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高中英语实用语法第十二章 名词性从句

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2020-10-22 03:43
tags:高中英语名词性从句

臆断-饿英文

2020年10月22日发(作者:朱良春)


名词性从句
【知识精讲】

在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在
复合句中 能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等,因此根据它在句中不同的语法功
能,名词从句又可分别 称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
一、引导名词性从句的连接词
(一)引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类:
1.连词:that(无任何词意,陈述句充当名词性从句)
whether ,if(均表示“是否”表明从句内容的不确定性,一般疑问句充当名词性从句)
as if ,as though(均表示“好像”,“似乎”)
以上在从句中均不充当任何成分
2. 连接代词:what, whatever, who, whoever, whom,
whose, which. whichever, whomever
3. 连接副词:when, where, how, why(由特殊疑问句充当名词性从句

(二)、名词性that-从句
1.由从属连词that引导的从句叫做名词性that- 从句。 That只起连接主句和从句的作用,
在从句中不担任任何成分,本身也没有词义。名词性that- 从句在句中能充当主 语、宾语、
表语、同位语和形容词宾语,例如:
主语:That he is still alive is sheer luck.
宾语:John said that he was leaving for London on Wednesday.
表语:The fact is that he has not been seen recently.
同位语:The fact that he has not been seen recently disturbs everyone in his office.
形容词宾语:I am glad that you are satisfied with your job.
2.That-从句作主语通常用it作先行词,而将that- 从句置于句末,例如:
? It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure.
? It's a pity that you should have to leave.
(三)名词性wh-从句
1.由wh-词引导的名词从句叫做名词性wh-从句。Wh-词包括who, whom,. whose, whoever,
what, whatever, which, whichever等连接代词和where, when, how, why等连接副词。Wh- 从句
的语法功能除了和that-从句一样外,还可充当介词宾语、宾语补语和间接宾语等,例如:
主语: How the book will sell depends on its author.
直接宾语:In one's own home one can do what one likes.
间接宾语:The club will give whoever wins a prize.
表语: My question is who will take over president of the Foundation.
宾语补足语:She will name him whatever she wants to.
同位语: I have no idea when he will return.
形容词宾语:I'm not sure why she refused their invitation.
介词宾语: That depends on where we shall go.
2.Wh-从句作主语也常用先行词it做形式主语,而将wh- 从句置于句末,例如:
? It is not yet decided who will do that job.
还没决定谁做这项工作。
?
It remains unknown when they are going to get married.

他们何时结婚依然不明。

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二. 名词性从句的分类
(一).主语从句
作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。主语从句通常由从属连词that,whether和连接代词what,
who,which,whatever,whoever以及连接副词how,when,where,wh y等词引导。that
在句中无词义,只起连接作用;连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义 、又起连
接作用,在从句中充当从句的成分。例如:
? What he wants to tell us is not clear. 他要跟我们说什么,还不清楚。
? Who will win the match is still unknown. 谁能赢得这场比赛还不得而知。
? It is known to us how he became a writer. 我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。
? Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced. 英语晚会将在哪
里举行,还没有宣布。
有时为避免句子头重脚轻,常 用形式主语it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首,而把主语
从句置于句末。主语从句后的谓语动词一般 用单数形式。常用句型如下:
1. It + be + 名词 + that从句
It is a pity that she didn't come to the party.(用于此句型的名词还有:shame , wonder, fact,
news , honor, question 等。)
2. It + be + 形容词 + that从句
It is certain that he will pass the final examination.
有些形容词用于此句型时, 谓语动词多用“should+动词原形”或省略“should”, 只用动
词原形。用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气. 常见的有important necessary
strange natural essential 等。如:
It is necessary that we (should) have a good knowledge of basic English.
3. It + be + 动词的过去分词 + that从句
It is said ( reported,thought, believed,…..) that ……意为:大家人们据 说(报道、认为 ……)
4. It + 不及物动词 + that 从句
It seems ( happens appears truns out occurred doesn't matter ……) that ......
It seems that he has known the secret.
5. 大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可以置于句末,用 it充当形式主语。
? It is not important who will go.
? It is still unknown which team will win the match.
但由what 引导的主语从句一般不用it作形式主语, 如:
What we couldn't understand was the last question.
不可以改为:It was the last question what she couldn't understand.
6. 引导主语从句的连词不可省略。
That she was chosen made us very happy.
(二). 宾语从句
在句中 用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。引导宾语从句的关联词与引导主语从句、表语从句
的关联词大致一样,在句 中可以作谓语动词或介词(注:that-clause例外)及非谓语动词的
宾语。
1. 由连接词that引导的宾语从句
由连接词that引导宾语从句时,that在句中不担任任何 成分,在口语或非正式的文体中
常被省去,但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省。例如 :

