做饭的拼音-nra
A lingua franca:A lingua franca is a
language or way of communicating which is used
between
people who do not speak one another's
native language. (讲不同母语的人之间的)通用语
Argument论元:In
logic,an argument is a stem which refers to some
entity about which a
statement is being made.
Applied linguistics应用语言学:Applied linguistics
is the research associated with language
teaching in its narrow its broad sense it
refers to the research regarding means of
application of linguistics in other
disciplines.
Bound root:Bound root are those
which cannot occur must appear with at least
another as -ceive in receive,perceive,and
conceive.
Bilingual双语现象:Bilingual means
involving or using two languages.
Connotation内涵: Philosophers use
connotation,opposite to denotation,to mean the
properties of
entity a word denotes.
Creole混合语:Creole is a Pidgin that has become
the primary language of a speech community
and
is acquired by the children of that community as
their native language.
Cooperative
Principle:Cooperative Principle(CP for short )was
proposed by Paul
suggests that in making
conversation the participants must be willing to
co-operate,otherwise it
would not be possible
for them to carry on the specify the CP
further,Grice
introduced four Maxims:Maxim of
Quality,Maxim of Quantity,Maxim of relevance,Maxim
of
significance of Grice’s CP lies in that it
explains how it is possible for speaker to
convey more than what is literally said.
Context语境:The notion of context is essential
to the pragmatic study of language. Generally
speaking, it consists of the knowledge that is
shared by the speaker and the hearer.
Converse antonymy
反向反义:
Converse
antonymy is a special type of antonymy in that the
members of a pair do not constitute positive-
negative show the reversal of a
relationship
between two entities.
Co-hyponym:several
members of the same superordinate.
Complementary distribution
互补分布:
The
different allophones of the same phoneme never
occur in the same phonetic two or more
allophones of one phoneme never occur in
the
same linguistic environment they are said to be in
complementary distribution.
Complementary
antonymy
互补反义词:
Means the members of a pair
in this type are complemtary
to each other.
That is they divide up the whole of a semantic
field completely.
Displacement:Displacement
means that human language enable their users to
symbolize
objects,events and concepts which
are not present at the moment of communication.
Dialect方言：a form of a language that is spoken
in a particular area.
Diacritics变音符: a mark,
point, or sign added or attached to a letter or
character todistinguish it
from another of
similar form, to give it a particular phonetic
value, to indicate stress,etc., as a
cedilla,
tilde, circumflex, or macron.
Diachronic
linguistics:Diachronic linguistics is the study of
a language through the course of its
history;therefore, it is also called
historical linguistics.
Derivational
affixes派生词缀:refer to affixes that are added to
words in order to change its
grammatical
category or its meaning.
Descriptive
study描述性研究:is a linguistic approach which studies
what language ought to be
and it tries to find
the rules that the members of a language community
actually conform instead
of imposition on
other rules,norms.
Esperanto世界语:is the most widely spoken
constructed international auxiliary language.
Equivalence对等:refers to the extent which the
source language is similar to the target language
in terms of form and meaning or stylistic
features.
Entailment衍推
:i
s a logical
relationship between two sentences in which the
truth of second
necessarily follows from the
truth of the first,while the falsity of the first
follows from the falsity
of the second.
Inflectional affixes屈折前缀:such as
number,person,finiteness,aspect and case,which do
not
change the grammatical class of the stems
to which they are attached.
Grimm's law格林法则:
(also known as the First Germanic Sound Shift or
the Rask's-Grimm's
rule), named for Jacob
Grimm, is a set of statements describing the
inherited
Proto-Indo-European(PIE) stops as
they developed in Proto-Germanic(PGmc, the common
ancestor of the Germanic branch of the Indo-
European family) in the 1st millennium BC. It
establishes a set of regular correspondences
between early Germanic stops and fricatives and
the
stop consonants of certain other centum
Indo-European languages (Grimm used mostly Latin
and
Greek for illustration). As it is
presently formulated.
