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英国部分名词解释
British Commonwealth 英联邦
07年考
It is a free association of independent
countries that were once colonies of Britain.
Member nations are
joined together
economically and have certain trading
arrangements. The Commonwealth has no special
powers. At present there are 50 members
counties within the commonwealth
the
Great
Alfred was a strong king of Wessex. He
defeated the Danes and reached a friendly
agreement with them.
He founded a strong fleet
and is known as
army, making it more
efficient. He also translated books and
established schools. He formulated a legal
system. All this earned him the title
m the Conqueror 威廉征服
William was Duke of
Normandy. He landed his army in Oct.1066 and
defeated king Harold. Then he was
crowned king
of England on Christmas Day the same year. He
established a strong Norman government
and the
feudal system in England.
4. Heptarchy
七王国
During the Anglo-Saxon's time ,Britain
was divided into many kingdoms, These seven
principal
kingdoms of Kent, Essex, Sussex,
Wessex, East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria. They
were given the
name of Heptarchy.
5.
Witan 贤人会议
Witan was the council or
meeting of the was created by the Anglo-Saxons to
advise the
king .It's the basis of the Privy
Council which still exists today.
6.
Domesday Book
William sent officials to
compile a property record known as Domesday Book,
which completed in
1086. It was the result of
a general survey of England made in 1085. It
stated the extent, value, the
population,
state of cultivation, and ownership of the land.
7. the Great Charter
The Great
Charter has been also known as Magna Carta which
king John was forced to sign in 1215. It
has
63 clauses. Though it has long been regarded as
the foundation of English liberties, a guarantee
of
the freedom of the church, its spirit was
the limitation of the king’s powers.
8. .The Black Death
It
was a modern name given to the deadly bubonic
plague, an epidemic disease spread by rat fleas.
It
spread through Europe in the 14th century.
It swept through England without warning and any
cure. It
killed between half and one-third of
the population of England. It caused far-reaching
economic
consequences.
9. the
Hundred Years’ War
It referred to the
intermittent war between France and England that
last from 1337 to 1453. The causes were partly
territorial and partly economic. When Edward
III claimed the French Crown but the French
refused to recognize, the war
broke out. At
first the English were successful, but in the end,
they were defeated and lost almost all their
possessions in
France. The expelling of the
English was a blessing for both countries.
10. The Wars of Roses
They referred to
the battles between the House of Lancaster and the
House of York between 1455 and
1485. The
former was symbolized by the red rose, and the
latter by the white one. After the wars,
feudalism received its death blow and the
king’s power became supreme.
11. The
Glorious Revolution光荣革命
,William of Orange, to
invade and take the English throne. William landed
in England in 1688. The
takeover was
relatively smooth, with no bloodshed, nor any
execution of the king. This was known as
the
Glorious Revolution.
12. the Bill of
Rights
In 1689, William and Mary accepted the
Bill of Rights to be crowned jointly. The bill
excluded any Roman
Catholic from the
succession, confirmed the principle of
parliamentary supremacy and guaranteed free
speech within both the two Houses.
Mary血腥玛丽
Henry VIII’s daughter and a devout
Catholic. When she became Queen, she persecuted
and burnt many Protestants. So
she was given
the nickname “Bloody Mary”. Mary is also
remembered as the monarch who lost the French port
of Calais.
14. Whigs and Tories
It
referred to the two party names which originated
with the Glorious Revolution of 1688. The Whigs
were those who
opposed absolute monarchy and
supported the right to religious freedom for
Noncomformists. The Tories were those who
supported hereditary monarchy and were
reluctant to remove kings. The Whigs formed a
coalition with dissident Tories
and became the
Liberal Party. The Tories were the forerunners of
the Conservative Party.
15. Thatcherism
Mrs Thatcher firmly believed in self-
reliance and what has come to be known as
privatization. Her
policies are popularly
referred to as Thatcherism. It included the return
to private owner-ship of
state-owned
industries, the use of monetarist policies to
control inflation, the weakening of trade forces
unions, the strengthening of the role of
market forces in the economy, and an emphasis on
law and order.
撒切尔主义包括国有工业私有化,用货币政策控制通货膨胀,削弱工会
,加强市场力量在经济中的作用,
强调法律与秩序
16. the Reform
Act of 1832
It’s also known as the Greater
Charter of 1832,it was passed by Parliament in
1832 .According to the Act, rotten boroughs
were abolished, and parliamentary seats were
redistributed more fairly among the growing
towns. It also gave the vote to many
householders and tenants, based on the value
of their property.
17. Constitutional
monarchy君主立宪制 08年考
A constitutional monarchy
is a country in which the head of the state is a
king or a queen .In
practice ,the Sovereign
reigns ,but does not rule
18. the British
Constitution
There is no written constitution
in the United Kingdom. The British Constitution is
not set out in any single document, but
made
up of statute law, common law and conventions.
19. the House of Commons 10年考
The
House of Commons is a part of Parliament ,and it’s
members are elected by universal adult suffrage.
It consists of 651members of Parliament. It
has the ultimate authority in making laws.
20 . The speaker 09年考
The speaker of the
House of Commons in Britain is elected at the
beginning of each new Parliament to
preside
over the House and enforce the rules of order,and
he is acceptable to all shades of opinion in the
House of Commons.
21. The Privy
Council
Formerly the chief source of executive
power. It gave the Sovereign private (“privy”)
advice
on the government of the country. Today
its role is mainly formal, advising the Sovereign
to
approve certain government decrees and
issuing royal proclamation. Its membership is
about 400.
22. The NHS
The
National Health Service was established in the UK
in 1948 .This Service provides for every resident
a full range of medical services. It is
now a largely free service.
23.
Christmas Day
December 25
th
,the
greatest of Christian festivals to celebrate the
birth of Christ. It’s also a time for the
family to get together .
holiday
07,11年考
Official public holiday are also
called “bank holidays” The term “bank owes its
name to the fact that
banks are closed on the
days specified”
25. Comprehensive schools
Comprehensives schools take pupils without
reference to ability or aptitude and provide a
wide-ranging
secondary education for all or
most of the children in a district.
26.
The Open University 09年考
It refers to a non-
residential university which is “ open” to all to
become students. Founding in 1969, it
offers
degrees and other courses for adult students of
all ages in Britain and the other member countries
of the European Union.
27. The House
of Lords
The House of lLords is a part of
parliament. It is made up of the Lords Spiritual
and the Lords Temporal.
It has a special
judicial function and leader is the Lord
Chancellor.
28. Beatles
In the
early 1960s, four Liverpool boys who joined
together in a group called themselves the Beatles.
They represented a new pop culture who writes
their own music. The Beatles won the affection and
admiration of people of all ages and social
backgrounds.
29. English feudal system
10年考
In this system ,the king owned all the
land personally, who gave his barons large estates
in England in
return for a promise of military
and a proportion of the land’s produce
30. the welfare state
The welfare state id
a system of government by which the state provides
the economic and social
security of its
citizens through its organization of health
services, pensions and other facilities .This
system
if founded out of nation insurance
contribution and taxation.
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