maxac-清洁的近义词
一、基础词汇
过去，往事 past
名思教育-----我的成功不是偶然！
目前，现在 present
(n.
现在，通常与过去、将来相对应。The past, the present and the
future . 过去、现在和将来。at present. 此刻、
现在: I’m
afraid I can’t help you just at present. ----- I’m
too busy. 很抱歉，我现在帮不了你，----- 实在太忙了。adj. 现
在的。
the present day当今、现今。Most young people enjoy
listening to popular music the present day. )
刚刚 just
(just, adv.
刚才。常用于完成时态，在美式英语中用于一般过去时。)
I have just seen
John. 我刚才见到约翰了。
I just saw him. (a moment
ago). ( U. S)
我（几分钟前）看到他的。( U. S)
自……以来
since
(since. 后面通常接点时间来表示一段时间。
例如：since
1984 自从1984年一直到现在。
since 3 days ago.
自从三天前一直到现在，也可以说成for 3 days 通常用how long提问。
How
long has your uncle lived here? Since 1980. )
南方的 southern
到……时 till
已婚的
married
(marry. vt. vi marry sb.
与某人结婚；嫁或娶某人。
Jane is going to marry John.
get married. get married to sb. 与某人结婚。
He is married to a famous writer.
他娶了一位著名作家。)
在……期间 over
电影院 cinema
变成，成为 turnchange
(v. 改变 Our city has
changed a lot. 我们城市变化了许多。
change, n. 变化 a
physical change 物理变化
a chemical change 化学变化)
工厂 factory
过去常常 used to
废弃物 waste
污染
pollute
(pollution ,n. 污染, air pollution,
noise pollution, water pollution.
海到无边天作岸，山高绝顶我为峰
名思教育-----我的成功不是偶然！
pollute, v. We must
stop the river from being polluted.
我们必须努力使河水不被污染。)
意识到 realize
减少；减轻 reduce
在某些方面 in some ways
(in
this that another way. 用这种那种另外一种方法
A new way
of teaching. 一种新的教法
A new way of playing.
一种新的玩法。
way, n. 路。 on one’s way 在……路上on his
way home.
By the way. 顺便说一下，提一下。
By the
way, where’s Jim? 顺便说一下，杰姆在哪？)
有点儿 a bit
寂寞的 lonely
(lonely, alone的区别：
lonely表示心灵内部的孤独寂寞。 alone 指单独、独自的意思。
例如：He is alone, but he never feels lonely.
他虽然单身一人，但从不感到孤独寂寞。
此外 lonely
还能表示荒凉的、偏僻的、偏远的
a lonely village
一个遥远的村庄)
尤其，特别 especially
丈夫
husband
采访；会见 interview
(n. 会见
，含有面试、采访、面谈等多种意思。
例如: I asked for an interview
with my boss.
我请求与我的老板面谈。
I never give
interviews. 我从不接受采访。
v. 进行面试、采访的意思
We
interviewed 20 people for this job.
为了这份工作我们对20人进行了面试。
Interview the President
Bush. 采访布什总统。)
不健康的 unhealthy
倒霉的
unlucky
(lucky , adj. luck, n. Good luck
with your English study. 祝你英语学习好运。
luckily.
Luckily, he passed the exam. 幸运的是，他考试及格了。
海到无边天作岸，山高绝顶我为峰
名思教育-----我的成功不是偶然！
lucky.
How lucky
he is! 他多么走运啊！)
使人不愉快的unpleasant
(pleasant. Adj. 同根词 pleasure. n. with
pleasure.
It’s my pleasure to help
you with your English.
pleased, adj.
通常描述人。He is pleased.
pleasant , adj.
通常描述环境、地方、行程的舒适愉快。
a pleasant trip. 一次愉快的行程)
修补 repair
[来源:学科网]
句子
sentence
近来 recently
(通常与过去时态和现在完成时态连用。
Did she have a party
recently? 她最近举办过聚会吗？
They’ve recently
bought a new car. 他们最近买了一辆崭新的汽车。)
世纪
century
曾经 ever
拥有 own
环境 environment
新鲜的 fresh
发展 development
借给 lend
服务
service
放松 relax
感受
feeling
[来源:学科网ZXXK]
( n. a feeling
of hunger 饥饿的感觉
a feeling of joy. 快乐的感觉
a feeling of danger. 对危险的预感
have no
feeling for others . 对别人漠不关心。
feelings （复数）感情
You’ve hurt my feelings. 你伤了我的感情。)
字典
dictionary
最近的 recent
描述
describe
塔 tower
[来源学§科§网Z§X§X§K]
海到无边天作岸，山高绝顶我为峰
名思教育-----我的成功不是偶然！
独自（短语）by oneself
实际上 in fact
【典型例题】
一、根据首字母提示，完成下列单词。
1. I’m not hungry. I’ve
e_______.
