柔弱的近义词-多裂肌
言名解释
语学的词
When I was preparing the postgraduate
entrance examination of NNU(Nanjing Normal
University),some of these following concepts
had been tested,but there's no specific or clear
explanation in the textbook required by the
in preparing the second-round
examination I
read them in other relevant books, I wrote down
here for your
they are useful to some of
you.
1. Acculturation(同化过程) is a process
in which members of one cultural group adopt the
beliefs and behaviors of another group.
2. Adjacency pair(相邻语对);a sequence of two
utterances by different speakers in
conversation. The second is a response to the
first, such as questionanswer sequences and
greetinggreeting exchange.
3. affix: a
bound morpheme that is attached to a stem and
modifies its meaning in some way.
4.
agreement (concord)(一致): a grammatical phenomenon
in which the form of one word in
a sentence is
determined by the form of another word which is
grammatically linked to it. E.g. in
the
sentence The boy goes to school every is an
agreement in number between boy and
goes.
lators(发音器官): the tongue,lips,and velum, which
change the shape of the vocal tract
to produce
different speech sounds.
(体): the
grammatical category representing distinction in
the temporal structure of an
event. English
has two aspect construction---the perfect and the
progressive.(完成体和进行体)
tion(吐气); the puff
of air that sometimes follows the pronounciation
of a stop
consonant. E.g. p in the word
pit.
ant(辅音); a speech sound produced by
partial or complete closure of part of the
vocal tract, thus obstructing the airflow and
creating audible friction. Consonants are
described in
terms of voicing, place of
articulation, and manner of articulation.
9. converstional implicature(会话含义): meanings
that are explicable in the light of
converational maxims.
icative
competence(交际能力); the ability to use language
appropriately in social
situations.
11. constituent(成分): a syntactic unit that
functions as part of a large unit within a
sentence;
typical constituent types are verb
phrase, noun phrase, prepositional phrase and
clause.
(格):the grammatical category in
inflectional languages by which the form of a noun
or
noun phrase varies for grammatical or
semantic reasons. English has only one case
distinction in
nouns—the genitive case(所有格),
but English pronouns have three forms that
correspond to three
of the six cases in
Latin.
(小句): a grammatical unit that
contains a subject and a predicate. It may be a
sentence or part of a sentence.
class(封闭词类): a group of words whose membership is
small and does not readily
accept new
members.
e(创新词): the construction and
addition of new words.
bution(分布): the set
of positions in which a given linguistic element
or form can
appear in a language.
y(双重结构): a type of double-layer structure in
which a small number of
meaningless units are
combined to produce a large number of meaningful
units.
ment(包含); the relationship
between two sentences where the truth of one(the
second) is inferred from the truth of the
other.
ism(委婉语): a word or phrase that
replaces a taboo word or is used to avoid
reference to certain acts or subjects,e.g.
powder room for toilet.
path
sentence(花园小径句): a sentence in which the
comprehender assumes a
particular meaning of a
word or a phrase but later discovers that the
assumption was incorrect,
forcing the
comprehender to backtrack and reinterpret the
sentence
variation;(自由变异) a relation
between two speech sounds such that either one can
occur
in a certain position and the
substitution of one for the other never makes any
difference in the
meaning of the word. For
instance, the unexploded(失去爆破) stop d in the
phrase Good
morning is in free varitation with
the exploded(爆破)counterpart.
tion(屈折变化):
the morphological process by which affixes combine
with words or
stems to indicate such
grammatical categories as tense or plurity.
ment(支配): the grammatical phonomenon in which
the presence of a particular
word in a
sentence requires a second word which is
grammatical linked with it to appear in a
particular form. E.g. a preposition or a verb
requires that the pronoun following it be in the
objective form,as in with me,to him.
ge universal (语言共性): any property that is
shared by most,if not all, human
lanugages.
franca: ( 通用语) A language
variety used for communication among groups of
people
wo do not otherwise share a common
language. For example, English is the lingua
franca of the
international scientific
community.
ociolinguistics; The study of
the effect of language on society.
ociolinguistics: The study of the effect of
any and all aspects of society,including
cultural norms, expetations and contexts,on
the way language is used. It is often simply
called
sociolinguistics.
gmatic
relation: (纵组合关系) The substitutional relation
between a set of linguistic
items,that
is,linguistic forms(letters,words and phrases)can
be substituted for each other in the
same
position in a word or sentence. E.g, b,p,s,f are
in paradigmatic relation in the words
bit,pit,sit,fit, so are Nature,Beauty, Love,
Honesty in the sentences:
Nature purifies
the mind.
Beauty purifies the mind.
Love purifies the mind.
Honesty
purifies the mind.
matic relation: (横组合关系)
The relation between any linguistic elements which
are
simultaneously present in a structure.
