孙子的英文-以致
主动语态表示被动意义及主动语态变被动语态
1、某些不及物动词(vi.)不用被动语态
如:happentake
placeappeardisappearrisebreak outbreak
downbelong to…
A traffic accident
happened just now.
Her voice rose in
anger.(她因愤怒而提高了嗓门。)
Fire broke out during the
night. (夜间突然发生了火灾。)
2、某些及物动词+adv.不用被动语态
This kind of sweater sells well.(这种毛衣销路很好。)
My new pen writes smoothly.(我的新钢笔用着顺畅。)
The essay doesn't translate well. (这篇文章不好译。)
She does not photograph well.(她不上相。)
3、表示状态的动词无被动
(1)“有”动词无被动
如:haveowncontainconsist ofhold…
The can
contains milk.(这只罐子里装的是牛奶。)
The committee
consists of ten members.(委员会由十人组成。)
The
plane holds(容纳) about 150 people.
(2)感官系动词无被动
如:look、feel、 sound、smell、taste…
He has had three bowls of soup. I’m sure the
soup tastes good.
(3)“表示渐变关系的”系动词无被动
如:becomegrowturnfallget…
When she heard
these words,her face turned red.
(4)其他系动词
如:prove=turn out to beseembe…
The task
proved (to be) more difficult than we’d
thought.(这项任务原来比
我们预想的难得多。)
Do whatever
seems best.(只要觉察出是最好的,就做。)
4、有些做表语的adj.后,用动词不定式的主动形式表被动意义
The
passage is difficult to read.(这篇文章很难读懂。)
5、某些不及物动词(vi.)如move,
lock,shut,open等与can’t,won’t连用时
This material
won’t wear.(这种材料不耐用。)
The box can’t
move.(这个箱子不能动。)
The window won’t
shut.(这窗户关不上。)
6、“get-被动态”主动形式表被动意义
由“get+过去分词”构成的被动态叫做“get-
被动态”。在这种结构中,get起
助动词be的作用,然而它不是助动词,而是主动词。
They had known each other for quite a few the
end,they got
married.(他们相知多年,终于结为伉俪。)
7、其他用主动语态表被动意义的动词
如:be worth doing=be
worth to be done
need doing=need to be done
8. 表示某些
“需要、要求”意义的动词,如need、want、require,deserve等后的
动名词的主动语态形式表示被动意义。如:
The bike needs
repairing=The bike needs to be repaired.
The
story requires reading carefully. =The story
requires to be read
carefully.
主动语态改被动语态的方法
1)将主动语态改为被动语态应注意以下三个方面:①将主动语态
的宾语改
为被动语态的主语;②将主动语态的谓语动词改为“be+过去分词”结构;③将主
动
语态的主语改为介词by之后的宾语,放在谓语动词之后(有时可省略)。
2)含直接宾语和间接宾语
的主动语态改为被动语态时有两种情况:①把间
接宾语改为被动语态的主语,直接宾语仍保留原位;②把
直接宾语改为主动语态
的主语,此时,间接宾语前要加介词to或 for。如:
He
gave the boy an apple.→The boy was given an
apple.(或An apple was
given to the boy.)
Her father bought her a present.→She was
bought a present by her
father.(或A present was
bought for her by her father.)
3)不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语的主动语态,改为被动语态时不定式
前要加to。如:
They watched the children sing that
morning.→The children were watched
to sing
that morning.
4)带复合宾语的动词在改为被动语态时,一般把主动语态的宾语改为主
语,
宾语补足语在被动语态中作主语补足语。如:
We call him Xiao
Wang.→He is called Xiao Wang.
He cut his hair
short.→His hair was cut short.
They told him
to help me.→He was told to help me.
5)短语动词是不可分割的整体,改为被动语态时要保持其完整性,介词或
副词不可遗漏。如:
We must take good care of the young trees.→The
young trees must be
taken good care of.
6)
含有宾语从句的主动结构变为被动结构时,通常用it作为被动结构的先
行主语,从句放在句子后面;也
可采用另一种形式。可以这样转换为被动结构的
动词有know,say,believe,find,
think,report等。如:
People believe that he is
ill.→It is believed that he is ill.(或:He is
believed
to be ill.)
3.被动语态改为主动语态的方法:
被动语态中介词by后的宾语改为主动语
态中的主语(或按题意要求确定主
语),按照这个主语的人称和数以及原来的时态把谓语动词形式由被动
语态改为
主动语态。注意在主动语态中有的动词要求不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语,
此时
要把被动语态中的to去掉。被动语态的主语用来作主动语态的宾语。如:
History is
made by the people.?The people make history.
4.不能用于被动语态的情况
1)某些表示“静态”的及物动词(表示状态而不是动作,而且
常常是不可用于
进行时态的动词)如have,fit,suit,hold(容纳),cost,
suffer,last(持续)
等不能用于被动语态。如:
They have a
nice car.他们有一辆漂亮的汽车。
My shoes don't fit
me.我的鞋不合适。
My brain can't hold so much
information at one time.我的脑子一下子记不
住这么多资料。
How much /What does it cost?这值多少钱?
