跳绳的英语-793
When I was preparing the postgraduate
entrance examination of NNU(Nanjing Normal
University),some of these following concepts
had been tested,but there's no specific or clear
explanation in the textbook required by the
in preparing the second-round
examination I
read them in other relevant books, I wrote down
here for your
they are useful to some of you.
1. Acculturation(同化过程) is a process in which
members of one cultural group adopt the
beliefs and behaviors of another group.
2.
Adjacency pair(相邻语对);a sequence of two utterances
by different speakers in conversation.
The
second is a response to the first, such as
questionanswer sequences and greetinggreeting
exchange.
3. affix: a bound morpheme that
is attached to a stem and modifies its meaning in
some way.
4. agreement (concord)(一致): a
grammatical phenomenon in which the form of one
word in a
sentence is determined by the form
of another word which is grammatically linked to
it. E.g. in
the sentence The boy goes to
school every is an agreement in number between
boy and
goes.
lators(发音器官): the
tongue,lips,and velum, which change the shape of
the vocal tract to
produce different speech
sounds.
(体): the grammatical category
representing distinction in the temporal structure
of an
event. English has two aspect
construction---the perfect and the
progressive.(完成体和进行体)
tion(吐气); the puff of
air that sometimes follows the pronounciation of a
stop consonant.
E.g. p in the word pit.
ant(辅音); a speech sound produced by partial or
complete closure of part of the vocal
tract,
thus obstructing the airflow and creating audible
friction. Consonants are described in terms
of
voicing, place of articulation, and manner of
articulation.
9. converstional
implicature(会话含义): meanings that are explicable in
the light of
converational maxims.
icative
competence(交际能力); the ability to use language
appropriately in social
situations.
11.
constituent(成分): a syntactic unit that functions
as part of a large unit within a sentence;
typical constituent types are verb phrase,
noun phrase, prepositional phrase and clause.
(格):the grammatical category in inflectional
languages by which the form of a noun or
noun
phrase varies for grammatical or semantic reasons.
English has only one case distinction in
nouns—the genitive case(所有格), but English
pronouns have three forms that correspond to three
of the six cases in Latin.
(小句): a
grammatical unit that contains a subject and a
predicate. It may be a sentence
or part of a
sentence.
class(封闭词类): a group of words whose
membership is small and does not readily
accept new members.
e(创新词): the
construction and addition of new words.
bution(分布): the set of positions in which a
given linguistic element or form can appear
in
a language.
y(双重结构): a type of double-layer
structure in which a small number of meaningless
units are combined to produce a large number
of meaningful units.
ment(包含); the
relationship between two sentences where the truth
of one(the second)
is inferred from the
truth of the other.
ism(委婉语): a word or phrase
that replaces a taboo word or is used to avoid
reference to certain acts or subjects,e.g.
powder room for toilet.
path sentence(花园小径句):
a sentence in which the comprehender assumes a
particular meaning of a word or a phrase but
later discovers that the assumption was incorrect,
forcing the comprehender to backtrack and
reinterpret the sentence
variation;(自由变异) a
relation between two speech sounds such that
either one can occur
in a certain position and
the substitution of one for the other never makes
any difference in the
meaning of the word. For
instance, the unexploded(失去爆破) stop d in the
phrase Good
morning is in free varitation with
the exploded(爆破)counterpart.
tion(屈折变化): the
morphological process by which affixes combine
with words or
stems to indicate such
grammatical categories as tense or plurity.
ment(支配): the grammatical phonomenon in which
the presence of a particular word
in a
sentence requires a second word which is
grammatical linked with it to appear in a
particular
form. E.g. a preposition or a verb
requires that the pronoun following it be in the
objective form,as
in with me,to him.
ge
universal (语言共性): any property that is shared by
most,if not all, human
lanugages.
franca:
( 通用语) A language variety used for communication
among groups of people
wo do not otherwise
share a common language. For example, English is
the lingua franca of the
international
scientific community.
ociolinguistics; The
study of the effect of language on society.
ociolinguistics: The study of the effect of
any and all aspects of society,including
cultural norms, expetations and contexts,on
the way language is used. It is often simply
called
sociolinguistics.
gmatic relation:
(纵组合关系) The substitutional relation between a set
of linguistic
items,that is,linguistic
forms(letters,words and phrases)can be substituted
for each other in the
same position in a word
or sentence. E.g, b,p,s,f are in paradigmatic
relation in the words
bit,pit,sit,fit, so are
Nature,Beauty, Love, Honesty in the sentences:
Nature purifies the mind.
Beauty purifies
the mind.
Love purifies the mind.