E.g. in the word bit, b, i,t are in syntagmatic
relation, so are
nature, purifies, the, mind,
in the sentence Nature purifies the mind.
position(预设): implicit assumptions about the
world acquired to make an utterance
meaningful
or appropriate,e,g, “ some tea has already been
taken”is a presuppostion of “Take
some more
tea”.
ype(典型): What members of a
particular community think of as the best example
of a
lexical category, some English speakers
“cabbage”(rather than,say,carrot)might be the
prototypical vegetable.
(词根):
the morpheme that remains when all affixes are
stripped from a complex word. E.g.
system from
un- + system + atic + ally.
(词干): the base
to which one or more affixes are attached to
create a more complex
form that may be another
stem or a word.
(禁忌语):words that are
offensive or embarrassing, considered
inappropriate for
“polite society”, thus to
be avoided in conversation.
ional
restriction(选择限制): a restriction on the combining
of words in a sentence
resulting from their
meaning.
stic universal:(语言共性) The
linguistic universals are principles that enable
children to
acquire a particular language
unconsciously, without instruction in the early
years of life. As a
whole they are referred to
as Universal Grammar.
stive
distribution(对比分布):If the speech sounds occur in
the same phonetic context
and the substitution
results a contrast in meaning, we say they are in
contrastive distribution.
ate constituent
analysis(直接成分分析法)is the technique of breaking up
sentences into word groups by making
successive binary cuttings until the level of
single words is
reached.
ntric
construction: (向心结构或内心结构) One construction whose
distribution is
functionally equivalent, or
approaching equivalence, to one of its
constituents. The typical
English endocentric
constructions are noun phrases and adjective
phrases.
tric construction(离心结构或外心结构) the
opposite of endocentric
construction,refers to
a group of syntactically related words where none
of the words is
functionally equivalent to the
whole group. Most constructions are
exocentric.
ness can be defined as the
means employed to show awareness of another
person’s public
self-image.
(politeness principle)tact maxim;generosity
principle;approbation maxim;modesty
maxim;agreement maxim;sympathy maxim.
(反语)is the use of words to express something
other than and especially the opposite of
the
literal meaning of the utterance.
-switching: (语码转换) means the alternation
between two or more languages,language
varieties or registers in communication.
ive filter(情感过滤):A screen of emotion that can
block language acquisition or
learning if it
keeps the learners being too self-conscious or too
embarrassed to take risks during
communicative
exchanges.
sion(转类构词)is a change in the
grammatical function of a word without adding or
removing any part of it. A word belonging to
one part of speech is extended to another part of
speech. It is also called functional shift or
zero derivation.
l meaning VS grammatical
meaning(词汇意义与语法意义)
The meaning of a
sentence is carried by the words proper as well as
by the patterns of word order
that is part of
the grammatical system of a language. The part of
the sentence meaning contributed
by words is
called the lexical meaning and the part of
sentence meaning that depends upon the
way the
words are put together is called grammatical
meaning, in which the function words and
the
word order play a very important role.
nguistic meaning VS non-linguistic meaning
(副语言意义与非语言意义)
In human
communication, apart from the linguistic meaning
conveyed by language itself,there are
numerous
paralinguistic meanings and non-linguistic
meanings that are perceived simultaneously
by
the hearer. Paralinguistic meanings are those
attached to the verbal expressions by quality of
voice,tempo of speech,posture,facial
expression and gestures. Non-linguistic meanings
are those
indicated by non-verbal noises such
as cough, sigh, tongue-clicking, various kinds of
body
languages and different contexts of
situation.
tion VS connotation (外延与内涵)
Denotation is a straightforward, literal
meaning of the word every member of the language
speaking community will agree on. Connotation
is not the basic meaing of the word but some
emotive or evaluative meaings associated with
the word by individual language users in their
mind.
stic relativity VS linguistic
determinism (语言相对论与语言决定论)
The Sapir-Wholf
Hypothesis states that there is a systematic
relationship between the
grammatical
categories of the language a person speaks and how
that person both understands the
world and
behaves in it. It boils down to two principles:
linguistic relativity and linguistic
determinism.
Linguistic relativity
states that disctinctions encoded in one language
are unique to that langage
alone, and that
there is no limit to the structural diversity of
languages.
Linguistic determinism refers
to the idea that the language we use determines,
to some extent,
the way in which we view and
think about the world around us. This concept has
two versions;
strong
determinism and
weak determinism. The strong version, which has
few followers today, holds that
language
actually determines thought, whereas that weak
version, which is widely accepted today,
merely holds that language affects
thought.
勿的意思-御姐是什么
弥足珍贵什么意思-原文网
rehabilitation-你的管真宽
crete-外围是是什么意思
refactor-空间描述
会计资格证考试时间-this什么意思
爱泼斯坦-通用件
accordion-朱仙镇
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