(完整word版)初中语法精讲讲义(全)

初中英语语法精讲
















(内部资料)
2018.1

1

初中英语语法精讲



目 录
第一讲 名词
第二讲 冠词
第三讲
第四讲
第五讲
第六讲
第七讲
第八讲
第九讲
第十讲
第十一讲
第十二讲
第十三讲
第十四讲
第十五讲
第十六讲
第十七讲
第十八讲
附录I


代词
数词
介词
形容词和副词
连词
情态动词
非谓语动词
时态
被动语态
祈使句、倒装句、反意疑问句和感叹句
宾语从句
定语从句
状语从句
主谓一致
情景交际
词义辨析
重点短语

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初中英语语法精讲

概 述









一、概述
语法是研究词形变化和句子结构的科学，
研究词形变化的部分成为词法(名词的数、格，动词的时态、语态)，
研究句子结构的部分称为句法(句子成分、语序，句子种类)。


二、英语词类
词类
1 名词
英语
n.
作用
表示人或物的名称
表示人或物的特征
表示数目或顺序
代替名词,数词
表示动作或状态
表示动作特征或性状特征
用在名词前说明其意义
用在名代前说明它与别的词之间的关系
用来连接词与词或句与句
在句中成分 例词
主、宾、表、定、同位 mother, son
定、表、补、状
主、宾、
主语宾语定语
谓
状、表
不做成分
不做成分
不做成分
不做成分
big, small
nine, first
he, him, his
come, write
very, slowly
a, an, the
for, from, to
and, but, if
oh, ow
2 形容词 adj.
3 数词
4 代词
5 动词
6 副词
7 冠词
8 介词
9 连词
num.
pron.
v.
adv.
art.
prep.
conj.
10 感叹词 interj. 表示说话时的感情或口气

三、句子成分
句子中有两个最重要最基本的成分，主语和谓语。
除了主语和谓语，句子有时还有其他成分，宾语、定语、状语、表语等。

主语：一般位于句首，说明所要讲述的对象或主体，表示要说的“谁”或“什么”，一般由名词、代词或
名词性的词类、短语或从句充当。
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初中英语语法精讲

We often practise speaking English after class.
Your father’s car is new.
Watching English films is a good way to learn English.

谓语：位于主语之后，说明主语的情况（ 动作或状态）---“做什么”“是什么”“怎么样”。必须为动词或动词短
语充当, 或由系动词加形容词、名词充当。谓语与主语要保持人称和数一致。
I saw your brother yesterday.
Tom will arrive in 10 minutes.
She feels weak after a long illness.

表语：位于系动词后，说明主语“是什么”“怎么样”,一般由形容词、名词充当。构成主系表结构。
She is a teacher.
The girl looks healthy.
The cake tastes good.

宾语：位于及物动词之后，说明动作、行为的对象或结果。由名 词或与之相当的其他词类、短语或从句充
当。
I play the violin.
The students are listening to the radio.
We should learn from her.

宾语补足语：位于宾语后，用来补充说明宾语的意义。
His words made her sad.
Please call me Tom.
I find it hard to speak French.

定语：位置灵活，有前置定语，后置定语 。用来说明名词或代词性质、特点。一般由形容词、介词短语，
动词不定式或定语从句来充当。

China is a great country.
The girl in red dress is my sister.
The wild animals have no place to live.
The man who smoked a lot died of lung cancer.

状语：位于句首，句末或句中，用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句。表示行为发生的时间、 地点，目的、
原因、方式、程度等。通常由副词、介词短语、不定式或相当于副词作用的词来充当。

I often get up at six.
The children are playing football in the playground.
In order to catch the early bus, I had to get up early.
He was late for school because of heavy traffic.
Tim always goes to school by bus.
It is raining heavily.

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初中英语语法精讲

第一讲 名词

一、名词的类

名词分类：根据意义分为专有名词和普通名词
1）专有名词 表示具体的人、事物、地点和机构的专有名称。
2）普通名词 表示某人或某类事物的名称。
个体名词：表示单个的人或事物。
集体名词：表示一群人或一些事物的总称。
物质名词：表示无法分为个体的物质。
抽象名词：表示抽象概念（动作状态品质感情）
名



词
专有名词
普
通
名
词
NBA Peter Coca Cola May Olympics Sunday
个体名词
集体名词
不可数名词

物质名词
抽象名词
desk book apple room
family group team class
water milk bread rice meat
happiness friendship victory
可数名词







二、名词的数
一、可数名词和不可数名词
1）不可数名词 （不可用数字来计数，没有复数形式）
①物质名词：无法分为个体, water, tea, bread, milk, rice, rain, snow,wind
注：有些物质名词可以具体化为可数名词 two teas
有些不可数名词前有形容词修饰时，必须和aan连用 a heavy rain have a good time
②抽象名词：表示抽象概念(动作、状态、品质、感情) love, beauty, happiness, friendship

2）可数名词 （可以用数字来计数，有单复数形式）
单数可数名词要用冠词数词或其他限定词修饰，复数可数名词要在名词后面加s
注：★常考不可数名词： advice information news knowledge furniture fun traffic
progress
可数名词： suggestion message idea

