静谧的意思-干戈是什么意思
英国部分的名词解释
Chapter 1
The
Commonwealth
: the commonwealth is a free
association of independent countries that were
once
colonies of Britain. Member nations are
jointed together economically and have
certain
trading arrangements. The Commonwealth has no
special powers. The
decision to become a
member of the Commonwealth is left to each nation.
At present
there are 50 member countries
within the Commonwealth (1991).
English
Channel:
A channel of the Atlantic between
southern England and northern France. The
channel between England and France is quite
narrow. A channel tunnel under the
channel was
built in 1994 to join the two countries together.
Chunnel:
In 1985, the British
government and French government decided to build
a channel
tunnel, which is called Chunnel,
under the Straits of Dover so that England and
France could be joined together by the road.
The Chunnel was open to traffic in May
1994.
Chapter 2
Witan:
Witan was the
council or meeting of the wisemen. It was created
by the
Anglo—Saxons to advise the king. It’s
the basis of the Privy Council which still
exists today.
Heptarchy:
During the Anglo-Saxon’s time, Britain was divided
into many kingdoms, among
which there were
Seven principal kingdoms of Kent ,Esses, Sussex,
Wessex, East
Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria.
They were given the name of Heptarchy.
During
the Anglo-Saxon’s time, the three Teutonic tribes,
Angles, Saxons and
Jutes founded 7 kingdoms in
Britain, Kent ,Esses, Sussex, Wessex, East Anglia,
Mercia and Northumbria. They were given the
name Heptarchy. 二选一
Alfred the Great
Alfred is a strong king of Wessex. He defeated the
Danes and reached a friendly
agreement with
them. He founded a strong fleet and is known as
“the father of the
British navy” He
reorganized the Saxon army, making it more
efficient. He also
translated books and
established schools. All this earned him the title
“Alfred the
Great.
Norman Conquest
The Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps
the best-known event in English
history.
William the conqueror landed his army in Oct.1066
and defeated king Harold.
Then he was crowned
king of England on Christmas Day the same year. He
replaced
the weak Saxon rule with a strong
Norman government. So the feudal system was
completely established inEngland
Chapter 3
Domesday Book (末日审判书)
It is a book compiled by group of clerks under
the sponsorship of king William the
first
in1086. The book was in fact a property record. It
was the result of general
survey of England.
It recorded the extent, value, state of
cultivation, and ownership of
the land. It was
one of the important measures adopted by William1
to establish the
full feudal system in
England. Today, it is kept in Public Record Office
in London.
the Great Charter(大宪章)
King John's reign caused much discontent among
the barons. In1215, he was forced to
sign a
document, known as Margna Carta, or the Great
Charter. It has 63 clauses.
Though it has long
been regarded as the foundation of English
liberties, its spirit was
the limitation of
the King's power, keeping them within the bounds
of the feudal law
of the land.
The
Hundred Yeas’ War(百年战争):
The name is given to
the intermittent war between France and England
that lasted
from 1336 to 1453 . The causes
were partly territorial and partly economic. When
Edward III claimed the French Crown by right
of his mother Isabella , daughter of
Philip
IV, the French refused to recognize , the war
broke out. At first the English
were
successful, but in the end, the expulsion of
English from France is a blessing for
both
countries, had they remained, the cost almost all
their possessions in France. The
expulsion of
English from France is a blessing for both
countries
The Black Death(黑死病):
Black
Death was the modern name given to the deadly
bubonic Europe in the 14
th
century,
particularly in 1347-1350. It swept through
England without warming and
any cure, and
sparing no victims. It killed between one half and
one third of the
population of England. Thus,
much land was left untended and there was a
terrible
shortage of labour. It caused far-
reaching economic consequences.
Chapter 4
The wars of Rose(玫瑰战争):
This time the
instability was caused by the two branches of the
Plantagenet family,
the House of Lancaster and
the House of York between 1455 and 1485.
Henry Ⅷ(亨利八世):
He was a great king
and remembered for his reform of the church. His
reform stressed
the power of the monarch and
strengthened the Parliament’s importance.
Renaissance(文艺复兴):
It was the revival of
classical literature and artistic styles in
European history.
Renaissance was the
transitional period between the Middle Ages and
modern times,
covering the years Renaissance
began in northern Italy in the early
14th
century, and was typified by the universal genius
of Leonardo Da
Vinci(1452-1519)In England ,the
Renaissance was usually thought of as beginning
with the accession of the House of Tudor to
the throne in 1485
The
Restoration(王朝复辟):
When Oliver Cromwell died
in 1658, and was succeeded by his son, Richard,
the
regime began immediately to collapse. One
of Cromwell’s generals, George Monck ,
occupied London, and arranged for new
parliamentary elections, The Parliament thus
elected in 1660 resolved the France as Kong
Charles II .The Restoration, as it called,
was
relatively smooth.
The Bill of
Rights(权利法案):
William and Mary jointly
accepted he Bill of Rights(1689)which,excluding
any
Roman Catholic from the succession,
confirmed the principle of parliamentary
supremacy an guaranteed free speech within
both the House of Lords and the House
of
Commons. Thus the age of constitutional monarchy,
of monarchy with powers
limited by parliament,
began.
