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英国部分的名词解释

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2020-10-22 11:41
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2020年10月22日发(作者:程思远)


英国部分的名词解释

Chapter 1
The Commonwealth
: the commonwealth is a free association of independent countries that were once
colonies of Britain. Member nations are jointed together economically and have
certain trading arrangements. The Commonwealth has no special powers. The
decision to become a member of the Commonwealth is left to each nation. At present
there are 50 member countries within the Commonwealth (1991).

English Channel:
A channel of the Atlantic between southern England and northern France. The
channel between England and France is quite narrow. A channel tunnel under the
channel was built in 1994 to join the two countries together.

Chunnel:
In 1985, the British government and French government decided to build a channel
tunnel, which is called Chunnel, under the Straits of Dover so that England and
France could be joined together by the road. The Chunnel was open to traffic in May
1994.

Chapter 2
Witan:
Witan was the council or meeting of the wisemen. It was created by the
Anglo—Saxons to advise the king. It’s the basis of the Privy Council which still
exists today.

Heptarchy:


During the Anglo-Saxon’s time, Britain was divided into many kingdoms, among
which there were Seven principal kingdoms of Kent ,Esses, Sussex, Wessex, East
Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria. They were given the name of Heptarchy.
During the Anglo-Saxon’s time, the three Teutonic tribes, Angles, Saxons and
Jutes founded 7 kingdoms in Britain, Kent ,Esses, Sussex, Wessex, East Anglia,
Mercia and Northumbria. They were given the name Heptarchy. 二选一

Alfred the Great
Alfred is a strong king of Wessex. He defeated the Danes and reached a friendly
agreement with them. He founded a strong fleet and is known as “the father of the
British navy” He reorganized the Saxon army, making it more efficient. He also
translated books and established schools. All this earned him the title “Alfred the
Great.

Norman Conquest
The Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps the best-known event in English
history. William the conqueror landed his army in Oct.1066 and defeated king Harold.
Then he was crowned king of England on Christmas Day the same year. He replaced
the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. So the feudal system was
completely established inEngland

Chapter 3
Domesday Book (末日审判书)
It is a book compiled by group of clerks under the sponsorship of king William the
first in1086. The book was in fact a property record. It was the result of general
survey of England. It recorded the extent, value, state of cultivation, and ownership of
the land. It was one of the important measures adopted by William1 to establish the
full feudal system in England. Today, it is kept in Public Record Office in London.


the Great Charter(大宪章)
King John's reign caused much discontent among the barons. In1215, he was forced to
sign a document, known as Margna Carta, or the Great Charter. It has 63 clauses.
Though it has long been regarded as the foundation of English liberties, its spirit was
the limitation of the King's power, keeping them within the bounds of the feudal law
of the land.

The Hundred Yeas’ War(百年战争):
The name is given to the intermittent war between France and England that lasted
from 1336 to 1453 . The causes were partly territorial and partly economic. When
Edward III claimed the French Crown by right of his mother Isabella , daughter of
Philip IV, the French refused to recognize , the war broke out. At first the English
were successful, but in the end, the expulsion of English from France is a blessing for
both countries, had they remained, the cost almost all their possessions in France. The
expulsion of English from France is a blessing for both countries

The Black Death(黑死病):
Black Death was the modern name given to the deadly bubonic Europe in the 14
th

century, particularly in 1347-1350. It swept through England without warming and
any cure, and sparing no victims. It killed between one half and one third of the
population of England. Thus, much land was left untended and there was a terrible
shortage of labour. It caused far- reaching economic consequences.

Chapter 4
The wars of Rose(玫瑰战争):
This time the instability was caused by the two branches of the Plantagenet family,
the House of Lancaster and the House of York between 1455 and 1485.


Henry Ⅷ(亨利八世):
He was a great king and remembered for his reform of the church. His reform stressed
the power of the monarch and strengthened the Parliament’s importance.
Renaissance(文艺复兴):
It was the revival of classical literature and artistic styles in European history.
Renaissance was the transitional period between the Middle Ages and modern times,
covering the years Renaissance began in northern Italy in the early
14th century, and was typified by the universal genius of Leonardo Da
Vinci(1452-1519)In England ,the Renaissance was usually thought of as beginning
with the accession of the House of Tudor to the throne in 1485

The Restoration(王朝复辟):
When Oliver Cromwell died in 1658, and was succeeded by his son, Richard, the
regime began immediately to collapse. One of Cromwell’s generals, George Monck ,
occupied London, and arranged for new parliamentary elections, The Parliament thus
elected in 1660 resolved the France as Kong Charles II .The Restoration, as it called,
was relatively smooth.