3）有些名词既可以可数，也可以不可数，但意义不同。


fish
orange
cloth
light
glass
wood
paper
sand

5
不可数
鱼肉
橙汁
布料
光
玻璃
木头
纸
沙子
鱼
橙子
可数
chicken
room
work
exercise
experience
success
character

不可数
鸡肉
空间
工作
锻炼
经验
成功
性格

小鸡
房间
可数
抹布,桌布； clothes衣服
灯
玻璃杯；眼镜（复）
woods 树林
试卷；论文；报纸
sands 沙滩
works著作；works工厂
练习，习题；体操，操练
经历
成功的人或事
主人公

初中英语语法精讲

4) ★不可数名词的数量表达
a piece of news two bottles of juice
数词 + 单位量词 + of + 不可数名词


名词复数的变化规则
(1) ★规则变化

规则1
规则2
规则3
规则4
规则5
情况
一般情况
以s, x, ch, sh结尾
1)部分以o结尾
2)其余以o结尾
以f, fe结尾的，
以辅音字母+y结尾，
构成方法
-s
-es
-es
-s
变f, fe为ves
变y为i 加-es
例词
map car roof
bus box watch brush
hero negro tomato potato
photo piano zoo bamboo radio
wife knife wolf thief shelf -self
life half leaf
party city baby country family

读音---- “清清浊浊元后浊”
1. 在清辅音后 [s]
2. 在浊辅音和元音后 [z]
3. 在[s] [z] [?] [t?] [d?] 后[?z] classes roses brushes watches oranges

(2)★不规则变化的名词复数形式
①man—men woman—women policeman—policemen Englishman-- Englishmen Frenchman—Frenchmen
②foot—feet tooth—teeth goose--geese (鹅)
③child—children ox-oxen (牛)
④mouse--mice
⑤单复同形 Chinese Japanese deer sheep fish (表种类时fishes)
注： ①国家人的复数变化：中日不变英法变，其余s加后边。 *German-Germans
②表示国籍时没有复数。 I’m American, not English.
③汉语音译词没有复数形式 100 yuan, 5 dollars (cents, pounds )

(3)合成名词
①一般将主体名词变复数。
mothers-in-law passers-by lookers- on
②无主体名词的在词尾变复数
grown-ups成年人 go- betweens 中间人
③★以man, woman 开头的合成名词，所含的成分全都要变为复数。
man doctor----men doctors woman driver----women drivers
(4) 单数形式的集体名词 具有复数意义,谓语动词用复数police, people
(5) ★集体名词 class, family, group, team 表示个体成员 --复数；表示整体-- 单数
My family (be) very poor when I was a child.
My family (like) eating hot food.
The class (be) reading when the teacher came in.
My class (have) forty students.

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初中英语语法精讲

(6) 复数名词
① 由两个对称部分构成的物品的名词，常用复数形式，谓语动词用复数，表示数量时用“数词+pair (s) of”
glasses, trousers, jeans, shorts, pants, socks, shoes,
② 其他以复数形式出现的名词 goods, woods, clothes

三、名词所有格
表示名词所有关系的形式叫名词所有格，译成“….的”，一般做定语。
三种形式：1. ’s形式 2. of 短语形式 3. 双重所有格

1. ’s 所有格(用于表示有生命的人或物)
(1)变化方法：
① 一般情况在名词词尾 +’s John’s brother Children’s Day men’s clothes
② 以-s结尾的复数名词在词尾 +’ students’ books two hours’ walk
③共同拥有共同加 Jane and Helen’s room (单数)
分别拥有分别加 Jane’s and Helen’s rooms (复数)

(2)所有格’s所修饰的名词可以省略
①表示店铺、家等名词，如shop, home, office等可以省略。
the barber’s (shop) at the Green’s (home) the doctor’s (office)

②’s 所修饰的名词若前面已提到，或后面要提起，则往往省略以避免重复。
This isn’t John’s bike, but Peter’s.
His handwriting is much better than Lisa’s.

2. of+名词 所有格
①用于表示无生命的
a map of China the door of the room
②修饰的名词的定语太长
the name of his old black cat the name of the girl over there

3. ★双重所有格
of短语+ 名词所有格代词所有格，构成双重所有格，用来表示人的所有关系，而非物。

①双重所有格可用a, any, some, a few, two等修饰of短语前面的名词，但不能用the
a friend of my father’s=one of my father’s friends 我爸爸的一个朋友
some books of mine = some of my books 我的几本书
②表示感情色彩：That dog of Robert’s is really clever. 罗伯特的那只狗真聪明。

注： a photo of Tom (Tom本人的照片) a photo of Tom’s (Tom拥有的一张照片)

四、名词作定语
shoe factory apple tree coffee cup book case sports meeting clothes shop


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bath room

初中英语语法精讲


第二讲 冠词
一、冠词概述

定义：冠词是置于名词之前，帮助说明名词所表示的人或事物的一种虚词。
分类： 不定冠词：泛指 aan a 用于辅音音素前， an用于元音音素前。
定冠词： 特指 the
零冠词： 无形冠词（不使用冠词）

★用aan 填空。
useful book umbrella university engineer
honest man hour ugly duck uncle
X-ray operation European country
8-foot-deep hole one-year-old baby 11-metre-long river

