树的英语怎么写-caring
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跨文化交际学题型名词解释整理:Intercultural communication
:intercultural communication
is a face-to-face
communication between people from different
cultural back-grounds .
Intracultural
communication :intracultural communication can be
defined as the extent to which
there is shared
interpersonal communication between members of the
same culture –whether this
is in the majority
.or within minority cultures .
Individualism
:broadly speaking ,individualism refers to the
doctrine theater the interests of the
individual are of ought to be paramount ,and
that all values ,rights and duties originate in
individual s ,it emphasizes individual
initiative ,independence ,individual expression
,and even
privacy .
Collectivism: it is
characterized by a rigid social framework that
distinguish between in-groups
and out-groups
.people expect their in-group to look after them
,and in exchange for that they fell
they owe
absolute loyalty to the group .collectivism means
greater emphasis on (1)the
views ,needs ,and
goals of the in-groups rather than oneself
(2)social norms and duty defined by
the in-
group rather than behavior to get pleasure
(3)beliefs shared with the in-group; rather than
beliefs that distinguish self from ingroup
and (4)great readiness to cooperate with ingroup
membership .
Power distance :it’s the
extent to which a society accepts that power in
relationships ,institutions,
and organizations
is distributed unequally .
Context :it’s the
information that surrounds an event ,it is in
extricably bound up with the
meaning of the
event .
High-context communication :it is a
kind of communication in which most of the
information is
already in the person while
very little is in the coded ,explicitly
transmitted part of the
message ,e.g.,Chinese
,Japanese
Low-context communication :it’s
just the opposite of high-context communication .
it’s the mass
of information is rested in the
explicit code ,e.g. American German
High-
context culture :it's a kind of culture in which
people are very homogeneous with regard to
experiences ,information networks ,and the
like ,e.g. Chinese ,Japanese
Low-context
culture :it's a kind of culture in which the
population is less homogeneous and
therefore
tends to compartmentalize interpersonal contacts
,e.g. American ,German
Activity orientation
:it is the way a culture views activity ,which is
classified by kluckhohns and
strodtbeck as
being ,being-in-becoming ,and doing.
Nonverbal communication: nonverbal
communication involves all those nonverbal stimuli
in a
communication setting that are generated
by both the source and his or her use of the
environment
and that have potential message
value for the source or receiver.
Paralanguage :certain vocal cues provided us
with information with which to make judgments
about characters’ personalities’, emotional
States ,and rhetorical activity .Paralanguage
involves
the linguistic elements of speech
,that is ,how something is said and not the actual
meaning of the
spoken words .most
classifications divide paralanguage into three
kinds of vocalizations vocal
characterizers
;vocal qualifiers and vocal segregates
M-time (monochromic time schedule ):M-time
cultures tend to think of time as something fixed
in nature ,something around us and from which
we can not escape and ever-present part of the
environment ,just like the air we breathe
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P-time (polychromic
time schedule ):P-time cultures deal with time
holistically and place great
stock in the
activity occurring at the moment .Polychronic time
cultures emphasize people more
than schedules
.For P-time cultures ,time is less tangible and
hence feeing of wasted time are not
as
prevalent as M-time cultures .
15.
Denotation:the literal meaning or definition of a
word --- the explicit, particular, defined
meaning.
16. Connotation:the suggestive
meaning of a word --- all the values, judgment,
and beliefs
implied by a word the historical
and associative accretion of the unspoken
significance behind the
literal meaning.
19. Chronemics(时间学):The study of how people
perceive and use time.
20. Proxemics(空间学):
refers to the perception and use of space.
21.
kinesics(肢体语言):The study of body language .
22. Paralanguage(副语言):Involving sounds but not
word and lying between verbal and
nonverbal
communication .
23. Monochronic
time一元时间观念: means paying attention to and doing
only one thing at a
time.