2. Mrs Chen is very k_______. She
often helps us.
3. Mr Green is an e_______
teacher from the USA.
4. Last night, o__ 5000
thousand people were at the concert.
5. I
didn’t know it was you. You have c______ a lot.
6. Uncle Wang has lived in this city s_______
he was born.
二、根据提示完成句子，使句子意思完整
1.
It has been in __________(工作，服务)since 2002 .
2. He is a _________(不诚实的) boy . He often
tells lies .
3. Now the air and water
________ (污染) in this city is getting worse and
worse .
4. Have you heard about any exciting
news _______(最近)？
5. Nothing is _______(不可能的)
if you put your heart into it .
6. My parents
got ______(结婚) twenty years ago .
7. The
_____(环境) in Nanjing is more beautiful than before
.
8. Don’t _______(倾倒) waste here .
9.
Mr. Dong has been _______（die） for over two years.
10. ______you ______ your lunch yet （have）?
11. The train ________（arrive） just now. It
________（leave） in a few minutes.
12. He has
no friends and often feels l______.
13. We
will never forget the past and treasure the
p_____.
14. My grandparents have lived in the
small village s_____ they were born.
Unit 1 Past and present
一. 教学内容：
Unit 1 Past and present Grammar
海到无边天作岸，山高绝顶我为峰
名思教育-----我的成功不是偶然！
二. 教学目标：
掌握Unit1的语法: Present perfect tense 现在完成时的用法
（一）基本概念
1、定义
现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动
作或状态，但它的影响现在还存在；也可表示持续到现在的动作或状
态。
2、构成：
have (has) +过去分词。规则变化的过去分词与过去式的变化一样，在动词词尾加ed;
不规则变化的过去
分词见不规则动词表，需要同学们记忆。
3、句型：
现以see
the film为例将现在完成时的肯定句，否定句和疑问句列表如下：
肯定句：IYouWeThey have seen the film. HeShe It
has seen the film.
否定句：IYouWeThey have not
haven’t seen the film.
He SheIt has nothasn’t
seen the film.
疑问句：Have Iyouthey seen the
film? Yes, you weIthey have. No, you weIthey
haven’t.
Has hesheit seen the film? Yes, he
she it has. No, he she it hasn’t.
（二）用法：现在完成时既涉及过去，又联系现在。
用法一：表示过去发生或已经完成的某一
动作对现在造成的影响或结果。常与just（刚刚），already（已经），never
（从来没
有），ever（曾经），before（以前），yet（仍然），once（一次），twice（两次），
many times（很多次），how many
times（多少次），so
far（迄今为止），during the past（last）three
years（最近三年来）等连用。
※
副词的位置：①just常用于肯定句中，放在have has后，He has just come .
②never表示否定, 放在have has后, He has never visited
the Great Wall.
③ever用于疑问句中,句型为: Have
Has＋主语＋ever ＋过去分词？“……曾经……过吗？”用于询问某人过去
的经历。Have
you ever been to the farm？
④before用于句末，The
woman has never heard of that before.
⑤yet
用于句末或not 之后. Has the train arrived yet? No, not
yet.
⑥already用于肯定句, have has 之后或句末.We have
already finished it.
⑦so far用于句首或句末. So far,
we have visited the moon.
[来源学科网]
用法二：表示过去已经开始，一直延续到现在的动作或状态。时间状语有：
海到无边天作岸，山高绝顶我为峰
名思教育-----我的成功不是偶然！
（三）现在完成时态中可以和表示一段时间的状语（for，since，how long, all
one’s life）连用的动词必须是表示延续
的情况或动作的动词，即延续性动词。如：be，h
ave，know，live，work，study，learn，teach，keep，speak，ta
lk，
draw，wait，wear，walk，sleep，drive，write，do，cl
ean等。
I have been a teacher for nearly 20
years. How long has he lived here?
[来源:]
（四）延续性动词的现在完成时可和包括“现在”在内的（到说话时仍未
结束）表示一段时间的状语连用。如this
morning，today，this
week，these days
He has been to Beijing three
times this year.
