仲怎么读音-破罐子破摔什么意思
词汇学名词解释
1. Word --- A word is a minimal
free form of a language that has a given sound and
meaning
and syntactic funtion.
2.
Morpheme --- A morpheme is the minimal significant
element in the
composition of words.
3.
Free morphemes or Content morphemes (Free root)
--- They are morphemes
that may constitute
words by themselves : cat, walk.
4. Bound
Morphemes or Grammatical morphemes --- They are
morphemes that
must appear with at least one
other morpheme, either bound or free : Catts,
walk+ing.
5. Bound root --- A bound root
is that part of the word that carries the
fundamental meaning just like a free root.
Unlike a free root, it is a bound form
and has
to combine with other morphemes to make words.
Take -dict- for
example: it conveys the
meaning of
word. With the prefix pre-(=before)
we obtain the verb predict meaning
beforehand
6. Affixes --- Affixes are forms that are
attached to words or word elements to
modify
meaning or funtion.
7. Inflectional morphemes
or Inflectional affixes --- Affixes attaches to
the end
of words to indicate grammatical
relationships are inflectional ,thus known as
inflectional morphemes.
There is the
regular plural suffix -s(-es) which is added to
nouns such as
machines, desks.
8.
Derivational morphemes or Derivational affixes ---
Derivational affixes are
affixes added to
other morphemes to create new words.
9.
Prefixes --- Prefixes are affixes that come before
the word, such as, pre+war.
10. Suffixes ---
suffixes are affixes that come after the word, for
instance,
blood+y.
Derivational morphemes
derivational affixes --- A process of forming new
words by the addition
of a word element. Such
as prefix, suffix, combing form to an already
existing word.
Prefixation ---- is the
formation of new words by adding prefix or combing
form to the base. (It
modify the lexical
meaning of the base)
Suffixation--- is the
formation of a new word by adding a suffix or
combing form to the base and
usually changing
the word-class of the base. Such as boy. Boyish
(noun- adjective)
11. Root --- A root is the
basic form of a word which cannot be further
analysed
without total loss of identity.
12. Opaque Words--Words that are formed by one
content morpheme only and
cannot be analysed
into parts are called opaque words, such as axe,
glove.
13. Transparent Words--Words that
consist of more than one morphemes and
can be
segmented into parts are called transparent words:
workable(work+able), door-man(door+man).
14. Morphs--Morphemes are abstract
units, which are realized in speech by
discrete units known as morphs. They are
actual spoken, minimal carriers of
meaning.
15. Allomorps--Some morphemes are realized by
more than one morph
according to their
position in a word. Such alternative morphs are
known as
allomorphs. For instance, the
morpheme of plurality {-s} has a number of
allomorphs in different sound context, e.g. in
cats s, in bags z, in match iz.
16.
Derivation or Affixation--Affixation is generally
defined as the formation of
words by adding
word-forming or derivational affixes to stems.
This process is
also known as derivation.
17. Prefixation--Prefixation is the formation
of new words by adding prefixes to
stems.
18. Suffixation--Suffixation is the formation
of new words by adding suffixes to
stems.
19. Compounding(Compositon)--Compounding is a
process of word-formation
by which two
independent words are put together to make one
word. E.g.
hen-packed; short-sighted.
20.
Conversion--Conversion is the formation of new
words by converting words
of one class to
another class. This process of creating new words
without adding
any affixes is also called
zero-derivation. E.g. dry (a.)-->to dry.
21.
Back-formation-- is a process of word-formation by
which a word is created
by the deletion of a
supposed affix. E.g. editor entered the language
before edit.
22. Abbreviation ( shortening
)-- is a process of word-formation by which the
syllables of words are abbreviated or
shortened.
23. Abbreviation includes four
types : I. Clipped words II. Initialisms III.
Acronyms IV. Blends.
I. Clipped words--
are those created by clipping part of a word,
leaving only a
piece of the old word. E.g.
telephone-->phone, professional-->pro.
II.