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? He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow. 他已经告诉我他明天要去上海。
? We must never think (that) we are good in everything while others are good in nothing.
我们决不能认为自己什么都好,别人什么都不好。
注意:在demand,order,suggest,decide、insist, desire, request, command等表示要求、命令、
建议、决定等意义的动词后,宾语从句常用“(should)+ 动词原形”。例如:
? I insist that she (should) do her work alone. 我坚持要她自己工作。
? The commander ordered that troops (should) set off at once. 司令员命令部队马上出
发。
2. 用who,whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever, whichever,whether,if等关联词引导的宾语从句应注意句子语序要用陈述语序。例如:
? I want to know what he has told you. 我想知道他告诉了你什么。
? She always thinks of how she can work well. 她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。
? She will give whoever needs help a warm support. 凡需要帮助的人,她都会给予热情
的支持。
3. 注意宾语从句中的时态呼应.。
(1)当主句动词是现在时,从句根据自身的句子情况,而使用不同时态。例如:
he studies English every day. (从句用一般现在时)
he studied English last term. (从句用一般过去时)
I know (that) he will study English next year. (从句用一般将来时)
he has studied English since 1998. (从句用现在完成时)
(2)当主句动词是过去时态(could, would除外),从句则要用相应的过去时态,如一般
过去时,过去进行时,过去将来时等;
he studied English every day. (从句用一般过去时)
he studied English last term.. (从句用一般过去时)
I knew (that) he would study English next year. (从句用一般将来时)
he had studied English than before.(从句用过去完成时)
(3) 当从句表示的是客观真理,科学原理,自然现象,则从句仍用现在时态。例如:
The teacher told us that Tom had left us for America.
5. 在动词 think, believe, imagine, suppose, guess, expect, fancy , be sure , be afraid … 等等动
词引起的否定性宾语从句中,且主句的主语是第一人称时,要把上述主句中的 动词变为否定
式。即将从句中的否定形式移到主句中。例如:
? We don't think you are here. 我们认为你不在这。
? I don't believe he will do so. 我相信他不会这样做。
尤其是此类句子的反意疑问句要依据宾语从句的人称和时态来构成。如:
? We don't think you are here ,are you ?
? I don't believe he will do so ,will he ?
注意:※ 若谓语动词为hope,宾语从句中的否定词不能转移。
I hope you weren't ill.
※ 将seem, appear 等后的从句的否定转移到前面。
? It doesn't seem that they know where to go.
? It doesn't appear that we'll have a sunny day tomorrow.
6. 在句式 Vt + it + adj. n. + obj.-clause中一定要有it作形式宾语,将真正的宾语从句放到句
末。如:
? I thought it strange that he failed to call me.

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? He find it impossible that Tom wants to pass the examination.
7.表示“爱憎、喜好”的动词带起宾语从句时要用it做形式宾语。这类动词常见的有:like,
dislike, enjoy, hate, appreciate 等。(注:这类动词引起的其他宾语从句也如此)
He likes it that a man should carry out his promise without excuse.
8. 下列情况的that不能省略