The Bill of Rights(权利法案):
William and Mary jointly accepted he Bill of Rights(1689)which,excluding any
Roman Catholic from the succession, confirmed the principle of parliamentary
supremacy an guaranteed free speech within both the House of Lords and the House
of Commons. Thus the age of constitutional monarchy, of monarchy with powers
limited by parliament, began.

The Glorious Revolution(光荣革命):
It was a takeover or palace coup d’etate with no blood shed in 1688. When James II
hoped to rule as a Catholic, the English politicians rejected James II, and appealed to


a Protestant king, William of Orange, to invade and take the English throne. James II
was forced to leave Britain. William and Mary who were the relatives of James II
took power as joint monarchy.
Oliver Cromwell(克伦威尔):
Oliver Cromwell is the leader during the Civil War who led the New Model Army to
defeat the king and condemned him to death. Then he declared England a
Commonwealth and made himself Lord of Protector. He ruled England till the
Restoration of CharlesⅡin 1660.

Chapter 5
Whigs and Tories
These two party names originated with the Glorious Revolution (1688).The whigs
were those who opposed absolute monarchy and supported the right to religious
freedom for Nonconformists. The Whigs were to form a coalition with dissident
Tories in the mid-19th century and be come the Liberal tories who those
who supported hereditary monarchy and were reluctant to remove kings. The Tories
were the forerunners of the Conservative Party.

The Industrial Revolution (工业革命)
The Industrial Revolution refers to the mechanization of industry consequent changes
in social and economic organization in Britain in the 18th and early 19th centuries.
The Chartist Movement

Chartism
a movement for political and social reform in the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland during the mid-19th century, between 1838 and 1850. It takes its name
from the People's Charter of 1838, which stipulated the six main aims of the
movement as: (1)A vote for all adult males (2)The ballot. (3)No property
qualification for members of Parliament (4)Payment of members of


Parliament (5)Equal Constituencies, (6)Annual parliaments
Chartism was possibly the first mass working class labour movement in the world. Its
leaders have often been described as either
depending upon their attitudes to violent protest.

The Thatcherism
The Thatcherism refers to the policies put forward by Margaret Thatcher ,the first
woman prime minister in England in main contents of her policies included
the return to private ownership of state-owned industries ,the use of monetarist
policies to control inflation, the weakening of trade unions the strengthening of the
role of market forces in the economy ,and an emphasis on law and order. To some
extent her program was successful and she led one of the most remarkable periods in
the British economy.

Chapter 7
1. Constitutional Monarchy《君主立宪制》:
The united Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy, the head of state is a
kingdom or a queen. In practice, the sovereign reigns, but doesn't rule. The monarch's
powers are limited by law and parliament. Constitutional Monarchy began after the
Glorious Revolution in 1688.

2. The Official Opposition《反对党》:
Britain has a number of parties, but there are only two major parties. These
two parties are the Conseravtive Party and Labour Party. Since1945, either the
Conservatives Party or the Labour Party has held power. The party which wins
sufficient seats at a General Election to command a majority of supporters in the
House of Commons usually forms the Government. The leader of the majority party is
appointed PM .The party which wins the second largest number of
seats becomes the Official Opposition, with its own leader and


rule of Opposition is to help the formulation of policy, criticizes the Government and
debate with the Government.
3. The Civil List《王室费》:
It's an annual grant approved by the Parliament. It's made to provide the
Soveriegn and members of royal family and used to cover the exp
ense involved in carrying out their public duties.

Chapter 9
Easter:
Easter is the chief Christian festival, which celebrates the Resurrections of Christ on
the first Sunday after the full moon that coincides with ,or comes after ,the spring
equinox(taken as 21 March ).

Public holidays
Official public holidays are also called “bank holidays ”!The term “bank
holiday ”goes back to the bank holidays act of 1871 ,which was its name to the fact
that banks are closed on the days specified .

Chapter 10
The Open University
The Open University is a non-university based in the new town of Milton Keynes,
Buckinghamshire. It is so named because it is
University was founded in 1969, and began its first courses in University
offers degree and other member countries of the European Union. It uses a
combination off specially produced printed texts, correspondence tuition, television
and radio broadcasts and audiovideo cassettes. For some courses, there are residential
schools. There is a network of study centers for contact with part-time, tutors and
counselors and with fellow students.


Quality newspaper
Quality newspaperare directed at readers who want full information on a wide
range of public matters . There are 5 quality dailies (financial time, The Daily
Telegraph, The Guardian, The Independent and The Time), and 4 quality sundays
(Sunday Telegraph, The Independent on Sunday, The observer, and The Sunday
Times)

Popular newspapers
Popular newspapers appeal to people wanting news of more entertaining character,
presented more concisely. There are 3 popular dailies(Daily Mirror, Daily Star and
The sun) and 3 popular Sundays,(news of the world, Sunday Mirror, and The
People )

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