He has written two letters
this morning.（说话时间在上午）
He wrote two letters
this morning.（说话时间在下午或晚上）
（五）英语中还有一些动词的意义决定它们所表示的动作不能延续，只是一瞬间
就结束的动作
,这类动词叫做“非延续性动词”，常见的有：come，go，arrive，reach，see，hear
，close，open，leave，
begin，start，lose，buy，fall，jo
in，die，get up，become，borrow，lend，find，finish，recei
ve等。这些动词可用于
现在完成时，说明某个动作的结果还存在，但不能和表示一段时间的状语（ho
w long，for，since）连用。
He has come back.（√）
He has come back for two hours.（×）
※
但在否定句中，非延续性动词也可用表示一段时间的状语来修饰，如
I haven’t heard
from my father for a long time.
We haven’t
seen him since 1999.
（六）当终止性动词（非延续性动词）与表示一段时间的状语（how
long，since，for，all one’s
life）相矛盾时,改正错
句的方法有如下几种:
（1）用副词ago把现在完成时的句子改为一般过去时.
He has come
back for two weeks.（错）
改为: He came back two
weeks ago.（正）
I have lost my bike for ten
days. （错）
改为: I lost my bike ten days ago. （正）
（2）用“It is has been＋时间＋since＋一般过去时态”句型来改写。
He has joined the League for 3 years. （错）
It is 3 years since he joined the League.（正）
I have bought the book for 5 days. （错）
It
is 5 days since I bought the book. （正）
He has
died for 20 years. （错）
海到无边天作岸，山高绝顶我为峰
名思教育-----我的成功不是偶然！
It is 20 years since he
died. （正）
（3）用“时间＋has
passed＋since＋一般过去时态”句型来改写。
He has left home
for 20 years.
改为: Twenty years has passed
since he left home.
He has lost his pen for 2
days.
改为: Two days has passed since he lost
his pen.
（4）用系表结构来改写.
He has died for 20
years.
改为: He has been dead for 20 years.
The factory has opened since 1999.
改为:
The factory has been open since 1999.
How long
has he left?
改为: How long has he been away?
（5）用相应的延续性动词替代非延续性动词。
He has bought the
book for two weeks.
改为: He has had the book
for two weeks.
常见的相应转换形式如下:
borrow
lend→keep, buy→have, finish end→be over, arrive
come go move reach get to→be in at be here be
there, begin start→be on , open→be open ,
close→be closed, die→be dead , leave→be
away（from）, go to school→be in
school be a
student, get up→be up, fall asleep→be asleep ,
fall ill→be ill, get to know→know, lose→be lost,
become→be,
return come back get back→be
back, join→be in be a…member, join the army→be in
the army be a soldier, receive get
a
letter→have a letter , catch get a cold→have a
cold, begin to study→study
他参军已有三年。
He
has joined the army for three years.（错）
改为：
He has been in the army for three years since
three years ago.
He has been a soldier for
three years since three years ago.
He joined
the army three years ago.
It is three years
since he joined the army.
Three years has
passed since he joined the army.
（1）He came to
our village two years ago.=He our
village since two years ago.
（2）He left home
three days ago. =He home for
3 days.
（3）I bought the watch 2 weeks ago. =I
the watch since 2 weeks ago.
（4）It is 5 days
since I borrowed the book. =I the
book for 5 days.
（5）The film has begun. = The
film for half an hour.
海到无边天作岸，山高绝顶我为峰
名思教育-----我的成功不是偶然！
（6）I got to know him 10
years ago. =I him for 10 years.
（7）There is a factory. =There a
factory for 20 years.
（8）Our school opened in
1960. =Our school since 1960.
（七）现在完成时中应注意的几个问题
1. have been to 和have
gone to的区别
have been to 强调“去过”，现已不在那里，如：
He has been to the USA three times.
他到美国去过三次。（过去“到美国”，现在已“不在美国”）
have gone
to主要强调的是“去了”，现在人不在说话的现场，如：
—Where’s your
mother? —你妈妈在哪？
—She has gone to the hospital.
—她去医院了。
2. have been to 和have been in的区别
have been to强调人“已回到原地”，后面可接表示“次数”的状语。
eg.
① She has been to Shanghai only once.
②—How
many times has he been there? —He’s been there
many times.
have been
in表示某人“已在某地停留一段时间，现仍在那里”，其后常带表示一段时间的状语。
eg.
①They have been at the bus stop for half an
hour.他们在车站呆了半小时。（现在仍然在车站）
②We have been in
Xi’an for two weeks.
我们在西安呆了两个多星期。（现仍在西安）
③How long have they been in China?
他们在中国呆了多长时间了？（仍在中国）
（八）如何通过与一般过去时做比较,进一步掌握现在完成时?
[来源学#科#网]
一般过去时和现在完成时的动作都发生在过去,但意义却不同.