1).句中的动词后有两个或两个以上宾语从句 时,紧跟谓语动词后的宾语从句可以省略that,
其余的宾语从句前的that一般不能省略。
He said (that) the exhibition was excellent and that he wanted to visit it once more.
2.)主句谓语和宾语从句之间有插入语时,宾语从句前的that一般不能省略。
Just then I noticed ,for the first time, that our minister was wearing his fine green coat and his
black hat.
3).在宾语从句宾语从句中,that之后紧跟作主语或定语的th at(this)时,that不能省略。
He thought that that would be a good chance for him to go to visit the world- famous scientist.
4) 宾语从句紧跟在间接宾语后时,that不能省略。
The teacher advised us that we should exercise more.
5)it作形式宾语,宾补之后的引导宾语从句的that不能省略。
We all believe it true that Mr Smith was elected chairman of the club.
(注) that一般不能引导介词宾语从句,但except ,in除外,而且except thatin that引导的
宾语从句中连词that不能省略。
His article is very good except that we should pay more attention to reading and writing.
Privatization is thought to be beneficial in that it promotes competition.
私营化的优点在于能促进相互竞争。
(三) 表语从句
位于连系动词后在句中作表语的从句叫表语从句。引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从
句的 关联词大致一样,有时用as if和because引导。其基本结构为:主语 + 系动词 + that
从句。例如:
? The fact is that we have lost the game. 事实是我们已经输了这场比赛。
? That’s just what I want. 这正是我想要的。
? This is where our problem lies. 这就是我们的问题所在。
? That is why he didn’t come to the meeting. 那就是他为什么不到会的原因。
? It looks as if it is going to rain. 看上去天要下雨了。
? We didn't go to the park today. It is because it has been raining.
注意1:reason作主语或主语中包含事件的起因时,后面的表语从句表示原因 时要用that来引
导,而不用because。例如:
The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning .
注意2:whether 可引导表语从句,但与之同义的if却通常不用于引导表语从句。
(四) 同位语从句
同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容。同位语从句通常由that引导,间或用 whether,
when , why, where等连接代词或连接副词,其中that引导词在从句中不充当任何成分,也没
有词汇意义。
1.
可带同位语从句的名词常见的有advice、demand、doubt、fact、h ope、idea、opinion, view ,
word information、mess age、news、order、problem、promise、question、request、su ggestion、
truth、wish、hope, thought,report 等。例如:
The news that we won the game is exciting. 我们赢得这场比赛的消息令人激动。

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? I have no idea when he will come back home. 我不知道他什么时候回来。
? The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill. 他想到可能玛丽生病了。
2.
分隔式同位语从句,就是名词与从句之间有其他内容。如:
? The story goes that William killed the tyrant with an arrow.
? There is a feeling in me that we'll never know what a UFO is--- not ever.
3.
同位语从句和定语从句的区别:参见定语从句部分

三、几组连词的比较
(一).比较:whether与if
whether与if 均为是否的意思。 但在下列情况下,whether 不能被if 取代:
1. whether引导主语从句并在句首
Whether it is necessary to study the proposals for several more months before making a
decision is to be debated.
2. 引导表语从句
The question is whether the TV play is worth watching.
3. whether从句作介词宾语
We are talking about wether you should do it.
4.引导同位语从句时
The news whether our team has won the match is unknown.
5. 从句后有
Whether he will come or not is not clear.

6.作动词discuss的宾语从句时。
Let' discuss whether Mary is fit for the position.
7.其后接动词不定式时。
Can you tell me whether to go or to stay.
(注)if可以引导条件状语从句“如果”之义,而whether没有。
(二) doubt与sure后名词性从句中that,whetherif的选择
1 ,当 doub t用于肯定句时,后面的名词性从句的连词常用whether或if,当doubt用于否定
句或疑问 句时,后面的名词性从句的连词常用that。
? I doubt whetherif he is at home.
? We don't doubt that they can complete the task ahead of time.
2 当be sure 引导的主句用于肯定句时,后面的名词性从句的连词常用that, 当be sure 引导
的主句用于否定句时,后面的名词性从句的连词常用whether或if。
? We are sure that he is innocent.
? The old man didn't seem to be sure whether she had seen me.
(三) Wh-ever的相关用法
1 Wh-ever与no matter wh- 的用法区别
Wh-ever 既可以引导名词性从句,又可以引导让步状语从句;而no matter wh-只能引导让
步状语从句。如:
? Whatever I said, he wouldn't listen to me.(让步状语从句)
=No matter what I said, he wouldn't listen to me.
无论我说什么,他都不会听我的。
? He would believe whatever I said.(宾语从句)

