sally什么意思-什么是对食
is language?
Language is a system of
arbitrary vocal symbols used for human
communication. It is a specific social action and
a carrier
of information.
“Language is
man’s way of communication with his fellow man
and. It is language alone which separate him from
the lower
animals”
is linguistics?
Generally speaking, linguistics can be defined
as the scientific study of language. To be more
exact, linguistics studies the
general
principles upon which languages are constructed
and operate as systems of human communication.
4. What is lexicology?
Lexicology is a
branch of linguistics concerned with the study of
the vocabulary of a given language. It deals with
words,
their origin, development, structure,
formation, meaning and usage. In short, it is the
study of the signification and application
of
words.
5. What is the Vocabulary?
Broadly
speaking, all the words in a language together
constitute what is known as vocabulary. The term
vocabulary
usually refers to a complete
inventory of the words in a language. But it may
also refer to the words and phrases used in the
variants of a language, such as dialect,
register, terminology, etc. There is a total
English vocabulary of more than 1 million.
11.
What Is a Word?
A word is a minimal free form
of a language that has a given sound, meaning and
syntactic function.
词是具有一定的声音、意义和语法功能,能独立运用的最小的语言单位。
A word can be
defined the smallest meaningful linguistic unit
that can be used independently
14. What is a
morpheme(词素)?
The morpheme is the smallest
functioning unit in the composition of words, not
divisible or analyzable into smaller forms.
We
can difine morpheme in this way, the smallest unit
in terms of relationship between expression and
content, a unit
which can not be divided
without destroying or drastically altering the
meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical.
15. What is a allomorph (形位变体,词[语]素变体)
16. Free morphemes(自由词素):
Morphemes
which are independent of other morphemes are
considered to be free. Free morphemes have
complete
meanings in themselves and can be
used as free grammatical units in sentences. A
free morpheme is one that may constitute a
word (free form) by itself, in the traditional
sense.
17. Bound morphemes(粘附词素):
Morphemes that can not occur as separate
words. It can not stand by itself as a complete
utterance; it must appear with at
least one
other morpheme, free or bound. Unlike free
morphemes, they do not have independent semantic
meaning; instead,
they have attached meaning
or grammatical meaning.
18. Root (or root
morphemes) :
the basic unchangeable part of
a word, and covers the main lexical meaning of the
word. That is to say, it is the part of
the
word left, whether free or bound, when all the
affixes are removed. It carries the main component
of meaning in a word.
19. Free root:
In
English many roots are free morphemes, such as
boy, moon, walk, black ( i.e. they can stand alone
as words).
20. Bound roots:
Quite a
number of roots derived from foreign sources, esp.
from Greek and Latin, belong to the class of bound
morphemes.
A bound root is that part of the
word that carries the fundamental meaning just
like a free root. Unlike a free root, it is a
bound form and has to combine with other
morphemes to make words.
21. Affixes(词缀):
Affixes are forms that are attached to words
or word elements to modify meaning or function.
According to the functions
of affixes, we can
put them into two groups: inflectional and
derivational affixes.
22. Inflectional
affixes (inflectional morphemes)曲折词缀:
—— 不改变词义
Affix attached to the end of words to indicate
grammatical relationships are inflectional, thus
known as inflectional
morphemes. The
inflectional affix does not form a new word with a
new lexical meaning when it is added to another
word. Nor
does it change the word-class of the
word to which it is affixed. It just adds some
grammatical information to the word.
23.
Derivational affixes (derivational morphemes):
——改变词义
They are so called because when
they are added to another morpheme, they a new
word. If a morpheme can
change the meaning
or the word class, or both the meaning and word
class of a word, it is a derivational morpheme.
25. root (词根)
root (词根) is a form which
is not further analyzable, either in terms of
derivational or inflectional morphology. It is
that part of a word-form that remains when all
the inflectional and derivational affixes have
been removed. A root is the basic
part always
present in a lexeme.
26. stem (词干)
(词干) is of concern only when dealing with
inflectional morphology. ... Only Inflectional
(but not derivational)
affixes are added to
it: it is the part of the word-form which remains
when all the inflectional affixes have been
removed,“ A
stem is any morpheme or
combination of morphemes to which an inflectional
affix can be added.
27. base (词基)
A base
(词基) is any form to which affixes of any kind can
be added
28. Lexeme(词位):
Lexeme is an
abstract vocabulary item with a common core of
meaning. It can be realized by different word
forms. Put it
in another way, lexeme is a set
of linguistic signs which share the same lexical
meanings but different in their
grammaticalmeanings. For example, dies,died,
dying, die belong to the same lexeme DIE.
29.
Word form (词形):
Word form is the realization
(representation or manifestation) of the lexeme.
Equivalently, it is the inflected forms of a
lexeme.
30. Lexical entry(词条)
Lexical
entry is the specification of the information of a
lexeme in dictionary or the representation of the
idiosyncratic
information of a lexeme,
including (i) its pronunciation, (ii) syntactic
properties and (iii) meaning.
36.
Paradigm(词形变化表)
A paradigm is a list or
pattern showing the forms which a word can have in
a grammatical system.. It typically shows a
word’s inflections rather than derivatives. It
is the set of all the inflected forms which an
individual word assumes or the full set
of
words realizing a particular lexeme. For example:
Boy, {boy, boys}
37. Word-formation
Word-
formation is a process of creating new words by
means of existing elements and according to the
patterns and rules
of a given language.