如: I
learned ten English songs（说明过去学过,现在是否记得,不是本句的内容）
I have learnt ten English
songs.（learn发生在过去,但强调我现在懂英语歌曲）
I cleaned the
blackboard half an hour ago.（只说明“擦”和其发生的时间）
I
have cleaned the blackboard.（说明现在黑板是干净的）
The
teacher has written some new words on the
blackboard（黑板上现在有单词）
The teacher wrote some
new words on the blackboard（黑板上现在没有单词）
（2）一般过去时可以和表示过去的时间状语连用,如:yesterday, last year,
three days ago, just now,
等。现在完成时
海到无边天作岸，山高绝顶我为峰
名思教育-----我的成功不是偶然！
不能和表示过去的时间状语连用,其时间状语可以是since…, for…, just,
ever, never, before, already, yet , so far, all
one’s
life等
（九）规则动词的过去分词和它的过去式相同，即在原
形后加－ed（－d）。已学近80个不规则动词的过去分词约有
半数也和它的过去式相同，现分类如下
，以利于同学们记忆：
1）原形中的元音字母有变化：
get-got-got,
sit –sat-sat win-won-won spit- spat- spat
shine –shone- shone
find- found- found hold-
held-held meet- met-met stand- stood-stood
understand-understood-understood feed- fed-
fed hang-hung-hung
2）原形中的辅音字母有变化：
make-
made-made spill-spilt-spilt have has-had-had
build-built-built
send-sent-sent lend- lent-
lent spend-spent-spent
3）在原形后加t或d：
spoil-spoilt-spoilt learn-learnt-learnt
mean-meant-meant hear-heard-heard
pay-paid-
paid say-said-said lose-lost-lost lay-laid-
laid
4）原形中的元音字母和辅音字母都有变化：
feel-felt-felt
smell-smelt-smelt spell-spelt –spelt keep-
kept-kept
sleep-slept-slept sweep-swept-
swept leave-left-left sell-sold-sold
tell-
told-told catch-caught-caught teach-taught-
taught buy-bought-bought
bring-brought-
brought think-thought-thought wear-wore-worn
5）与原形相同：
hit-hit-hit hurt-hurt-hurt
let-let-let put-put-put read-read-read
set-set-set shut-shut shut cost-cost-cost
cut-cut-cut
还有些不规则动词的过去分词与过去式不相同,为便于记忆,也分类如下:
1）原形中的元音字母有变化：
ring-rang-rung sing-sang-
sung drink-drank-drunk swim-swam-swum
begin-began-begun sink-sank-sunk
2）在原形上加－en：
eat-ate-eaten fall-fell-
fallen ride-rode-ridden write-wrote- written
be-waswere-been rise-rose-risen forget-
forgot-forgotten
3：在原形上加－n：
see-saw-seen
give-gave-given drive-drove-driven take-took-
taken
mistake-mistook-mistaken draw-drew-
drawn blow-blew-blown
grow-grew-grown know-
knew-known show-showed-shown throw-threw-thrown
4）在过去式上加－n：
steal-stole-stolen break-
broke–broken choose-chose-chosen speak-spoke-
spoken wake-woke-woken
海到无边天作岸，山高绝顶我为峰
名思教育-----我的成功不是偶然！
5）与原形相同：come-came-come
run-ran-run become-became-become
6）原形、过去式和过去分词都不相同的：
do-did-done go-went-
gone fly-flew-flown lie-lay-lain
7）个别动词有两个过去式和过去分词，一个为规则变化，另一个为不规则变化：
【典型例题】
1. I have already ______ the
magazine for 2 weeks. I must return it to the
library today.
A. lent B. bought
C. borrowed D. kept
解析：答案选D。
这是一句现在完成时的句子，表示从过去开始持续到现在的行为，for 表示一段时间，后接时间长度
，本句的意
思应为：这本杂志我已经借了两个星期了。在这样的时间状语为“for+时间长度”的句子
里，谓语动词要有可持续性，
而不能为短暂性动词，因此，本题只能选D。因为“lent”，“bou
ght”，“borrowed”均为短暂性动词，且“bought”，“lent”
与句义不符。故
选D。
下面列出一些短暂性动词的持续性表达：
arrive—be in
borrow—keep buy—have fall ill—be ill
join—be in leave—be away from
begin—be on die—be dead等等
2. —Where are the
children? — They ________ to
Beijing.