Initialisms--are words formed from the initial
letters of words and
pronounced as letters.
E.g. IMFai em ef=International Monetary Fund.
III. Acronyms--are words formed from the
initial letters of word and pronounced
as
words. E.g. NATO'neito=North Atlantic Treaty
Organization.
IV. Blends--are words that are
combined by parts of other words. E.g.
smoke+fog=smog.
24. Polysemy--The same
word may have two or more different meanings. This
is known as
through the air
Two
approaches to polysemy: Diachronic and Synchronic
Diachronically, we study the growth or
change in the semantic structure of a word , or
how the
semantic structure of a word has
developed from primary meaning to the present
polysemic
state .
Synchronically, we are
interested in the comparative value of individual
meanings and the
interrelation between the
central meaning and the secondary meanings.
Two processes leading to polysemy: Radiation
and concatenation
Radiation : Semantically,
radiation is the process in which the primary or
central meaning stands
at the center while
secondary meanings radiate from it in every
direction like rays.
Concatenation : is a
semantic process in which the meaning of a word
moves gradually away
from its first sense by
successive shifts, like the links of a chain,
untill there is no connection
between the
sense that is finally developed and the primary
meaning.
25. Homonyms--are generally defined
as words different in meaning but either
identical both in sound and spelling or
identical『a.同一的,完全相同的』 only in
sound or
spelling.
26. Perfect Homonyms--are words
identical both in sound and spelling,but
different in meaning。
E.g. bear n. a large
heavy animal;
bear v. to put up with
27.
Homographs--are words identical only in spelling
but different in sound and
meaning. E.g.
sow s3u v. to scatter seeds
sow sau n.
female adult pig
28. Homophones--are words
identical only insound but different in spelling
and
meaning. E.g.
dear di3 n. a loved
person
deer di3 n. a kind of animal
29.
Synonyms--can be defined as words different in
sound and spelling but
most nearly alike or
exactly the same in meaning. E.g.
maid girl
They are the same meaning of
30.
Absolute(Complete, Perfect)Synonyms--are words
which are identical in
meaning in all its
aspects, i.e. both in grammatical meaning and
lexical meaning,
including conceptual and
associative meanings. For instance, composition
compounding They have the perfect same meaning
in Lexicology.
31. Relative (near,partial)
synonyms--are similar or nearly the same in
denotation ,but embrace different shades of
meaning or different degrees of a
given
quality.
Take staggerreeltotter for example.
Stagger implies unsteady movement
characterized by a loss of balance and failure
to maintain a fixed course. E.g.
stagger under
a heavy load; Reel suggests a swaying or lurching
so as to appear
on the verge of falling. E.g.
The drunken man reeled down the hall; Totter
indicates the uncertain, faltering steps of a
feeble old person or of an infant
learning to
walk.
32. Sources of Synonyms
I.
Borrowing : Native (ask)--French (question)--Latin
(interrogate)
II. Dialects and
regional English: railway (BrE)--railroad (AmE)
III. Figurative『a. 比喻的,象征的』 and euphemistic
『a.委婉的』use of words:
occupation--walk of life
(fig.)
lie--distort the fact (euph.)
IV.
Coincidence with idiomatic expressions:
win--
gain the upper hand
hesitate--be in two minds
33. Discrimination of Synonyms
I.
Difference in denotation : differ in the range and
intensity of meaning.
E.g. extend--increase--
expand (range)
want--wish--desire (intensity)
II. Difference in connotation『n.涵义,含蓄』: differ
in the stylistic and emotive
colouring. E.g.
ask (neutral); beg (colloquial); request
(formal)
III. Difference in application: in
usage. E.g.
empty box vacant seat
34.
Antonymy--is concerned with semantic opposition.
35. Antonyms--are words which are opposite in
meaning.
36. Types of Antonyms
I.
