元角分口诀表-旖旎什么意思
1，alliteration 2，kenning 3，caesura
4,romance 5,chivalery 6,quatrain 7,meter:rhyme
8,heroic couplet 9iambic pentameter 10,bob
and wheel 11,realism 12,idealism
13,renaissiance 14,blank verse 15,sonnet
16,comedy 17,tragedy 18,humanism 19,cavalier
poets 20,metaphysical poets
21,metaphysical conceit
1. Epic (史诗)（appeared in the Anglo-
Saxon Period ）
Epic is an extended narrative
poem in elevated or dignified language, like
Homer’s Iliad & Odyssey. It usually celebrates
the feats of one or more legendary or
traditional heroes. The action is simple, but full
of magnificence.
Today, some long narrative
works, like novels that reveal an age & its people
are also called epic.
E.g. Beowulf （ the
pagan（异教徒），secular(非宗教的) poetry） Iliad
《伊利亚特》，Odyssey《奥德赛》
Paradise Lost 《失乐园》.
1. Romance （传奇）(Anglo-Norman feudal England)
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Romance is any imaginative
literature that is set in an idealized world and
that deals with heroic adventures and
battles
between good characters and villains or monsters.
Originally, the term referred to a medieval
(中世纪) tale dealing with the love and adventures of
kings, queens,
knights, and ladies, and
including supernatural happenings.
Form:
long composition, in verse, in prose
Content:
description of life and
adventures of a noble hero
Character:
a
knight, a man of noble birth, skilled in the use
of weapons; often described as riding forth to
seek
adventures, taking part in
tournaments(骑士比武), or fighting for his lord in
battles; devoted to the church and the king
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Romance lacks general
resemblance to truth or reality.
It
exaggerates the vices of human nature and
idealizes the virtues.
It contains perilous
(dangerous) adventures more or less remote from
ordinary life.
It lays emphasis on supreme
devotion to a fair lady.
3.
Alliteration（押头韵）: a repeated initial(开头的)
consonant(协调,一致) to successive(连续的)
words.
4.
Heroic couplet （英雄双韵体）（introduced by
Geoffrey Chaucer）
Definition:
the
rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter; a verse form
in epic poetry, with lines of ten syllables and
five
stresses, in rhyming pairs.
英雄诗体英雄双韵体：用于史诗或叙事诗，每行十个音节，五个音部，每两行押韵。
5.
couplet（两行诗，对句）:
Two consecutive lines of
poetry that rhyme. A heroic couplet is an iambic
pentameter couplet. During the Restoration
period and the 18th C. it was a popular verse
form.
6. iambic
pentameter(
抑扬格五音步
):
A poetic line
consisting of five Verse feet (pentameter - is
from a
Greek word meaning “five”), with each
foot an iamb-- that is, an unstressed syllable
followed by a stressed syllable.
7.
Rhyme（韵，押韵）:
the repetition (反复) of sounds in
two or more words or phrases that appear close to
each other in a poem.
E .g.
Rivershiver, songlong
8.
meter (格律) （
属于Prosody
['pr?s?d?]（韵文学;诗体学；(某语言的)韵律(学)）
）:
A
generally regular
pattern of stressed and
unstressed syllables（音节） in poetry.
9.
Rhythm（节奏，韵律）（
属于Prosody
['pr?s?d?]（韵文学;诗体学；(某语言的)韵律(学)）
）：
refers
to the regular recurrence（反复，重现） of the
accent（重读） or stress in poem or song.
E.g.
the rhythm of day and night, the seasonal rhythm
of the year, the beat of our hearts, and the rise
and fall of sea tides,
etc.
10．Humanism
1) Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.
According to humanists, human beings were glorious
creatures capable
of individual development in
the direction of perfection and the world can be
questioned, explored and enjoyed.
2) By
emphasizing the dignity of human beings and the
importance of the present life, in contrast to the
medieval
emphasis on God and contempt for the
things of this world, they voiced their beliefs
that man did not only have the right
to pursue
happiness of this life, but had the ability to
perfect himself and to perform wanders.
11.
Tragedy（Drama form）
? A serious play or novel
representing the disastrous downfall of a central
character, the protagonist. According to
Aristotle, the purpose is to achieve a
catharsis through incidents arousing pity and
terror. The tragic effect
usually depends on
our awareness of admirable qualities in he
protagonist, which are wasted terribly in the
fated
disaster.
E.g. （莎士比亚）Great
Tragedies
（四大悲剧）（
explores the
faultsweaknesses of humans
）
: Hamlet,
Othello,
King Lear& Macbeth
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12.
Blank Verse （无韵诗）
? Unrhymed lines of iambic
pentameter. It is a very flexible English verse
form which can attain rhetorical
grandeur（雄伟，壮观） while echoing the natural
rhythms of speech. It was first used by Henry
Howard, Earl
of Surrey, and soon became a
popular form for narrative and dramatic poetry.
Marlowe, Shakespeare, Milton,
Wordsworth,
Tennyson, Stevens and Robert Frost are fond of
this form.
13. Sonnet
A sonnet is a lyric
poem comprising 14 rhyming lines of equal length:
iambic pentameter in English, hendecasyllables
[hen,dek?'sil?bl]（十一音节） in Italian, and
alexandrines
.[??liɡ?zɑ:ndrain]
（亚历山大诗行） in
French.
. The
EnglishShakespearean sonnet
It was
introduced into English poetry in the early 16th
century by Sir Thomas Wyatt (1503-1542). It
consists
of 3 quatrains and a final couplet,
rhyming
abab cdcd efef gg.