二、不定冠词
1.
2.
3.
4.
强调数量“一” （=one） I bought a book and two pens.我买了一本书和两支笔。
强调某一类别 He is a doctor. 他是位医生。
概括整体，泛指一个类别。 A bird has wings. 鸟有翅膀。
表示价钱、时间、速度等的“每一” （=per =each）
four times a day 每天四次 sixty miles an hour 每小时60英里
5. 用于序数词前表示“又一” “再一” We’ll have to do it a second time. 我们得再做一次。
6. 在某些物质名词前表示“一杯罐瓶份” A coffee tea cola, please. 请来杯咖啡茶可乐。
7. 强调第一次或笼统指某一个 One day, an old woman went into a shop with a girl.
8. 季节、月份、日期、三餐、雨雪风前有形容词修饰时，用不定冠词。
9. 某些短语或习惯用法
a little a bit a lot of as a matter of fact in a word have a cold have a look

三、定冠词
1. 表特指 凡是有限定语修饰的都是特指。 the girl in red the book on the desk
2. 再次提到 I got a letter yesterday. The letter was sent by Tim from U.S.A.
3. 双方皆知 Pass me the magazine on the desk..
4. 用在单数可数名词前，表示一类人或物 The train goes faster than the bus.
=Trains go faster than buses.
5. 表示独一无二的事物 the earth the sun the moon the sky
6. 表示方向方位 in the east on the left in the middle
7. 和形容词连用，表示一类人或物 the rich the poor the blind the old the young
8. 用于西洋乐器前 play the piano
9. 用于复数姓氏前，表示一家人或夫妇
The Greens have no children. Green夫妇没有孩子。
The Smiths live next to us. Smith一家住在我们隔壁。
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初中英语语法精讲

10. 用于地理名词前 The Yellow River黄河 the Pacific 太平洋
11. 用于某些含有普通名词的专有名词前 the United Nations the USA the Great Wall
12. 用于序数词、最高级及only所修饰的名词前
13. 用于世纪或年代的词前 in the 20
th
century in the 1980s
14. 用在击打某人身体部位的结构中。 击打动词+sb. +介词+the+身体部位
15. 语言的词前不用the, 但表示语言的词和language 连用时用the
Mary began to learn the English language at the age of five.
16. 一身兼两职，只用一个the the teacher and writer
17. same 要与the连用
18. 习语中。 in the morning in the end at the age of in the day

四、零冠词（不使用冠词）
1. 一般专有名词前不加冠词
人名 地名 国家名 国籍 年份 月份 星期 日期 季节 语言 学科

★但如后有定语修饰表特指，需加定冠词
He is not longer the Brown we knew ten years ago. 他不是我们十年前认识的那个布朗。
The Beijing of today is different from what it was. 今天的北京不同与从前的北京了。

2. 某些含有普通名词的专有名词
街名 King Street 国王大街 Nanking Road 南京路
公园 Beihai Park 北海公园 Hyde Park 海德公园
车站 Shanghai Railway Station 上海火车站
机场 Dalian Zhoushuizi Airport 大连周水子机场
桥梁 Golden Gate Bridge 金门大桥
大学 Beijing University 北京大学
★但含有of的大学要加the the University of Beijing; the University of Zhejiang

3. 含有day的节日名 Children’s Day National Day
★但我国传统的节日前用定冠词 the Spring Festival 春节; the Mid-Autumn Festival 中秋节
4. 官衔，职位，称号的专有名词用作表语、同位语或补足语时。
Chairman Mao 毛主席 President Obama 奥巴马总统 Queen Elizabeth 伊丽莎白女王
5.“抽象名词、物质名词”表示一般概念时
1). Failure is the mother of success. 失败乃成功之母。
2). Man cannot live without water. 人离开水就无法生存。
3). He is fond of music. 他喜欢音乐。
6. 一日三餐 have breakfast lunch supper dinner (三餐前有限定语修饰时，用a)
7. 球类运动和棋牌类活动 play football play chess play cards
8. by + 交通工具
9. turn后跟名词表示“成为” turn teacher ( become a teacher)
10. 一些固定短语中：
go to bed, go to school work, at night noon, after school class
in danger in trouble in fact, in public,
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初中英语语法精讲

★名词前有时用定冠词和不用定冠词意义完全不同
表示抽象概念 表示具体概念
go to sea go to the sea
go to church go to the church
at table at the table
by sea by the sea
in prison in the prison
in hospital in the hospital
at school at the school
in class in the class
out of question out of the question
in front of in the front of
take place take the place of

第三讲 代词

一、人称代词、物主代词、反身代词

人称代词、物主代词、反身代词一览表

一
人称代词
物主代词
主格
宾格
形容词性
名词性
反身代词
I
me
my
mine
二
you
you
your
yours
he
him
his
his
单数
三
she
her
her
hers
it
it
its
its
itself
we
us
our
ours
ourselves
一
you
you
your
your
yourselves
复数
二 三
they
them
their
theirs
themselves myself yourself himself herself

语法讲解：
1. 代词是用来代替名词，以避免重复。
2. 人称代词在句中作主语时，用主格；作宾语（动宾介宾）时用宾格。
3. 人称代词的顺序：you, he she and I we, you and they
4. 人称代词的宾格代替主格： It’s me. Why me? Me too neither.
5. 形容词性物主代词相当于形容词，后跟名词；名词性物主代词相当于名词, 独立使用。
形容词性物主代词+名词=名词性物主代词