解析：答案选B。
本题首先可排除C，D选项。“离开此地去北京”为“leave for
Beijing”，“到达北京”为“arrive in Beijing”. 然
后再看A，B
选项，“have been to”意思是“去过某地”，表示曾经去过某地，现在已经回来或到其他地方，目
前人
已不在那里。“have gone to”意思是“去了某地”，表示人正去那里或已在去那里的
途中。本题中，孩子们不在说话人
所在的地方，所以应该选择B，表示他们已经去了北京或在去北京的途
中。故选B。
3. — _______ has he taught English in
this school? —For 2 years.
A. How long
B. When C. How soon D. How often
解析：答案选A。
“How
long”问的是“一段时间”，这句话的意思是，他在这所学校教英语多久了，回答为“两年了。”“How
long”
可与现在完成时一起用。“When”问的是一个时间点，可以和将来时、过去时连用，有时
也可以和进行时放在一起用，
但“When”不能和完成时一起使用。“How
soon”意思是“多久以后”，用在将来时前面，而“How
often”问的是一
个频率，可解释为“多久一次”，回答多为“Once a
week.”“Twice a month”等等。故选A。
4. —Do you still
write to your friends these days?
[来源学#科#网Z#X#X#K]
A. have been B.
have gone C. have left D. have arrived
海到无边天作岸，山高绝顶我为峰
名思教育-----我的成功不是偶然！
No. But I used ______
that when I was at school.
A. do
B. did C. to doing D. to do
解析：答案选D。
本题涉及到“used”的几个不同用法，“be used to
doing sth.”表示“习惯于做某事”，“used to do
sth.”表示“过
去常常做某事”，而“be used to do sth.”则表示“被用来做
某事”，主语多为“sth.”.本题“used”前面没有be动词，
再加上说的是过去我在学校里的
事情，所以采用“used to do
sth.”这个词组，整句话的意思就是，当我在学校里的时
候，我常常那么做。故选D。
5. She was very _____________ at the _________
news.
A. surprised; surprising
B. surprised; surprised
C. surprising;
surprised D. surprising;
surprising
解析：答案选Ａ。
“be surprised at
sth.”表示“对……感到惊奇”，主语是“somebody”，
“surprising”表示“令人惊奇的”，主语多为 “something”, 句子的意思是
，她对“这个令人惊奇的消息感到很惊
奇”。与此相类似的词语还有一些，如“exciting令人激
动的”，“excited感到激动”，又如“interesting 有趣的”，“interested
感兴趣的”等等。故选A。
6. He has never _______ a pen
before.
A. lose B. to lose C.
lost D. losing
解析：答案为C。
本题主要考查现在完成时态对谓语动词的要求。现在完成时态谓语动词的结构是have (has)+
过
去分词。本题空白处需要填过去分词，这样的话，那A、B、D就都不对了。
7.
误：The twins have not got home already.
正：The
twins have not got home yet.
解析：本题主要考查yet 与
already的用法区别，两个词都是副词，常与完成时态连用。yet
用于否定句和疑问
句，通常置于句尾；already 常用于肯定句，当用于疑问句时，表示惊讶或希
望得到肯定的答复，不用于否定句中，
它可以在主要动词之前，也可置于句末。
8. Tim
has been at the factory_________ two years ago.
A. for B. since C. before
D. after
解析：答案为B。
本题主要考查时间状语与谓语的关系。for后跟时间段表示一段时间，since
后跟时间的起点，
表示一段时间，before 表示在什么时间之前，after则表示在什么时间之
后。本句是完成时态，指自两年前以来如何，
且两年前是个时间的（起）点，因此，此处应用since
.
9. 误：I saw the film twice already.
正：I’ve seen the film twice already.
解析：本题主
要是一般过去时态与现在完成时态的概念错误。这电影我已看过两遍，说明我现在对电影内容很了
解，故
要用现在完成时态。
10. —______you _____ your watch?
— No, ______.
海到无边天作岸，山高绝顶我为峰
名思教育-----我的成功不是偶然！
A. Did, find out, I
didn’t B. Have, found, not yet
C.
Have, looked for, I haven’t
[来源:]
D. Did, find, not yet
答案：选“B”。全句应用现在完成时，强调到现在为止的情况“是否找到了手表”，答语：Not
yet 相当于说 I haven’t
found it yet.
11. I
have never seen the film ______.
A. ago
B. just now C. before D. later
答案：选“C”。动词时态为现在完成时，与之搭配的词必须是ever, never,
already, yet, before, recently 等词。而 ago,
just
now 等只能用于一般过去时的句子中，用later意思不通。
12. Aunt Li
_________ her home town for a long time.
A.
has left B. left C. has gone to D.
has been away from
答案：选“D”。与 for a long
time搭配的动词应该表示延续性，go, leave是短暂动词，故不能选。
海到无边天作岸，山高绝顶我为峰