24. Polychronic
time多元时间观念: means being involved with many things
at once
1. What are the four trends
that lead to the development of the global
village? P8~9
Four trends that lead to the
development of the global village: Convenient
transportation systems
Innovative
communication systems Economic
globalizationWidespread migrations
2. What are
the three aspects where cultural differences
exist?
Verbal difference: language, thought
patterns…
Non-verbal communication: body-
language, time concept, spacious language,
paralanguage,
environment…
Perception:
values, worldviews, beliefs, attitudes
3. What
are three ingredients of culture? 文化的三个成分(three
Ingredients)P5~6
An shared artifact(the
material and spiritual products people produce)
shared Behavior(what they do)
shared
Concepts(beliefs, values, world views……what they
think)
4. How to understand cultural
Iceberg?P6~7
Like an iceberg what we can see
about culture is just the tip of the iceberg; the
majority of it is
intangible, beyond sight.
and the part of culture that is visible is only a
small part of a much bigger
whole. It is said
nine-tenth of culture is below the surface.
(Just as an iceberg which has a visible
section above the waterline and a larger invisible
section
below the waterline, culture has some
aspects that are observable and others that can
only be
suspected and imagined. Also like an
iceberg, the part of culture that is visible is
only a small
part of a much bigger whole. It
is said nine-tenth of culture is below the
surface. (P7))
5. What are the tour
characteristics of culture? Dynamic shared learned
ethnocentric
Culture is shared. All
communications take place by means of symbols.
Culture is learned. Culture is learned, not
inherited. It derives from one’s social
environment, not
from one’s genes.
Enculturation(文化习得): All the activities of
learning one’s culture are called
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enculturation .
Culture is
dynamic. (P6)Culture is subject to change. It’s
dynamic rather than static, constantly
changing and evolving under the impact of
events and through contact with other cultures.
Acculturation(文化适应): the process which adopts
the changes brought about by another culture
and develops an increased similarity between
the two cultures.
Culture is
ethnographic(文化中心主义). Ethnographic is the belief
that your own cultural
background is superior.
Ethnocentrism: the belief that your own culture
background is superior.
6. What are the six
characteristics of communication?
Dynamic
irreversible symbolic systematic transactional
contextual
Communication is dynamic.
Communication is ongoing, ever-changing activity.
A word or action does not stay frozen
when you
communicate; it is immediately replaced with yet
another word or action.
Communication is
irreversible.
Once we have said something
and someone else has received and decoded the
message, the
original sender cannot take it
back.
Communication is symbolic.
Symbols
are central to the communication process because
they represent the shared meanings
that are
communicated. Symbols are vehicle by which the
thoughts and ideas of one person can be
communicated to another person.
Communication is systematic
Communication does not occur in isolation or in a
vacuum, but rather is part of a large system.
It takes place in a physical and a social
context; both establish the rules that govern the
interaction.
Communication is
transactional. (P8)
A transactional view
holds that communicators are simultaneously
sending and receiving
messages at every
instant that they are involved in conversation.
Communication is contextual. (P8)
All
communication takes place within a setting or
situation called a context. By context, we
mean the place where people meet, the social
purpose for being together, and the nature of the
relationship. Thus the context includes the
physical, social, and interpersonal settings.
7. How is Chinese addressing different from
American addressing?(三方面)P22~24
In Chinese the
surname comes first and is followed by the given
name but in English this order
is reversed.
Addressing by names: In China seniority is
paid respect to. Juniors are supposed to address
seniors in a proper way. The use of given
names is limited to husband and wife, very close
friends,
juniors by elders or superiors
Nowadays, more and more English-speaking people
address others
by using the first name, even
when people meet for the first time. (intimacy and
equality)
Addressing by relationship: Chinese
often extend kinship terms to people not related
by blood
or marriage. These terms are used
after the surname to show politeness and respect
The English
equivalents of the above kinship
terms are not so used. Even with relatives,
Americans tend to use
just the first name and
leave out the term of relationship.
