高中英语讲义
I lost my key
yesterday.
He has injured his ankle.
He
injured his ankle this morning.
(3)现在完成时的时间视未完
成的或者说话时刚刚完了的一段时间,包括说话时
间在内。而一般过去时是已经终结了的成为过去的时间
,与现在无关。如:
He has lived in Shanghai since he
left school.
He lived in Shanghai until he was
16.
I have seen him three times this morning.
I saw him three times this morning.
典型例题
1. The house belongs to my aunt but she
____here any more.
A. hasn’t lived
C.
hadn’t lived
B. didn’t live
D.
doesn’t live
【解析】 本题考查动词的时态。其句意为“这所房子是我阿姨的,但她
(现在)不住这儿
了。”指的是现在的居住情况,故D项符合。
【命题立意】
时态题要依据句中出现的动词的时态或时间状语来判断。
2. -__________leave
at the end of this month.
-I don’t think you
should do that until ____ another job.
A. I’m
going to; you’d found
B. I’m going to; you’ve
found
C. I’ll; you’ll find
D. I’ll; you’d
find
【解析】 be going to 按计划,打算将要做某事。此句意为“我打算在这个月
末离开。”“我
认为在你没有找到另一份工作之前你不应该离开。”【答案】B
【命题立意】本题是对时态基本用法的考查。
3. -Where did you put
the car keys?
-Oh, I____ put them on the chair
because the phone rang as I___in.
ered; come
er; came
ered; was coming
er; was coming
【解析】 remember是说话者说话时的思维活动,应
用一般现在时。remember宾语从句的内
容发生在以前,故用过去时态。
【答案】C
【命题立意】 本题考查时态的基本用法,做题时要将自己融入题目,身临其境。
4.
The young girl sitting next to me on the plane was
very nervous.
She____before.
A. hadn’t
flown
C. hadn’t flown
B. didn’t
fly
D. wasn’t flying
只要坚持 梦想总会实现
10
高中英语讲义
【解析】动作发生在was
nervous之前 【答案】C
【命题立意】本题考查过去完成时态。
5. ——
______my glasses?
——Yes,I saw them on your
bed a minute ago.
you see you seen
you see you seen
【解析】现在完成时可表过去发生的事情对现在
产生的影响或结果,问话人以这样的时态发
问可作现焦急的心情。故答案为D。
don’t
need to describe her. I______her several times.
met met
7.——Do you know our
town at all?
——No,this is the first time
I______here.
been
going
【解析】根据thisit is the firstsecond…time
done sth.句型,可定答案为
B。 又如:This is the second
time he has visited the Great Wall.
动词的时态精选练习题
1. —What would you do if it________tomorrow ?
—We have to carry it on , since we’ve got
everything ready .
A. rain B. rains
C. will rain D. is raining
2. The
hero’s story ______differently in the newspapers.
A. was reported B. was reporting
C. reports D. reported
3. Although
medical science ________control over several
dangerous diseases, what
worries us is that
some of them are returning.
A. achieved
B. has achieved C. will achieve D. had
achieved
4. If we _________ now to protect the
environment, we’ll live to regret it.
A.
hadn’t acted B. haven’t acted C. don’t
act D. won’t act
5. When I first met
Bryan I didn’t like him, but I ________ my mind.
A. have changed B. change C. had
changed D. would change
6.I felt very
tired when I got home, and I ______ straight to
bed.
A. go B. went C. had gone D. have gone
7. —How much do you know about the Youth
Olympic Games to be held in Nanjing?
—Well,
the media ________ it in a variety of forms.
A.cover B.will cover C.have covered
D.covered
8. Writing out all the invitations
by hand was more time-consuming than we________.
A.will expect B.are expecting C.expect
D.had expected
9. They made up their mind that
they________ a new house once Larry changed jobs.
A.bought B.would buy C.have bought
D.had bought
10. She ________ someone, so I
nodded to her and went away.
A. phoned B.
had phoned C. was phoning D. has phoned
只要坚持
梦想总会实现
11
高中英语讲义
11. We won't
start the work until all the preparations
________.
A. are being made B. will be made
C. have been made D. had been made
12. You'd
better write down her phone number before you
________ it.
A. forget B. are forgetting C.
forgot D. will forget
____as the music of
African slaves brought to the United States.
A. starts off B. started off C. has started
off D. have started off
of the greatest
performers of classical music_____in Carnegie Hall
since
the time the hall was built.
A. has
performed B. performed C. have performed D.
had performed
___in Italy and France during
the 15 century and is still an important
art
form in Western culture.
A. began B. begun
C. had begun D. has begun
th
只要坚持 梦想总会实现
12
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