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我说什么他都信。
另外,在whoever , whatever, whenever, wherever 中,ever 起强调作用,意为“到底,究竟”。
如:
? Wherever have you been?
你究竟去了哪儿?
2. who与whoever,what与whatever引导名词性从句时的区别。
whoever引导名词性从句时相当于anyone who,those who,意思“任何…… 的人”,所引导
的从句不含有疑问意义;who引导名词性从句时有疑问意义“谁”。
whatever引导名词性从句时相当于anything that。意思是“所……的一切事或东 西”,可视
为what的强调说法,所引导的从句不含有疑问意义;what引导名词性从句时有两种用 法:
(1)= the thing(s) that,无疑问语气;(2)what 引起的名词性从句有时具有疑问意义“什
么”。 如:
? Who will preside over the meeting is still unknown. 谁来主持会议还不知道。
? Whoever comes last will have to stand outside. 无论谁最后来都得站在外面。
? I don’t believe in letting children do whatever they like. 我不赞成让孩子为所欲为。
? That was what we did this morning. 那就是我们今天早上所做的事。
? I don't know what I shall do. 我不知道该敢什么。
四. 高考热点透视——近年高考试题中的名词性从句的考点
名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句 和同位语从句,它是高中英语学习的一个
重点语法项目,也是历年来高考单项填空题频频考查的热点之一 。通过对近年全国各地高
考试题的分析,我们可以看出名词性从句考点主要有以下六个方面:
考点之一:考查名词性从句中that与what的区别
例1:______ he referred to in his article was unknown to the general reader.(07上海39)
A. That B. What C. Whether D. Where
【解析】正确答案为B。在名词性从句中that与 what的区别是:that在名词性从句中不作
句子成分,只起连接作用,除在宾语从句中外一般不可 省略;而what在名词性从句中不仅
起连接作用,而且作句子成分,如主语、宾语、表语、定语等,不 仅可以表示具体明确的“…
的话(东西、人)”,还可以表示“…的时间、…的地点、…的人、…的速度 ”等内容。此
题考查主语从句,what引导该主语从句,同时又作谓语动词refer to的宾语。题意:对于
他在文章中提到的那些东西,普通读者都不了解。
例2:The shopkeeper did not want to sell for _____ he thought was not enough.(05山东26)
A. where B. how C. what D. which
【解析】正确答案为C。题意:店 主不愿意卖他认为不足的价格。但此题结构较为复杂,
很多学生感觉此句难以理解,其实分析语境逻辑可 知,此题考查介词+宾语从句的用法,其中
he thought为插入语,空缺处应该表示“……的价格”, 此处引导名词性从句的关系代词必
须“身 兼二职”,既起连结作用,又在从句充当句子成分,故应用what,这里名词性从句
what he thought was not enough做介词for的宾语,而其他几个选项绝无此功能。在做这样< br>的题目时,最好把句子中间的Iyouthey think(thought)等类似的插入语成分去掉,这样
句子就变成了:The shopkeeper did not want to sell for ______ was not enough.那么答案是C
就很清楚了。,
考点之二:考查名词性从句中的it作形式主语或形式宾语
例3:____ is our belief that improvements in health care will lead to a stronger, more prosperous
economy.(06,浙江卷4)
A. As B. That C. This D. It

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【解析】正确答案为D。在名词 性从句中为了保持句子的平衡,,往往用先行词it作形式主
语或形式宾语,而把真正的主语或宾语放到 后面。此题考查that引导的主语从句,用先行
词it充当形式主语代替主语从句,而把主语从句后置 ,此句可以改写为:That improvements
in health care will lead to a stronger, more prosperous economy is our belief。
例4:He didn’t make ____ clear when and where the meeting would be held.(07,天津卷1)
A. this B. that C. it D. these
【解析】 正确答案为C。此题考查的是用先行词it作形式宾语,而把真正的宾语从句放到
后面,而其他几个代词 均不能作形式宾语,故正确答案为C。
考点之三:考查名词性从句的语序
例:These shoes look very good. I wonder __________.(06,上海春招卷30)
A. how much cost they are B. how much do they cost
C. how much they cost D. how much are they cost
【解析】正确答案为C。在名词性从句中,疑问句要用陈述句语序。当连接词含疑问意义时,
学生往往受汉语习惯影响错误地使用疑问句语序。克服这种错误的关键是要找准从句中的
主语和 谓语。此题B项是疑问句语序,A、D项语法错误,故只能选C。题意:这些鞋子看起
来挺好,我想知道 他们卖多少钱。
考点之四:考查名词性从句中的whether,if以及that的区别
例5: The traditional view is ______ we sleep because our brain is “programmed” to make us
do so.(07,上海卷40)
A. when B. why C. whether D. that
【解析】whether, if以及that引导的名词 性从句的区别是:当“是否”讲时,whether与if
引导的名词性从句含有疑问意义;而that 引导的名词性从句不含有疑问意义。根据题意可
知:传统的观点认为我们睡眠是由于大脑收到睡眠指令所 致,显然表达的是一个肯定的事
实,故此题正确答案为D。
例6: We haven’t settled the question of ______________ it is necessary for him to study abroad.
(06,江苏35)
A. if B. where C. whether D. that
【解析】whether与if当“是否”讲时,在引导宾语从句时两者可以互换,但 在引导主语从
句、表语从句和同位语从句以及介词后面的宾语从句或后面紧跟or not时通常只能用
whether,而不能用if。根据题意可知:我们还没有解决他是否有必要出国学习的问题,故正< br>确答案为C。
考点之五:考查名词性从句中的who与whoever,what与whate ver引导名词性从句时的区