The Glorious Revolution(光荣革命):
It was a takeover or palace coup d’etate with
no blood shed in 1688. When James II
hoped to
rule as a Catholic, the English politicians
rejected James II, and appealed to
a
Protestant king, William of Orange, to invade and
take the English throne. James II
was forced
to leave Britain. William and Mary who were the
relatives of James II
took power as joint
monarchy.
Oliver Cromwell(克伦威尔):
Oliver
Cromwell is the leader during the Civil War who
led the New Model Army to
defeat the king and
condemned him to death. Then he declared England a
Commonwealth and made himself Lord of
Protector. He ruled England till the
Restoration of CharlesⅡin 1660.
Chapter 5
Whigs and Tories
These two
party names originated with the Glorious
Revolution (1688).The whigs
were those who
opposed absolute monarchy and supported the right
to religious
freedom for Nonconformists. The
Whigs were to form a coalition with dissident
Tories in the mid-19th century and be come the
Liberal tories who those
who supported
hereditary monarchy and were reluctant to remove
kings. The Tories
were the forerunners of the
Conservative Party.
The Industrial
Revolution (工业革命)
The Industrial Revolution
refers to the mechanization of industry consequent
changes
in social and economic organization in
Britain in the 18th and early 19th centuries.
The Chartist Movement
Chartism
a
movement for political and social reform in the
United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland
during the mid-19th century, between 1838 and
1850. It takes its name
from the People's
Charter of 1838, which stipulated the six main
aims of the
movement as: (1)A vote for all
adult males (2)The ballot. (3)No property
qualification for members of Parliament
(4)Payment of members of
Parliament
(5)Equal Constituencies, (6)Annual
parliaments
Chartism was possibly the first
mass working class labour movement in the world.
Its
leaders have often been described as
either
depending upon their attitudes to
violent protest.
The Thatcherism
The
Thatcherism refers to the policies put forward by
Margaret Thatcher ,the first
woman prime
minister in England in main contents of her
policies included
the return to private
ownership of state-owned industries ,the use of
monetarist
policies to control inflation, the
weakening of trade unions the strengthening of the
role of market forces in the economy ,and an
emphasis on law and order. To some
extent her
program was successful and she led one of the most
remarkable periods in
the British economy.
Chapter 7
1. Constitutional
Monarchy《君主立宪制》:
The united Kingdom is a
constitutional monarchy, the head of state is a
kingdom or a queen. In practice, the sovereign
reigns, but doesn't rule. The monarch's
powers
are limited by law and parliament. Constitutional
Monarchy began after the
Glorious Revolution
in 1688.
2. The Official
Opposition《反对党》:
Britain has a number of
parties, but there are only two major parties.
These
two parties are the Conseravtive Party
and Labour Party. Since1945, either the
Conservatives Party or the Labour Party has
held power. The party which wins
sufficient
seats at a General Election to command a majority
of supporters in the
House of Commons usually
forms the Government. The leader of the majority
party is
appointed PM
seats becomes the Official Opposition, with
its own leader and
rule of Opposition
is to help the formulation of policy, criticizes
the Government and
debate with the Government.
3. The Civil List《王室费》:
It's an
annual grant approved by the Parliament. It's made
to provide the
Soveriegn and members of royal
family and used to cover the exp
ense involved
in carrying out their public duties.
Chapter 9
Easter:
Easter is the chief
Christian festival, which celebrates the
Resurrections of Christ on
the first Sunday
after the full moon that coincides with ,or comes
after ,the spring
equinox(taken as 21 March ).
Public holidays
Official public
holidays are also called “bank holidays ”!The term
“bank
holiday ”goes back to the bank holidays
act of 1871 ,which was its name to the fact
that banks are closed on the days specified .
Chapter 10
The Open University
The
Open University is a non-university based in the
new town of Milton Keynes,
Buckinghamshire. It
is so named because it is
University was
founded in 1969, and began its first courses in
University
offers degree and other member
countries of the European Union. It uses a
combination off specially produced printed
texts, correspondence tuition, television
and
radio broadcasts and audiovideo cassettes. For
some courses, there are residential
schools.
There is a network of study centers for contact
with part-time, tutors and
counselors and with
fellow students.
Quality
newspaper
Quality newspaperare directed at
readers who want full information on a wide
range of public matters . There are 5 quality
dailies (financial time, The Daily
Telegraph,
The Guardian, The Independent and The Time), and 4
quality sundays
(Sunday Telegraph, The
Independent on Sunday, The observer, and The
Sunday
Times)
Popular newspapers
Popular newspapers appeal to people wanting
news of more entertaining character,
presented
more concisely. There are 3 popular dailies(Daily
Mirror, Daily Star and
The sun) and 3 popular
Sundays,(news of the world, Sunday Mirror, and The
People )
道德的功能-芦芽是什么
戆大-dioxide
鸡同鸭讲什么意思-foe
Cannibal-职称是什么
狼王梦读后感100字-铃医是什么医生
一般现在时和现在进行时的区别-commissioned
rgb什么意思-烟火气
学生的英文-tamo
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