(affixation or derivation
38. Derivation(派生法)
Derivation or affixation is a kind of word-
formation when a new word is formed by adding a
derivational morpheme
(usually suffix or
prefix) to the root.
? Prefixation is a kind
of word-formation when a new word is formed by
adding a prefix to the root.
? Suffixation is
a kind of word-formation when a new word is formed
by adding a suffix to the root.
40.
Suffixation
Suffixation is the formation of a
new word by adding a suffix or a combining form to
the base, and usually changing the
word-class
of the base;
43.
Compounding
Compounding or composition is a word-formation
process consisting of joining two or more bases to
form a new unit, a
compound word.
47.
Conversion - zero derivation
The process of
converting words from one part of speech to
another without adding any derivative element is
called
conversion or zero
derivation.(零位派生).
49. Shortening
It
is a method of shortening a word without changing
its meaning.
(1)
Clipping ( 截短法)
The process of clipping involves the deletion
of one or more syllables from a word (usually a
noun),
which is also available in its full
form.
(2) Acronymy -- Initialisms and
Acronyms(首字母缩略词) Acronymy is a special kind of
clipping, by which a new word is
formed from
the initial letters of the name of an organization
or scientific term,etc. There are two kinds of
word formed by
acronymy: initialisms and
acronyms,while are different in that the former
are pronounced letter by letter while the latter
are
pronounced as single words.
(3)Blending(拼缀法) Blending is a process
of word-formation in which a new word is formed by
combining parts of two
or more words or a word
plus a part of another word.
(4)Back-
formation(逆构法) Back-formation is a term used to
refer to a type of word-formation by which a
shorter word
is coined by the deletion of a
supposed affix from a longer form already present
in the language.
50.
Onomatopoeia (拟声)
Some English words came into being by
onomatopoeia, i.e. the imitation of natural
sounds. Onomatopoeic words(拟声词) are
echoic
ones whose sounds suggest their senses. These
words help us from mental pictures about the
things, people, or places
that are described.
53. Motivation(理据)
Motivation deals with
the connection between name (word-symbol) and its
sense (meaning). It is the relationship between
the
word structure and its meaning.
词的理据(mo
tivation)是指词与词义之间的联系,也就是语言符号与客观事物和现实联系的依据。
52.
Conventionality
Most English words are
conventional, arbitrary symbols; consequently,
there is no intrinsic relation between the
sound-symbol and its sense.
1.
Onomatopoeic motivation(拟声理据): means defining the
principle of motivation by sound. Words motivated
phonetically are called echoic words or
onomatopoeic words, whose pronunciation suggests
the meaning. They show a close
relation of
sound to sense, whereas non-echoic words do not
show any such relationship.
2. morphological
motivation: We say the word is morphologically
motivated, for a direct connection can be observed
between the morphemic structure of the word
and its meaning. This is called morphological
motivation(形态理据)
3. Semantic motivation(语义理据)
refers to the mental association suggested by the
conceptual meaning of a word. It
explains the
connection between the literal sense and
figurative sense of the word.
ogical
motivation means that the meanings of words can
be explained with reference to etymological
information.
Very often, the history of the
word can explain why a form has acquired a
particular meaning.
55.
Polysemy(一词多义)
Polysemy is “a term used in
semantic analysis to refer to a lexical item which
has a range of
different meanings”. That is to
say, the same word may have a set of different
meanings. Polysemy gives rise to a great number
of polysemic words, which are products of
sense-shift in the course of the development of
the vocabulary.
59. Homonymy
(同音同形异义)
Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that
words having different meanings happen to
be
identical in sound and spelling, or in both.
Synonymy refers the exact sameness or close
similarity of meaning. Words that are close in
meaning are called
64. Synonymy ( 同义词)
synonyms(Synonyms are traditionally defined as
words different in sound and spelling but
identical or similar in meaning.).
68.
Antonymy
Antonymy is the phenomenon that two
words have opposite senses; words that are
opposite are antonyms.
70. Oxymoron(矛盾修饰法)
An oxymoron is a figure of speech that
combines two normally contradictory terms.
71. Hyponymy(下义关系)
hyponymy: the
relationship that obtains between specific and
general lexical items, such that
the former is
? Extension of Meaning(词义扩大)
It is a
process by which a word which originally had a
specialized meaning has now become generalized or
has extended to
cover a broader and often less
definite concept.
一个原本具有特殊意义的单词的词义被延伸,范围扩大,从而指代一种普
遍意义语义变化过程。
? Narrowing of Meaning(词义缩小)
It is a
process by which a word of wide meaning acquires a
narrow or specialized sense. In other words, a
word which used
to have a more general sense
becomes restricted in its application and conveys
a special concept in present-day English.
把词
义范围较广的词缩小,表示特指,即过去具有普遍意义的词变化后,现在仅仅表达特殊意义。
? Elevation of Meaning(词义的升格)It is the process
by which words rise from humble beginnings to
positions of
importance.词义的升格指词由贬义或中性转变为褒义。
? Degradation of Meaning(词义的降格)
It is a
process whereby words of good origin or affective
neutrality fall into ill reputation or come to be
used in a
derogatory sense.
这是一个词由原先表示中性意义或褒义转为表示贬义的过程。
disturb的意思-hogwarts
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长叹-hundredth
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