Addressing by title, office, profession:
Another common Chinese form of address is the use
of
a person’s title, office, profession to
indicate the person’s influential status. In
English, only a few
occupations or titles
could be used. (P24) Americans tend to regard
titles as trivial unless they
have a clear
idea of what kind of work a person does and what
his responsibilities are.
8. How is the
Chinese writing style different the American
writing style?
The Chinese employ a circular
approach in writing. In this kind of indirect
writing, the
development of the paragraph may
be said to be ‘turning and turning in a widening
gyre’. The
circles or gyres turn around the
subject and show it from a variety of tangential
views, but the
subject is never looked at
directly. A paragraph is set off by an indentation
of its first sentences or
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by some other conventional
devise, such as extra space between paragraphs.
In contrast, the Americans are direct and
linear in writing. An English expository paragraph
usually begins with a topic statement, and
then, by a series of subdivisions of that topic
statement,
each supported by example and
illustrations, proceeds, to develop that central
idea and relate that
idea to all other ideas
in the whole essay, and to employ that idea in
proper relationship with the
other ideas, to
prove something, or perhaps to argue something.
9. What are the different feature of m-time
and p-time? P97
M-time is noted for its
emphasis on schedules, segmentation, punctuality
and promptness. It
features one event at a
time and time is perceived as a linear structure.
P-time is less rigid and clock-bound. It
features several activities at the same time and
time is
perceived as more flexible and more
human-centered.
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10. What different worldview can be drive from
Buddhism and Christianity?
Buddhists do not
believe in a god or gods who created the world.
However, they do believe that
there is a
supreme and wonderful truth that words cannot
teach, and ritual cannot attain.
Buddhists are
not favorably disposed to the notion of free
enterprise and the pursuit of material
well-
being. Seen from a western worldview, having no
desires adversely affects motives for
personal
enrichment and growth generally. Thus, little
support is accorded to free enterprise.
Christianity recognizes the importance of work
and free ownership of property. Protestant, in
particular, sees the salvation of the
individual through hard work and piety.
11.
What is the American cultural value like in terms
of value orientation?
As far as the human
nature is concerned, the American culture holds
that it is evil but perfectible
through hard
work.
As to the relation of man to nature,
they think mankind can conquer the nature.
They also have a linear time concept and
therefore they are future-oriented.
They focus
on doing and think that only actions can solve the
problem.
They are quite individualistic and
therefore they focus less on the benefits of the
group.
12. What is the Chinese cultural value
like in terms of value orientation?P
What is
the character of innate human nature?
What is
the relation of man to nature?
What is the
temporal focus of human life?
What is the mode
of human activity?
What is the mode of human
relationships?
11. It is evil but perfectible
Man can conquer the nature present being-
oriented a
non-developmental model of society
Competitive
12. Good but corruptible harmony
with nature Past being-and-becoming is a kind of
spiritual
good of inner harmony and peace
cooperation
13. How is gender different from
sex? P119~120
Sex: biological, permanent, with
a individual property
Gender: socially
constructed, varied over time and across cultures,
with a social and relational
quality
14.
What are the two primary influences processes of
Gender Socialization? P121
Family
communication
Recreational interaction
15.
Identify the features of each of four Hofsted’s
cultural dimensions and the contrast
between
high-context and low-context culture.
(语境案例分析)P192~193
Individualism VS collectivism
Masculinity VS femininity Power
distanceUncertainty avoidance
High-context
VS. low-context
High-context cultures assign
meaning to many of the stimuli surrounding an
explicit message. In
high-context cultures,
verbal messages have little meaning without the
surrounding context, which
includes the
overall relationship between all the people
engaged in communication.
Low-context cultures
exclude many of those stimuli and focus more
intensely on the objective
communication
event, whether it be a word, a sentence, or a
physical gesture. In low-context
cultures, the
message itself means everything.
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