4. 反身代词
1）反身代词在句中作宾语，译成“自己”。表示动作回到执行者本身。He can look after himself.
2）反身代词在句中作名词或代词的同位语，用来加强名词或代词的语 气，译成“本人”“亲自”。可置于名词
代词后，也可置于句尾。
I myself did the work.
The exam itself isn’t important.
She can mend her car herself.
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初中英语语法精讲

3）固定搭配
enjoy oneself (玩得开心) teach oneself (自学)
lose oneself in (沉迷) dress oneself（给自己穿衣服）
by oneself (亲自) help yourself to some… (随便吃点…)

二、指示代词
近指：this (这个) these (这些) 远指：that(那个) those (那些)

三、相互代词
each other one another
each other’s one another’s

四、不定代词 ①数量范围 （二三问题） ②谓语的数 ③of问题

(一) 表示数量的不定代词
只修饰可数名词
many,
many a
a great good many
a number of
few, a few
只修饰不可数名词
much
a great deal of
a large amount of
little, a little, a bit of
修饰可数名词、不可数名词都可
a lot of = lots of
plenty of
a large quantity of
enough
some, any

1）many, much的区别
many+复数名词 much+不可数名词
2）a number of , the number of的区别
a number of +名词复数做主语时，谓语动词用复数。
the number of +名词复数做主语时，谓语动词用单数。 “……的数量”
③_________ workers in that factory are women workers.
④__________ the teachers in our school is very large.

3）few, a few, little, a little的区别

肯定意义 否定意义 修饰的名词

a little little 不可数名词

a few few 复数名词

①There are minutes left. Hurry up.( few, a few)
②Don’t worry. I have money here.( little, a little)
③The maths problem is so difficult that only students worked it out. (few, a few)

注： a little +不可数名词=a bit of + 不可数名词 There’s a little a bit of water in the glass.
a bit of + aan + 名词单数 The room is a bit of a mess.
a little=a bit 有点，修饰形容词、副词、动词的原级，比较级。 He is a little a bit taller than me.
not a little =quite=very 非常，相当 It is not a little cold.
not a bit = not ...at all 一点也不，根本不 It is not a bit cold.
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初中英语语法精讲

4）some, any 的区别
some 和any 都表示“一些”，既可修饰可数名词又可修饰不可数名词。

some
any
可用句式
肯定句或表建议、请求的问句
否定句或疑问句
特殊用法
后接单数名词表示“某一个”
肯定句中的any表示“任何一个”




①I have books, but I don’t have pens.
②There is not meat in my bowl. There is chicken in it.
③Would you like tea?
④May I ask you questions?
⑤ You can read any book here.

(二) both, all (谓语用复数)
*both 表示两者都。both与否定词连用表示部分否定，全部否定用neither.
Both of them didn’t go there.(=Not both of them went there.)
他们两个并没有都去那儿。

*all 表示整体概念, 用于三者(以上)。all与否定词连用表示部分否定,全部否定用noneno one.
All don’t agree with you. (=Not all agree with you.)
并非所有的人都赞同你。

None of them agree with you.
一个人也不赞同你。


(三) either, neither (谓语用单数)
either表示“两个中的任何一个”，neither表示“两个中任何一个也不”

(四) each, every
each 表示各个,每个，强调个体情况，用于二者以上。可以与of连用。
every表示每个都，人人都， 强调整体情况，用于三者以上，含有all之意。只作定语，不与of连用。
every还可以表示“每隔..” every five minutes every two days

① There are lots of shops on (every each) side of the street.
② There are lots of shops on (both each) sides of the street.
③ (Every Each) of the students has a smart phone in our class.

(五) ※ another, other, others, the other, the others
another : ①泛指另一个, ≧3 后接单数名词。 This skirt is small. Please show me another.
②another + num. + 复数名词，表示“又一…” You need stay in bed for another 2 days.
other: 泛指其他的，别的 后+复数名词不可数名词 I have no other shoes.
others: 泛指其他人或物 others=other + 复数名词 some …… others ……
the other : ① (两者中) 的另一个 one..., the other... 单独使用
② 后接复数名词或不可数名词，特指“其余的...”
the others : (有范围的) 特指另外那些 = the other + 复数名词 范围内其余的全部=the rest the left

(六) none, no one

none
no one

指代
人物
人
意思
没人...
与of连用
不可
12
回答的问题
How manymuch (数量)
Who (谁)
谓语动词的数
单数复数
单数
一个都没有，一点都没有 可

初中英语语法精讲

（七）复合不定代词 (①单数 ②后置)
somebody 某人
someone 某人
something 某物
nobody 没人
no one 没人
nothing 没东西
anybody 任何人
anyone 任何人
anything 任何事物
everybody 每人
everyone 每人
everything 一切

①复合不定代词作单数看待，谓语动词用单数。 ②修饰复合不定代词的成分需后置
something wrong someone important nobody else
everything (that)she saw someone (that) I know
someone还可指重要的人。 nobody指小人物，不重要的人 You think you’re someone, but you are nobody.
所有格： someone else’s

（八）it, them one, ones, that, those 的几种特殊用法
it them 指代同名同物，不带任何修饰语，单数用it，复数用them。
one ones 指代前面提过的同名异物的可数名词, one指单数，ones指复数。
that 指代同类不同体的不可数名词，只指物。
those 指代同类不同体的复数名词，指人或指物，相当于the ones。

① My pen is lost. I can’t find .
② I haven’t a computer. I want to buy next year.
③ On Mars there is no environment like of the earth.
④ The weather in winter in Guangzhou is warmer than in Beijing.