Contradictory terms: mutually opposed; true
oppositeness of meaning; no
possibility
between them; E.g. alive--dead; present--absent
II. Contrary terms: gradable
E.g.
rich--(well-to-do)--poor;
hot--(warm,cool)--cold
III. Relative
terms: relational oppositeness
E.g. parent--
child; husband--wife; sell--buy
IV. Semantic
incompatibles: contrastingness.
E.g.
north,south,east,west;
spring,summer,autumn,winter.
37. Hyponymy
--deals with the relationship of semantic
inclusion. That is , the
meaning of a more
specific word is included in that of another more
general
word. These specific words are known
as hyponyms. For instance, tulip and rose
are
hyponyms of flower. The general word flower is the
superordinate term and
the specific ones tulip
and rose are the subordinate terms.
38.
Extension of meaning (generalization)--is a term
referring to the widening
of meaning. It is a
process by which a word which originally had a
specialized
meaning has now become
generalized. for example, originally
denoted
mere
39. Narrowing of
meaning(specialization)--is a term referring to
the shrinking of
meaning. It is a process by
which a word of wide meaning acquires a narrower
or specialized sense.
E.g. When garage was
first borrowed from French, it meant simply
place
40. Elevation or
amelioration『n.改善,改良』--refers to the process by
which
words rise from humble beginnings to
positions of importance.
E.g. Marshal and
constable meant a
41. Degradation or
pejoration of meaning--It is a process whereby
words of
good origin fall into ill reputation
or non-affective words come to be used in
derogatory sense.
E.g. A wench was a
42. Metaphor『n.隐喻』--is a figure of speech
containing an implied
comparison, in which a
word or phase ordinarily and primarily used of
one thing is applied to another.
E.g. the
teeth of a comb; blood bank; He has a heart of
stone; The
curtain of night has fallen.
43. Metonymy『n.借代』--is the device in which we
name something by
one of its attributes, as in
crown for king, the White House for the
President. The kettle is boiling. (kettle for
water in the kettle)
44.
Synecdoche『n.提喻法』--means using a part for a whole,
an individual for a
class, a material for a
thing or the reverse of any of these.
For
example, bread for food, the army for a soldier.
He is a poor creature. --creature for man
45. Analogy『n.类似,相似』--is a process whereby
words are created in imitation
of other words.
For example, telethon an talkathon are created
on the model of marathon.
46. Idiom--Strictly
speaking, idioms are expressions that are not
readily
understandable from their literal
meanings of individual elements. For example,
fly off the handle (become excessively angry)
and put up with (tolerate). In a
broad sense,
idioms may include colloquialisms, catchphrases,
slang
expressions ,proverbs,etc.
47.
Characteristics of Idioms:
I. Long use
II. Unitary meaning; semantic unity.
III.
Syntactic frozenness; structural stability.
48. Figurative idioms--are idioms that include
metaphor. Strictly speaking, they
are true
idioms. E.g. a dog in the manger.
49. Sources
of Figurative idioms:
I. Coloquialisms: big
wheel (an influential or important person)
II. Literary expressions: to kill the
fatted calf
III. Slang: in the soup(in
serious trouble)
IV. Foreign idioms: sour
grapes.
50. Motivation--accounts for the
connection between the linguistic symbol and
its meaning.
51. Onomatopoeic Motivation
--These words were created by imitating the
natural sounds or noises. For example, bang,
ping-pang, crow by cocks, etc.
52.
Morphological Motivation--Compounds and derived
words are
multi-morphemic words and the
meaning of many are the sum total of the
morphemes combined. For instance, airmail
means to
53. Semantic Motivation--refers
to the mental associations suggested by the
conceptual meaning of a word.
E.g. When
we say the mouth of a river, we associate the
opening part of the
river with the mouth of a
human being or an animal.
54. Etymological
Motivation--The history of the word explains the
meaning of
the word.
小不忍则乱大谋-retirees
国庆英文-takethat
nephew是什么意思中文-定冠词和不定冠词的用法
英语日记关于日常生活-dui
涔涔-aimed
邑人怎么读-custody
dominant-hussar
carbonsteel-扯的拼音
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