无边无际-常客近义词
跨文化交际学题型名词解释整理:
Intercultural
communication :intercultural communication is a
face-to-face communication
between people from
different cultural back-grounds .
Intracultural communication :intracultural
communication can be defined as the extent to
which
there is shared interpersonal
communication between members of the same culture
–whether this
is in the majority .or within
minority cultures .
Individualism :broadly
speaking ,individualism refers to the doctrine
theater the interests of the
individual are of
ought to be paramount ,and that all values ,rights
and duties originate in
individual s ,it
emphasizes individual initiative ,independence
,individual expression ,and even
privacy .
Collectivism: it is characterized by a rigid
social framework that distinguish between in-
groups
and out-groups .people expect their in-
group to look after them ,and in exchange for that
they fell
they owe absolute loyalty to the
group .collectivism means greater emphasis on
(1)the
views ,needs ,and goals of the in-
groups rather than oneself (2)social norms and
duty defined by
the in-group rather than
behavior to get pleasure (3)beliefs shared with
the in-group; rather than
beliefs that
distinguish self from ingroup and (4)great
readiness to cooperate with ingroup
membership
.
Power distance :it’s the extent to which a
society accepts that power in relationships
,institutions,
and organizations is
distributed unequally .
Context :it’s the
information that surrounds an event ,it is in
extricably bound up with the
meaning of the
event .
High-context communication :it is a
kind of communication in which most of the
information is
already in the person while
very little is in the coded ,explicitly
transmitted part of the
message ,e.g.,Chinese
,Japanese
Low-context communication :it’s
just the opposite of high-context communication .
it’s the mass
of information is rested in the
explicit code ,e.g. American German
High-
context culture :it's a kind of culture in which
people are very homogeneous with regard to
experiences ,information networks ,and the
like ,e.g. Chinese ,Japanese
Low-context
culture :it's a kind of culture in which the
population is less homogeneous and
therefore
tends to compartmentalize interpersonal contacts
,e.g. American ,German
Activity orientation
:it is the way a culture views activity ,which is
classified by kluckhohns and
strodtbeck as
being ,being-in-becoming ,and doing.
Nonverbal communication: nonverbal
communication involves all those nonverbal stimuli
in a
communication setting that are generated
by both the source and his or her use of the
environment
and that have potential message
value for the source or receiver.
Paralanguage :certain vocal cues provided us
with information with which to make judgments
about characters’ personalities’, emotional
States ,and rhetorical activity .Paralanguage
involves
the linguistic elements of speech
,that is ,how something is said and not the actual
meaning of the
spoken words .most
classifications divide paralanguage into three
kinds of vocalizations vocal
characterizers
;vocal qualifiers and vocal segregates
M-time (monochromic time schedule ):M-time
cultures tend to think of time as something fixed
in nature ,something around us and from which
we can not escape and ever-present part of the
environment ,just like the air we breathe
P-time (polychromic time schedule ):P-time
cultures deal with time holistically and place
great
stock in the activity
occurring at the moment .Polychronic time cultures
emphasize people more
than schedules .For
P-time cultures ,time is less tangible and hence
feeing of wasted time are not
as prevalent as
M-time cultures .
15. Denotation:the
literal meaning or definition of a word --- the
explicit, particular, defined
meaning.
16. Connotation:the suggestive meaning of a
word --- all the values, judgment, and beliefs
implied by a word the historical and
associative accretion of the unspoken significance
behind the
literal meaning.
19.
Chronemics(时间学):The study of how people perceive
and use time.
20. Proxemics(空间学): refers to
the perception and use of space.
21.
kinesics(肢体语言):The study of body language .
22. Paralanguage(副语言):Involving sounds but not
word and lying between verbal and
nonverbal
communication .
23. Monochronic
time一元时间观念: means paying attention to and doing
only one thing at a
time.