（九）it 的几种特殊用法
1. 指无生命的物体
①They watched the train until it disappeared in the distance.
2. 指动植物或未知性别的婴儿
②Is this your dog? No, it isn’t.
③They got a baby and it was a ten-pounder
3. 指身份不明的人
Who is it at the door? It’s Jim.
4.作形式主语或形式宾语时
It’s easy to climb the hill.
I found it interesting to learn English.
4. It用于强调句中 it +be+被强调的部分+that who ...
5. it有时并不指具体的东西而泛指天气、时间、日期、距离、价值、度量、温度、环境等：


四、疑问代词
疑问代词是就句中某一部分提问的疑问词，一般放在句首。
who 谁（主格） whom谁（宾格） whose 谁的（属格）
what 什么（人、物） which哪一个，哪些（人、物）
13

初中英语语法精讲

五、关系代词
关系代词常用来引导定语从句。关系代词 一方面在定语从句中担任一个成分，另一方面又指代定语从句所
修饰的先行词。
who 某人（主格） whom某人（宾格） whose 某人的（属格）
that 指人或物 which指物

注： 含有否定含义的词, little, few, no, none, no one, nothing, neither 不可再用于否定句！！！

第四讲 数词

数词是表示数目或顺序的词。
1. 基数词 (表示数目)
1-12： one two three four five six seven eight nine ten eleven twelve
13-19： 后加-teen thirteen fourteen fifteen sixteen seventeen eighteen nineteen
20-90： 后加-ty twenty thirty forty fifty sixty seventy eighty ninety
21-99： 由整十加个位1-9构成，中间用连字符 “-”。 twenty-one thirty-two …..ninety-nine
百位数：百位数由1-9加hundred构成，百位和十位之间用and，再加几十几。
千位数：千位数由1-9加thousands构成。
百万： million
十亿： billion
注：表示具体数目时，数词用单数。 two hundred
hundred, thousand, million, billion等复数形式与of 连用，表示约数（不确定数目）
2. 序数词 (表示顺序) 序数词构成：基数词+th
①基变序口诀：
基变序，有规律，词尾要加-th。
1、2、3单独记，词尾字母t,d,d； first second third
8减t 9减e；f要把ve替； eighth ninth fifth twelfth
整十变化要注意，去掉y变ie； twentieth
若是遇到几十几，只变个位就可以。 twenty-first ninety- ninth
② 序数词缩写，数字+最后2个字母 例如：1st , 2

nd, 3 rd, 20

th, 21
st
,
③ 序数词通常与定冠词the连用，当有限定词修饰时不用the； 与a连用时表示“又一，再一”；
3. 分数词：
分子基数词，分母序数词。分子是1，分母单数；分子大于1,分母复数，即序数词加-s。
12 a one half (12通常不读作 one second)
14 a one quarter
15 one fifth
23 two thirds
34 three quarters
★ 分数词作主语是，谓语动词的数由of后的名词来决定。表示人口的几分之几谓语用复数。
4. 小数 2.69 two point six nine
5. 百分数 50% fifty percent
6. 编号表示法
① 名词+基数词 强调“编号” Part One Lesson Ten Room 201
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初中英语语法精讲

② 序数词+名词 强调“顺序” the first lesson
7. 时刻表示法
①直接表示法 7:20 seven twenty
②间接表示法
整点 6:00 six (o’clock)
一刻钟 6:15 six fifteen = a quarter past six
半点 6:30 six thirty = half past six
几点过几分 6:10 six ten =ten past six
差几分几点 5:50 five fifty =ten to six
8. 日期表示法
5月23日 May 23 (rd) 读作 May twenty third 或the twenty third of May
1999年5月31日 May 31,1999 或 31 May, 1999
9. 年份表示法 （年份是四位数字时，各分成二位来读）
1900 读作 nineteen hundred
1949 读作 nineteen forty-nine
2008 读作 two thousand and eight
10. 年代世纪 in the 1980s =in the 1980’s in the early eighties
11. 年龄 在某人几十多岁时 in one’s fifties at the age of 20
12. 复合形容词 只做定语不做表语 a two-month holiday an 8-year-old girl
13. 几个半 two and a half hours (=two hours and a half)
14. 电话号码 多用基数词表达

第五讲 介词
一、介词的用法
1. 时间介词 （today, tomorrow, yesterday, last, next, this, that, every前不用时间介词）
at 用于黎明、正午、黄昏、午夜
用于时刻
用于起止两端
用于节日
用于年龄
具体某天 day, eve
at daybreak dawn, at night noon
at 6:10; at lunch time at this time moment at present
at first at last at the beginning end of
at Chiristmas at New Year
at 18, at the age of 18
on April 27
th
on Sunday on National Day on
in
in
for
用于较长的时间:年月季世纪年代 in 1949 in May in Summer in the 1980s in the 20
th

泛指的早午晚 in the morning afternoon evening
in+时间段
for+时间段
在...期间

after+时间段
after+时间点
在...以前
自从...
直到...
从...到...
①“在...后”，以现在为起点(将来时) ②“在...时间内”用于一般过去时
表示动作或状态持续的时间长度， 可用于任何时态。

指连续的状态或行为，常侧重于历经时间产生变化
在...后，以过去为起点 (过去时)
表示某刻之后
不包括当日或当时；by则包括



15
during
over
after
before
since
till
from..to...