Honesty purifies the mind.
matic relation:
(横组合关系) The relation between any linguistic
elements which are
simultaneously present in a
structure. E.g. in the word bit, b, i,t are in
syntagmatic relation, so are
nature, purifies,
the, mind, in the sentence Nature purifies the
mind.
position(预设): implicit assumptions about
the world acquired to make an utterance
meaningful or appropriate,e,g, “ some tea has
already been taken”is a presuppostion of “Take
some more tea”.
ype(典型): What members of a
particular community think of as the best example
of a
lexical category, some English speakers
“cabbage”(rather than,say,carrot)might be the
prototypical vegetable.
(词根): the morpheme
that remains when all affixes are stripped from a
complex word. E.g.
system from un- + system +
atic + ally.
(词干): the base to which
one or more affixes are attached to create a more
complex form
that may be another stem or a
word.
(禁忌语):words that are offensive or
embarrassing, considered inappropriate for “polite
society”, thus to be avoided in conversation.
ional restriction(选择限制): a restriction on the
combining of words in a sentence
resulting
from their meaning.
stic universal:(语言共性) The
linguistic universals are principles that enable
children to
acquire a particular language
unconsciously, without instruction in the early
years of life. As a
whole they are referred to
as Universal Grammar.
stive
distribution(对比分布):If the speech sounds occur in
the same phonetic context
and the substitution
results a contrast in meaning, we say they are in
contrastive distribution.
ate constituent
analysis(直接成分分析法)is the technique of breaking up
sentences
into word groups by making
successive binary cuttings until the level of
single words is reached.
ntric construction:
(向心结构或内心结构) One construction whose distribution is
functionally equivalent, or approaching
equivalence, to one of its constituents. The
typical
English endocentric constructions are
noun phrases and adjective phrases.
tric
construction(离心结构或外心结构) the opposite of
endocentric
construction,refers to a group of
syntactically related words where none of the
words is
functionally equivalent to the whole
group. Most constructions are exocentric.
ness
can be defined as the means employed to show
awareness of another person’s public
self-
image.
(politeness principle)tact
maxim;generosity principle;approbation
maxim;modesty
maxim;agreement maxim;sympathy
maxim.
(反语)is the use of words to express
something other than and especially the opposite
of
the literal meaning of the utterance.
-switching: (语码转换) means the alternation
between two or more languages,language
varieties or registers in communication.
ive filter(情感过滤):A screen of emotion that can
block language acquisition or learning
if it
keeps the learners being too self-conscious or too
embarrassed to take risks during
communicative
exchanges.
sion(转类构词)is a change in the
grammatical function of a word without adding or
removing any part of it. A word belonging to
one part of speech is extended to another part of
speech. It is also called functional shift or
zero derivation.
l meaning VS grammatical
meaning(词汇意义与语法意义)
The meaning of a sentence
is carried by the words proper as well as by the
patterns of word order
that is part of the
grammatical system of a language. The part of the
sentence meaning contributed
by words is
called the lexical meaning and the part of
sentence meaning that depends upon the
way the
words are put together is called grammatical
meaning, in which the function words and
the
word order play a very important role.
nguistic meaning VS non-linguistic meaning
(副语言意义与非语言意义)
In human communication, apart
from the linguistic meaning conveyed by language
itself,there are
numerous paralinguistic
meanings and non-linguistic meanings that are
perceived simultaneously
by the hearer.
Paralinguistic meanings are those attached to the
verbal expressions by quality of
voice,tempo
of speech,posture,facial expression and gestures.
Non-linguistic meanings are those
indicated by non-verbal noises such as
cough, sigh, tongue-clicking, various kinds of
body
languages and different contexts of
situation.
tion VS connotation (外延与内涵)
Denotation is a straightforward, literal
meaning of the word every member of the language
speaking community will agree on. Connotation
is not the basic meaing of the word but some
emotive or evaluative meaings associated with
the word by individual language users in their
mind.
stic relativity VS linguistic
determinism (语言相对论与语言决定论)
The Sapir-Wholf
Hypothesis states that there is a systematic
relationship between the
grammatical
categories of the language a person speaks and how
that person both understands the
world and
behaves in it. It boils down to two principles:
linguistic relativity and linguistic
determinism.
Linguistic relativity states
that disctinctions encoded in one language are
unique to that langage
alone, and that there
is no limit to the structural diversity of
languages.
Linguistic determinism refers to
the idea that the language we use determines, to
some extent,
the way in which we view and
think about the world around us. This concept has
two versions;
strong
determinism and weak
determinism. The strong version, which has few
followers today, holds that
language actually
determines thought, whereas that weak version,
which is widely accepted today,
merely holds
that language affects thought.
活着观后感-nighty
committed是什么意思-Heuristics
173是什么-民的拼音
九年级下册数学书内容-印花布
cts是什么意思-彩色分析仪
老鹰的拼音-shrimp
大和拜金女-托福考试报名时间
听音乐-当家人
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