Our
holiday lasts 10days.我们的假期有十天。
This food will
last(them)(for)3days.这食物足够(他们)(吃)三天。
2)不是所有带介词
的动词都能用于被动结构。若是构成成语动词通常有被
动态,若不构成成语动词则无被动态。试比较:
They arrived at a decision.?A decision was
arrived at.他们作出了决定。
They arrived at the
station.他们到达车站。(不说:The station was arrived
at.)
He looked into the question.?The
question was looked into.他调查了这
个问题。
3)动词lea
ve(离开),enter(进入),join(参加)不可用于被动语态。
如:
The
car left the road and hit a tree.车子离开了道路,撞上了树。
4)某些及物动词可作不及物动词用,特别是后加副词(如well,
easily等)
时。主动语态有被动含义,这类动词常见的有sell,write,
wear,wash,cook,
open,close,lock,read,record等。如:
His new novel is selling well.他的新小说很畅销。The
cloth washes well.这
布很耐洗。
This material
won't wear.这种材料不耐穿。His play won't
act.他的戏剧
不会上演。
The window won't
shut.这窗关不上。The door won't open.这门打不开。
The door
won't lock.这门锁不上。This poem reads well.这首诗读来很好。
5)feel,look,appear,sound,taste,smell等由实意动词演变而来的系动
词,后接形容词作表语,不可用于被动语态。如:
Tell me if you feel
cold.你要是感到冷就告诉我。
You're looking very
unhappy—what's the matter?你看来很不高兴———怎
么回事儿?
The soup tastes wonderful.这汤味道好极了。
Those
roses smell beautiful.那些玫瑰好闻极了。
She appears to
be friendly.她看上去很友好。
6)宾语是不定式或动词的-
ing形式时,不可用于被动语态。如:
Peter hoped to meet
her.彼得希望遇见她。
Mr Smith enjoyed seeing his
daughter.史密斯先生喜欢看他的女儿。
7)宾语是反身代词或相互代词时,不可用于被动语态。如:
She can dress
herself.她可以自己穿衣服。
We could hardly see each
other in the fog.在雾中我们彼此几乎看不见。
8)宾语是同源宾语时,不可用于被动语态。如:
They live a happy
life.他们过着幸福的生活。
The girl dreamed a sweet dream
.那女孩做了个甜美的梦。
9)宾语带有与主语有照应关系的物主代词时,不可用于被动语态。如:
The old man broke his(=the old
man's)legs.那老人把自己的腿弄断了。
The girl shook
her(=the girl's)head.那女孩摇了摇头。
5.某些动词的主动形式表被动含义
英语中有很多动词如act,break,catch,cut,clean,
drive,draw, let,
lock,open,sell,read,write,wash
,wear等,当它们被用作不及物动词来
描述主语特征时,其主动形式常用来表达被动含义。另外,像
owe,beat,cook,
bake,print,build,make等,有时可以用主动形式
表达被动含义。如:
This kind of radio doesn't sell
well.这种收音机不太畅销。
The shop opens at eight
o'clock.这个商店八点开门。
The pipe does not draw
well.这烟斗不太通畅。
These plays act
wonderfully.这些剧演得好。
Kate's book reads
like an interesting novel.凯特的这本书读起来像本有趣
的小说。
注意:主动表被动强调的是主语的特征,而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的
影响。如:
The door won't lock.门锁不上。(指门本身有毛病)
The
door won't be locked.门不会被锁上。(指不会有人来锁门)
His
novels sell easily.他的小说销路好。(指小说本身内容好)
His
novels are sold
easily.他的小说容易销售。(主要强调外界对小说的需
求量大)
6.某些动名词的主动形式表被动含义
1)在need,want,require,des
erve和bear等词的后面,动名词用主动形
式表示被动含义,其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式
。如:
The house needs repairing(to be
repaired).这房子需要修理。
My clothes need washing(to
be washed).我的衣服需要洗了。
2)形容词worth后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动
含义,但不能跟动词不
定式;而worthy后面跟动词不定式的被动形式。如:
The
picture-book is well worth reading.(=The picture-
book is very worthy
to be read.)这本画册很值得一读。
Such a man as Mr.Smith is not worth
helping.(=Such a man as Mr.Smith
is not worthy
to be helped.)像史密斯先生那样的人不值得帮助。
This plan is
not worth considering.(=This plan is not worthy to
be
considered.)这个计划不值得考虑。
3)某些动词不定式的主动形式表被动含义
a.当nice,easy,fit,hard,difficult,
important,impossible,pleasant,
interesting等形容词
后跟不定式作状语,而句子的主语又是动词不定式的逻辑宾
语时,这时常用不定式的主动形式表达被动含
义。如:
Japanese is not difficult to
learn.日语并不难学。(指日语被学)
The water is unfit to
drink.这水不适合喝。(指水被喝)
The piece of music is
pleasant to hear.这首音乐听起来很悦耳。(指音乐
被听)
This
book is easy to read.这本书读起来很容易。(指书被读)
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