初中英语语法精讲

2. 地点和方位介词
at

in
above
below
over
under
on
beneath
between
among
小地点at home at school in front of
车站，机场，码头 in the front of
大地点 (国家，城市)
东西南北方向
高于... 不一定垂直
低于...
正下方 有空间隔开
在…上 （表面接触）
在...下 （表面接触）
在两者之间
在三者以上之间
behind
at the back of
on
off
at
near
opposite
into
towards
在...前面
在...的前部
在...后面
在...的后部
河畔，湖畔，紧挨着
距路、岸不远，有一定距离
在...旁；靠近
at the door, at the gate
在...附近
在...对面
进入...
朝着...
正上方 垂直的上下关系 by

3. 方式、方法、手段 两地位置关系

with 用工具、身体部位
in 范围内

in 用材料或语言等表达方式
on 范围外相邻

by 用方式方法
to 范围外不相邻

on 用通讯工具

through 手段方法

除了... 穿过，经过

across 从表面横穿
besides 除了...还有，包括在内

through 从空间穿过，透过
except 除掉不计，不包含

past 从旁边经过
but 除了...

over 从上空经过
except for 对非同类事物的排除，有美中不足之意。

4. 其他
like
as
from
to
for
against
without
within
with
像... (侧重于比较) on
侧重同一性，强调同一类或相似；作为...
表原因、来源；远离
表目的、方向、对象
表目的、原因、用途；支持，赞成
反对；违反，违背；对抗；撞击；
对照，映衬；逆着；靠着；预防
没有
在...里面；在...时间之内
和…一起；带有，具有；随着
by
of
about
in
off
inside
outside
关于；以...为生；
是某个组织或团体的成员
通过...方式；在...旁；被...；截止..期限
表所属、性质、特征

用语言材料等表达方式；
穿着...衣服
脱离，脱落...表面；
在...里面
在...外面

5. 短语介词
because of, due to, as a result of, thanks to, according to, in spite of, in addition to, by means of,



16

初中英语语法精讲

6. 固定搭配 （常用短语）
at first last
at night noon
at midnight
at lunch supper
at the beginning of
at the end of
at 18
at the age of 18
at present
at the moment
at once
at times
at all times
at a time
at any time
at the same time
at the price of
at the speed of
at Christmas

be good at
do well in
be good for
be bad for
be ready for
prepare for
be used for
be used to doing
be famous for
be famous as

suffer from
learn from
stop ...from...
hear from
die of
die from
depend on
live on
feed on
spend...on...


on Christmas Day
on Christmas Eve
on Sunday
on a cold morning
on May 1
st

on time
on purpose
on duty
on business
on holiday
on fire
on sale
on the left right
on the way to
on the tree
in the tree




be busy with
be angry with
be strict with
be strict in
be pleased with
be satisfied with
be careful with
be popular with
be patient with
be worried about

prefer...to...
belong to
lose to
pay attention to
look forward to
lead to=result in
connect with
compare...to...
compare...with...
dodeal with
agree with
in 2018
in January
in winter
in the 1990s
in the morning
in the end
in his thirties
in time
in red
in danger
in peace
in silence
in trouble
in surprise
in good condition
in bed
in the way
in a way
in English

be surprised at
be successful in
be interested in
be different from
be similar to
be far from
be close to
beget married to
be harmful to
do harm to

ask for
pay for
leave for
look for
wait for
stand for
provide sb. with sth.
provide sth. for sb.
play against
against the rules

17
by bike
by post
by hand
by chance
by adcident
by mistake
by the way

with the help of
with glasses
with long hair
with pleasure








be sure of
be afraid of
be confident of
be tired of
be proud of
take pride in
be full of
be filled with
be late for
be absent from

worry about
talk about
learn about
hear of about
think of about
dream ofabout
drop in
hand in out
fill in out
check inout
give in
because of
due to
thanks to
as a result of
according to
in addition to
in spite of
=despite 尽管
under discussion











be friendly to
be kind to
be good to
be born in on
be born of
be born with
be made of
be made from
be made in
be made into

regard ...as...
laugh at
call at
look through
look after
look into
turn...into...
change...into...
divide ...into...
translate...into...
get into