24. Polychronic
time多元时间观念: means being involved with many things
at once
1. What are the four trends
that lead to the development of the global
village? P8~9
Four trends that lead to the
development of the global village: Convenient
transportation systems
Innovative
communication systems Economic
globalizationWidespread migrations
2. What are
the three aspects where cultural differences
exist?
Verbal difference: language, thought
patterns…
Non-verbal communication: body-
language, time concept, spacious language,
paralanguage,
environment…
Perception:
values, worldviews, beliefs, attitudes
3. What
are three ingredients of culture? 文化的三个成分(three
Ingredients)P5~6
An shared artifact(the
material and spiritual products people produce)
shared Behavior(what they do)
shared
Concepts(beliefs, values, world views……what they
think)
4. How to understand cultural
Iceberg?P6~7
Like an iceberg what we can see
about culture is just the tip of the iceberg; the
majority of it is
intangible, beyond sight.
and the part of culture that is visible is only a
small part of a much bigger
whole. It is said
nine-tenth of culture is below the surface.
(Just as an iceberg which has a visible
section above the waterline and a larger invisible
section
below the waterline, culture has some
aspects that are observable and others that can
only be
suspected and imagined. Also like an
iceberg, the part of culture that is visible is
only a small
part of a much bigger whole. It
is said nine-tenth of culture is below the
surface. (P7))
5. What are the tour
characteristics of culture? Dynamic shared learned
ethnocentric
Culture is shared. All
communications take place by means of symbols.
Culture is learned. Culture is learned, not
inherited. It derives from one’s social
environment, not
from one’s genes.
Enculturation(文化习得): All the activities of
learning one’s culture are called
enculturation .
Culture is dynamic.
(P6)Culture is subject to change. It’s dynamic
rather than static, constantly
changing and evolving under the impact of
events and through contact with other cultures.
Acculturation(文化适应): the process which adopts
the changes brought about by another culture
and develops an increased similarity between
the two cultures.
Culture is
ethnographic(文化中心主义). Ethnographic is the belief
that your own cultural
background is superior.
Ethnocentrism: the belief that your own culture
background is superior.
6. What are the six
characteristics of communication?
Dynamic
irreversible symbolic systematic transactional
contextual
Communication is dynamic.
Communication is ongoing, ever-changing activity.
A word or action does not stay frozen
when you
communicate; it is immediately replaced with yet
another word or action.
Communication is
irreversible.
Once we have said something
and someone else has received and decoded the
message, the
original sender cannot take it
back.
Communication is symbolic.
Symbols
are central to the communication process because
they represent the shared meanings
that are
communicated. Symbols are vehicle by which the
thoughts and ideas of one person can be
communicated to another person.
Communication is systematic
Communication does not occur in isolation or in a
vacuum, but rather is part of a large system.
It takes place in a physical and a social
context; both establish the rules that govern the
interaction.
Communication is
transactional. (P8)
A transactional view
holds that communicators are simultaneously
sending and receiving
messages at every
instant that they are involved in conversation.
Communication is contextual. (P8)
All
communication takes place within a setting or
situation called a context. By context, we
mean the place where people meet, the social
purpose for being together, and the nature of the
relationship. Thus the context includes the
physical, social, and interpersonal settings.
7. How is Chinese addressing different from
American addressing?(三方面)P22~24
In Chinese the
surname comes first and is followed by the given
name but in English this order
is reversed.
Addressing by names: In China seniority is
paid respect to. Juniors are supposed to address
seniors in a proper way. The use of given
names is limited to husband and wife, very close
friends,
juniors by elders or superiors
Nowadays, more and more English-speaking people
address others
by using the first name, even
when people meet for the first time. (intimacy and
equality)
Addressing by relationship: Chinese
often extend kinship terms to people not related
by blood
or marriage. These terms are used
after the surname to show politeness and respect
The English
equivalents of the above kinship
terms are not so used. Even with relatives,
Americans tend to use
just the first name and
leave out the term of relationship.