Grammatical marker语法标记:
Grammatical relations
语法关系
:the
structural and logical function relation of
constituents are
called grammatical
grammatical relation of a sentence concern the way
each noun
phrase in the sentences relates to
the many cases,grammatical relations in fact
refer to who
does what to whom.
Gradable
language:qualitative adjectives that vary the
adjective's grade or intensity.
General
linguistics
普通语言学
:The study of language as
a whole is often called general
linguistics.
Langue 语言 & parole 言语:langue refers to the
abstract linguistic system shared by all the
members of a speech community, and parole
refers to the realization of langue in actual use.
Locutionary act,illocutionary act,and
perlocutionary act:
Locutionary
act
发话行为
:When we speak we move our vocal
organs and produces a number of
sounds,organized in a certain way with a
certain act performed in this sense is called
locutionary act.
Illocutionary
act
行事行为
: Illocutionary act refers to the
action of making clear the purpose of
speaking
by producing is,to say to do example,when we
make
utterance”Hello”,we perform the action of
greeting.
perlocutionary
act
取消行为
:perlocutionary act refers to the
act that the speakers perform through
a
locutionary act,and brings about effects upon
hearers.
LAN:
Language transfer语言转化:refers
to the learners will subconsciously use their
knowledge in
learning a second language.
Narrow transcription严式标音:diacritics are added
to the one-letter symbols to show the finer
differences between sounds.
Negative
transfer负迁移:is the obstruction of or interference
with new learning because of
previous
learning, and relates to the experience with one
set of events could hurt performance on
related tasks.
Prescriptive规定性and
descriptive描述性:A prescriptive approach to
something involves
telling
people what they should do, rather than simply
giving suggestions or describing what is
done.
Descriptive language or writing indicates what
someone or something is like. The
distinction
lies in prescribing how things ought to be and
describing how things are.
Polysemy多义词: refers
to different words may have the same or similar
meaning, the same one
word may have more than
one meaning.
Pragmatics语用学:is the study of
meaning in context,is concerned with the way
language is used
to communicate rather than
with the way language is structured.
Reference指称:Reference is what a linguistic
form refers to in the real world;it is a matter of
the
relationship between the form and the
example,if we say, “The dog is barking,”we must
be talking about a certain dog known to both
the speaker and the hearer in the actual
dog
the word “dog”refers to in this particular
situation in the reference of the word “dog” .
Synchronic and diachronic共时与历时：The description
of a language at some point of time (as
if it
stopped developing) is a synchrony study .The
description of a language as it changes through
time is a diachronic study.
Semantic
broadening语义扩展:is the process in which the meaning
of a word becomes general
or inclusive than
its historically earlier denotation.
Selectional restrictions:In order to block the
generation of odd sentences like Colorful green
ideas sleep furiously,some linguists introduce
some selection restrictions as constraints on the
combination process.选择限制，为了防止Colorful green
ideas sleep
furiously这样怪异的句子，
语言学家提出了一些选择限制以制约意义组合过程。
Speech act theory言语行为理论:A speech act is an act
that a speaker performs when
making an
utterance, including the following:
A general
act (illocutionary act) that a speaker performs,
analyzable as including
---the uttering of
words (utterance acts)
--- making reference
and predicating (propositional acts), and
---
a particular intention in making the utterance
(illocutionary force)
An act involved in the
illocutionary act, including utterance acts and
propositional acts
The production of a
particular effect in the addressee (perlocutionary
act)
Standard language标准语言：is a
superposed，socially prestigious dialect of
language. It is the
language employed by the
government and the judiciary system， used by the
mass media， and
taught in educational
institutions，including school settings where the
language is taught as a
foreign or second
language.
Sequential rules有序规则：are rules that
govern the combination of sounds in a particular
language.
Syntactic category句法类型:Apart
from sentences and clause,a syntactic category
usually refers
to a word(called a lexical
category)or a phrase (called a phrasal
category)that performs a particular
grammatical function.
Semantic
change语义变化：means an old form which takes on a new
meaning to meet the new
need.
The
critical age hypothesis:states that there is a
period during which language acquisition is easy
and complete and beyond which it is difficult
and typically incomplete.