初中英语语法精讲


第六讲 形容词和副词
一、形容词
（一）定义 1.形容词用来描写或修饰名词或代词，表示人或物的属性、特征和状态。
2.形容词一般放在所修饰的词前（作定语），或者放在系动词后（作表语）。
3.多数形容词具有比较级和最高级。
4.一般有独特的后缀。 -able -al -ant -ent -ful -ous -y -ly
comfortable , formal , important , different , careful , famous , funny lovely
（二）用法 1. 作定语。 a great country healthy food
2. 作表语。 The cake tastes nice. The boy looks healthy.
3. 作补语。 make sb. happy
（三）形容词排序： 县(限)官(观)行(形)令(龄)宴(颜)国才(材)
二、副词
（一）定义
1. 副词用来修饰动词、形容词、其他副词以及全句，表示时间、地点、程度、频度、方式等。
2. 有比较级和最高级
（二）分类
1. 时间副词和频度副词
时间副词在句中作时间状语，可放在句末或句首。
now ,then, today, yesterday, tomorrow, recently, just now , soon , already, just, yet, early, lately
频度副词一般放在实义动词前，助动词和情态动词后。
always, usually, often, sometimes, ever, seldom, never , every dayweekmonthyear
2. 地点副词
地点副词在句中作地点状语，一般放在句末。
here, there, somewhere, anywhere, everywhere, home, upstairs, downstairs
3. 程度副词
又叫强调副词，一般位于所修饰的词的前面。
very , so, much, rather, quite, too, enough, a bit, a little, almost, nearly, just, only,
4. 方式副词
用来回答“怎样地”这类问题, 大多由形容词词尾加-ly构成， 位于谓语动词后。
slowly, quickly, well, badly, highly, angrily, hurriedly, warmly, carefully, suddenly,
5. 疑问副词
用来引导特殊疑问句 when, where, why, how
6. 关系副词
用来引导定语从句 when, where, why
7. 连接副词
用来引导主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句。when where why
三、形容词和副词的级
（一）概念
英语中形容词和副词一般都有三个级：原级，比较级，最高级。
在表示“比较…”和“最…”这样的概念时，要用比较级和最高级。
当两种物体之间相互比较时，要用形容词或副词的比较级；
当三个或三个以上物体相互比较时，要用形容词或副词的最高级。
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初中英语语法精讲

（二）形容词、副词的比较级和最高级的变化规律
1. 单音节词
（1）单音节形容词或副词后面直接加-er或-est
tall—taller—tallest fast—faster—fastest small—smaller--smallest
（2）以-e结尾的单音节形容词或副词直接加- r或-st
large—larger—largest nice—nicer—nicest
（3）形容词或副词是重读闭音节且单辅结尾时，双写最后的辅音字母，再加-er或-est
hot—hotter—hottest big—bigger—biggest thin—thinner--thinnest

2. 双音节词
（1）以“辅音字母+y”结尾的形容词或副词，变-y为-i再加-er或-est
busy—busier—busiest early—earlier—earliest lazy—lazier--laziest
（2）其他双音节词大都加more、most
famous more famous most famous
slowly more slowly most slowly
careful more careful most careful
useful more useful most useful
patient more patient most patient
exact more exact most exact
（3）少数双音节形容词既可加-er –est,也可加 more, most
common, handsome, polite, quiet, pleasant, tired, stupid, 和以-ow, -er, -le结尾的词narrow, simple, clever

3. 多音节词 前面直接加more或most
delicious more delicious most delicious
beautiful more beautiful most beautiful
interesting more interesting most interesting
important more important most important
difficult more difficult most difficult

注：开放类副词(slowly, quickly,) 和分词形容词(tired, bored, boring, surprised, ) 比较级、最高级加more，most。

4. 不规则变化 “两好、两坏、两多、 一少、一远、一老”

原级 比较级 最高级


goodwell better best

badbadlyill worse worst

manymuch more most

little less least


far farther farthest (距离)

further furthest (程度)

old older oldest

elder eldest (有血缘关系)

19

初中英语语法精讲

（三）比较级常用句型结构
1. 同级比较
A=B（程度相同），as…as …
He is as tall as Tom..
He runs as fast as Tom..
AI’m not as tall as him.
He didn’t do his homework as carefully as Tom.
This book is less important than that one.
A>B(表示A超过B), 比较级…than…
He is taller than me.
He runs faster than me.
2. 比较级+than any other+单数名词
比较级+than the other+复数名词
He is taller than any other student in his class.
He is taller than the other students in his class.
He is taller than the others in his class.
He is taller than anyone else in his class.
3. the +比较级+of the two… 表示两者间“较…”
He is the taller of the two.
4. 比较级 + and + 比较级” “越来越……”
In spring the days get longer and longer.
Our city is becoming more and more beautiful.
5. the 比较级，the 比较级 “越……， 越……”
The busier he is, the happier he feels.
The more you eat, the fatter you will be
6. 比较级前的修饰语
①表示“稍稍”、“一点”意义的a bit, a little, rather, some, any 等； Tom is a little taller than Mike.
②表示“…得多”的 much, far, a great good deal, a lot等； Tom is much taller than Mike.
③表示“更加”意义的 still, even, yet 等；
*原级的修饰语： very, too, so, enough, quite
注意：
1. 比较级中为了避免重复，常用onethatthose或所有格来替代。
This pen is shorter than that one.
The weather here is much hotter than that of Shanghai.
The cars made in Tianjin are much more popular than those in Shanghai.
Tom’s car is newer than mine.
2. 必须是同类事物之间的比较
My house is much cleaner than hers.
His hair is longer than mine.