例7:It is generally considered unwise to give a child ________ he or she wants.(07,宁夏)
A. however B. whatever C. whichever D. whenever
【解析】本题句意为:一般认为孩子要什 么就给什么是不明智的。whatever引导宾语从句,
相当于anything that;A项however 和D项whenever是不能作宾语的;而C项whichever
表示“无论哪一个、无论哪些”,表示在一定范围内的人或事物,此处并不涉及“一定范围
内的人或事物 ”,所以也不能选,故正确答案为B。
例8: ________ makes this shop different is that it offers more personal services.(06辽宁,30)
A. What B. Who C. Whatever D. Whoever
【解析】本题考查名词性从句中连接代词的用法。wha t引导主语从句,又作句子作主语,
句意为:使这家商店与众不同的地方是它提供更多的人性化服务。连 接词不是指人,故不
能用who,whoever;whoever引导名词性从句时相当于anyon e whothose who。同时,本题

7


没有“无论什么” 的含义,故排除whatever;whatever引导名词性从句时相当于anything that。
考点之六:考查名词性从句中的同位语从句和定语从句的区别
例9. Dris’success lies in the fact _________ she is co- operative and eager to earn from
others.(06年上海春招卷第33题)
A. which B. that C. when D. why
【解析】本题正确答案为B。that既可以引导同位语从句 ,也可以引导定语从句,其区别
为:同位语从句与前面的名词是同位关系,通常用在idea,news ,fact,promise,suggestion,
belief,truth等名词的后面,即说 明该名词所表示的具体内容;而定语从句与前面的名词是
修饰与被修饰关系,即限定它前面的名词范围, 或补充一些情况;引导同位语从句的that
是连词,在从句中不充当任何成份,而引导定语从句的th at是关系代词,除起连接作用外,
还在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语等。以后在处理“先行名词+th at从句”这类题目时,可
先去掉先行名词,如果句意完整,应属同位语从句;如果句意不完整,则属定 语从句。
例10.You can only be sure of _______ you have at present;you can not be sure of
something _______ you might get in the future.(2007,安徽,33)
what B, what; C. which; that D. that
【解析】本题正确答案为B。根据结构 ,第一空中引导宾语从句且在从句中能作成分的只
有B.C,根据句意,which;“哪一个”不符。 第二空考查定语从句,关系代词作宾语时可有
可无。
其他题例:
例ow is Tom's you got any idea______the party is to be held? (2008
陕西,13)
B. which C. that D where
【解析】本题正确答案为D. where 引导一个同位语从句,并在从句中作地点状语。
例12. What the doctors really doubt is ____ my mother will recover from the serious disease
soon.(上海2001年春季招生)
A. when B. how C. whether D. why
答案C。这是一个表语从句。根据 doubt一词可知,所怀疑的应是是否能治好病, 所
以要填whether。这句话的意思是“医生真的怀疑我妈妈是否能很快从重病中恢复过来。
例13.Could I speak to _____ is in charge of International Sales, please? (2007, 山东,22 )
A. anyone B. someone C. whoever D. no matter who
【解析】本题正确答案为C 句意:我可以和负责管理国际销售部的人谈一 谈吗?句中to
为介词,其后是名词性从句,而从句中缺少主语和关联词,故选择C. 而D项只能引导状
语从句。要求学生掌握whoever和no matter who的区别。
例14.——Could you do me a favor ? (2006,北京)
——It depends on _____ it is.
A. which B. whichever C. what D. whatever
【解析】正确答案为C. B项whichever=any(one)of that(在一定范围内任意一个)和D项
whatever=anything that(任何事情),而A项which表示“哪一个”, 都不符合语境

8

花卉是什么意思-等电点


have和has的用法-nowadays


无计可施的意思-bodyline


visually-布卢姆


室外空气净化液-遛弯儿


金必氏-赵字什么结构


流行英文歌曲排行榜-radeon是什么


罃-woman是什么意思



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