Addressing by title, office, profession:
Another common Chinese form of address is the use
of
a person’s title, office, profession to
indicate the person’s influential status. In
English, only a few
occupations or titles
could be used. (P24) Americans tend to regard
titles as trivial unless they
have a clear
idea of what kind of work a person does and what
his responsibilities are.
8. How is the
Chinese writing style different the American
writing style?
The Chinese employ a circular
approach in writing. In this kind of indirect
writing, the
development of the paragraph may
be said to be ‘turning and turning in a widening
gyre’. The
circles or gyres turn around the
subject and show it from a variety of tangential
views, but the
subject is never looked at
directly. A paragraph is set off by an indentation
of its first sentences or
by some other
conventional devise, such as extra space between
paragraphs.
In contrast, the
Americans are direct and linear in writing. An
English expository paragraph
usually begins
with a topic statement, and then, by a series of
subdivisions of that topic statement,
each
supported by example and illustrations, proceeds,
to develop that central idea and relate that
idea to all other ideas in the whole essay,
and to employ that idea in proper relationship
with the
other ideas, to prove something, or
perhaps to argue something.
9. What are the
different feature of m-time and p-time? P97
M-time is noted for its emphasis on schedules,
segmentation, punctuality and promptness. It
features one event at a time and time is
perceived as a linear structure.
P-time is
less rigid and clock-bound. It features several
activities at the same time and time is
perceived as more flexible and more human-
centered.
10. What
different worldview can be drive from Buddhism and
Christianity?
Buddhists do not believe in a
god or gods who created the world. However, they
do believe that
there is a supreme and
wonderful truth that words cannot teach, and
ritual cannot attain.
Buddhists are not
favorably disposed to the notion of free
enterprise and the pursuit of material
well-
being. Seen from a western worldview, having no
desires adversely affects motives for
personal
enrichment and growth generally. Thus, little
support is accorded to free enterprise.
Christianity recognizes the importance of work
and free ownership of property. Protestant, in
particular, sees the salvation of the
individual through hard work and piety.
11.
What is the American cultural value like in terms
of value orientation?
As far as the human
nature is concerned, the American culture holds
that it is evil but perfectible
through hard
work.
As to the relation of man to nature,
they think mankind can conquer the nature.
They also have a linear time concept and
therefore they are future-oriented.
They focus
on doing and think that only actions can solve the
problem.
They are quite individualistic and
therefore they focus less on the benefits of the
group.
12. What is the Chinese cultural value
like in terms of value orientation?P
What is
the character of innate human nature?
What is
the relation of man to nature?
What is the
temporal focus of human life?
What is the mode
of human activity?
What is the mode of human
relationships?
11. It is evil but perfectible
Man can conquer the nature present being-
oriented a
non-developmental model of society
Competitive
12. Good but corruptible harmony
with nature Past being-and-becoming is a kind of
spiritual
good of inner harmony and peace
cooperation
13. How is gender different from
sex? P119~120
Sex: biological, permanent, with
a individual property
Gender: socially
constructed, varied over time and across cultures,
with a social and relational
quality
14.
What are the two primary influences processes of
Gender Socialization? P121
Family
communication
Recreational interaction
15.
Identify the features of each of four Hofsted’s
cultural dimensions and the contrast
between
high-context and low-context culture.
(语境案例分析)P192~193
Individualism VS collectivism
Masculinity VS femininity Power
distanceUncertainty avoidance
High-context
VS. low-context
High-context cultures assign
meaning to many of the stimuli surrounding an
explicit message. In
high-context cultures,
verbal messages have little meaning without the
surrounding context, which
includes the
overall relationship between all the people
engaged in communication.
Low-context cultures
exclude many of those stimuli and focus more
intensely on the objective
communication
event, whether it be a word, a sentence, or a
physical gesture. In low-context
cultures, the
message itself means everything.