An
important variant is the Spenserian sonnet, which
links the 3 quatrains by rhyme, rhyming
abab
bcbc cdcd
ee.
（quatrain: 四行诗
(每节四行,韵律一般为abab或abba)）
14. Allegory（寓言）
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A story with a double meaning: a primary
or surface meaning, and a secondary or under-the-
surface
meaning
A story that can be read,
understood and interpreted at two levels
Two levels of allegory
? One level
examines the moral, philosophical and religious
values and is represented by the Red Cross
Knight, who stands for all Christians.
? The second level is the
particular, which focuses on the political,
social, and religious conflicts in the
then
English society.
15.
Metaphysical(形而上学，超自然，纯哲学) Poets
METAPHYSICAL
POETS refer to a school of poets at the beginning
of the 17th century England who wrote under the
influence of John Donne. The works of the
Metaphysical poets are characterized, generally
speaking, by mysticism in
content and
fantasticality in form.
The most eminent
poets are John Donne, George Herbert & Andrew
Marwell.
16. Metaphysical Poetry
Metaphysical poetry is concerned with the whole
experience of man, especially about love, romantic
and
sensual; about man's relationship with
God, and about pleasure, learning and art.
Metaphysical poems are lyric poems of brief but
intense meditations, characterized by the striking
use of wit,
irony and wordplay. Beneath the
formal structure (of rhyme, meter and stanza) is
the underlying structure of the poem’s
argument. In “To His Coy Mistress,” the
explicit argument (Marvell's request that the coy
lady yield to his passion) is a
stalking horse
for the more serious argument about the
transistorizes of pleasure.
Rise & Fall
of Metaphysical Poetry
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Metaphysical poetry was rarely read in the
17th, 18th and early 19th century.
In the late
19th century and early 20th century, there was a
renewed interest in metaphysical poetry.
The
modernist poets T.S. Eliot, John Ransom and Allen
Tate claimed their influence by John Donne. So
John
Donne became a cult figure in the early
20th century English-speaking countries.
Metaphysical conceit
This type
of conceit draws upon a wide range of knowledge,
and its comparisons are elaborately（苦心经营地，精
巧地）
rationalized.
For instance, Donne’s “The
Flea” compares a flea bite to the act of love; and
in “A Valediction: Forbidding
Mourning”
separated lovers are likened to the legs of a
compass, the leg drawing the circle eventually
returning home to
17. neoclassicism（新古典主义）
– It found its artistic models in the
classical literature of the ancient Greek and
Roman writers like Homer,
Virgil, Horace, and
Ovid.
– A partial reaction against the fires
of passion blazed in the late Renaissance,
especially in the
Metaphysical poetry.
---
Prose should be precise, direct, smooth and
flexible.
--- Poetry should be lyrical（抒情的）,
epical（叙事的）, didactic（教导的）, satiric or dramatic,
and each
class should be guided by its own
principles.
--- Neo-classical writers are:
John Dryden, Alexander Pope, Jonathan Swift,
Joseph Addison, Richard Steele,
Henry
Fielding, Samuel Johnson, Oliver Goldsmith, Edward
Gibbon, etc.
18. Enlightenment Movement(启蒙运动)
Under the influence of scientific discoveries
(Newton) and flourishing of philosophies, French
enlightenment
started.
Enlightenment thinkers such as Voltaire伏尔泰,
Montesquieu孟德斯鸠, Locke洛克, Hobbes霍布斯, and
Rousseau卢梭 believed that the world was an
object of study and that people could understand
and control the world by
means of reason and
empirical（以观察或实验为依据的） research.
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an intellectual
movement beginning in France and then spread
throughout Europe
a continuation of
Renaissance in belief in the possibility of human
perfection through education
the guiding
principle or slogan（标语，标号） is Ration（定量？）Reason,
natural right and equality (American
Independence War in 1776; French Revolution in
1789)
Ration became standard for measurement
of everything.
In religion, it was against
superstition（迷信）, intolerance（心胸狭窄）, and
dogmatism（教条主义，独断，
武断）; in politics, it was
against tyranny（暴政，苛政）; and in society, it was
against prejudice, ignorance,
inequality, and
any obstacles to the realization of an
individual’s full intellectual and physical well-
being. At the
same time, they advocated（提倡）
universal education. In their opinion, human
beings were limited, dualistic
（二元的）,
imperfect, and yet capable of
rationality（合理性，合理的行为见解） and perfection through
education.
The great enlighteners:
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Alexander Pope,
Joseph Addison,
Jonathan Swift, and
Samuel Johnson
19. Sentimentality
literature伤感文学
--- It was a partial reaction
against that cold, logic rationalism which
dominated people’s life since the last decades of
the 17th century.
--- A ready sympathy
and an inward pain for the misery of others became
part of accepted social morality and ethics.
--- started by Samuel Richardson’s Pamela
And Clarissa
--- represented in novel form by
Laurence Sterne’s A
Sentimental Journey
through France and
Italy (1768)
---
represented in poetry by “The Graveyard School”:
Thomas Gray, Edward Young
---
emphasizing the emotionheart instead of ration
---gradually merged into Romanticism
20. The Realistic Novel
The English
middle-class people were ready to cast away the
aristocratic romance and to create a new and
realistic
literature of their own to express
their ideas and serve their interests.
The
whole life in its ordinary aspects of the middle
class became the major source of interest in
literature.
Major novelists: Daniel Defoe,
Samuel Richardson, Henry Fielding, Laurence
Sterne, Oliver Goldsmith, Tobias George
Smollett…
Point of view
The
method of narration that determines the position,
or angle of vision from which the story is told.
Commonly used points of view