四、最高级的常用句型结构
1. the+最高级+of in (副词最高级前的the常常省略)
He is the youngest of all the boy students in our class.
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初中英语语法精讲

2. one of+the+最高级+名词复数 “最……之一”
One of the most important languages is English.
The Changjiang River is one of the longest rivers in the world.
+序数词+最高级+单数名词+in短语 “在……中是第几个……”
The yellow river is the second longest river in China.
4. 最高级的修饰语
almost, nearly, (by) far, by no means, much, quite, really, very, next, second, third等，其中very, next, second, third
等序数词要放在定冠词以及物主代词之后，其余放在之前。
This tree is almost／nearly the tallest one．这棵树几乎是最大的。
China has（by）far the largest population in the world．中国是世界人口最多的国家。
Tourism has become the second largest industry in the country．旅游业已成为该国的第二大产业。
This article is much the best．这篇文章是最好的。

*比较级最高级精炼*
1. I think your room is _______ bigger.
A. a lot B. a lot of C. lots of D. more
2. Frank is ________ friendly than his brother.
A. a little more B. a few more C. much D. a little
3. He jumps of the three.
A. far B. further C. farthest D. furthest
4. My hair is longer than .
A. my sister B. Kate C. my brother’s D. Lucys’
5. His French isn’t so good as _______.
A. he B. him C. his D. hers
6. —Do you think March is ______ than January? —Yes, it’s ______ warmer.
A. better, a little B. well, much C. worse, very D. nicer, quite
7. The watch is not _______ beautiful as that one.
A. very B. too C. so D. more
8. It’s much better than _______ classes.
A. have B. has C. to have D. having
9. The _______, the better.
A. much B. many C. more D. most
10. Do you know who is _______ of the twins?
A. shorter B. heavier C. the older D. the funny
11. The weather in North China is colder than ______ in South China.
A. B. this C. the one D. that
12. He is ______ than me.
A. older B. elder C. young D. more younger
13. The weather in Shenyang is even colder ______.
A. than that in Beijing B. than Beijing C. than in Beijing D. as that in Beijing
14. The Chang jiang River is one of in the world.
A. the longest river B. longest rivers C. the longest rivers D. longer rivers
15. of the two women is Mrs Brown.
A. The beautiful B. The more beautiful C. More beautiful D. The most beautiful
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初中英语语法精讲

第七讲 连词

并列连词--- 引导并列句
选择关系
转折关系
因果关系
并列关系
or, either...or..., not...but..., otherwise,
but, yet, while, however, still
for, so
and, both...and..., not only...but (also)..., neither...nor..., as well as

注： ① for 表示原因时不能放在句首，通常是补充说明。
② 就近原则 not only...but also... either...or... neither...nor
not only置于句首，句子用部分倒装(前倒后不倒)
③ however 在句首，或句中前后都用逗号隔开。


从属连词 ---引导主从复合句

引导宾语从句 连接词 that, if whether
连接代词 who, whom, whose, what, which,
连接副词 when, where, why, how
引导时间状语从句 when 当...时候 (when可接点动词也可接线动词；when还有突然间，就在这时之意
while (while只跟doing,表分工)
as (随着时间的推移)
as soon as,
till until, not...until...(主句谓语为瞬间动词用否定句式)
before, after,
since (引导过去时句子，主句通常为完成时)
whenever
引导原因状语从句 because (根本原因，回答why的问题)
since (原因显而易见，一般译成“既然”),
as (众所周知的原因)
引导结果状语从句 so...that..., such...that...
引导目的状语从句 so that, in order that (从句中通常有情态动词)
引导让步状语从句 though, although, even if(though) no matter... whatever
引导条件状语从句 if, unless, as long as, （时态，主将从现）
引导方式状语从句 as, as if 似乎，好像 as though
引导比较状语从句 than, as...as... not as(so)...as...
引导地点状语从句 where, wherever





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初中英语语法精讲

第八讲 情态动词

情态动词的语法特征
情态动词只有情态意义，表示
不能单独作谓语，后跟动词原形一起作谓语。
情态动词没有人称和数的变化，

一、can 和 could
1. can表示能力 “能”“会” I can sing English songs.
★ be able to
①表示能力=can
②有各种时态，可以放在别的情态动词或助动词后
③表示成功地做了某事
2. can表示请求许可=may (有时有could表示委婉语气, 但回答时仍用canmay)
---CanCould I use your bike?
---Yes, you canmay. (No, you can’tmustn’t.)
3. 表示推测，指理论上可能性，多用于否定句和问句。 He can’t be Danish.
4. 表示惊讶、怀疑、不相信 How can you believe such a liar like him?
5. could是can的过去式，表示过去的“能力”
could表示推测或“可能性” (could表推测可用于任何句式)
could表示委婉语气 回答时仍用can

二、may 和might
1. may表示请求许可=can
---May I come in?
---Yes, you can may. (No, you can’tmustn’t.)
2. may表示推测，指事实上可能性，不用于问句。 句中一般会有I’m not sure.
She doesn’t come to school, she may be ill.
may not可能不 My friend may not come to the party.
3. 表示祝愿。
May you succeed. (=Wish you to succeed.) May you be happy.
4. might 是may的过去式，表示过去的“可能”，might 表示把握不大的推测，比may实现的可能性更小。
might表示请求时语气更委婉

三、must和have to
1. must表示义务，即“必须”、“应该”
must强调说话者的主观看法； have to 强调客观需要，即“不得不”。
All cars must stop when the traffic lights become red.
I have to leave because it is dark.
**注意问句的答语
----Must Need I...? Do I have to...?
---Yes, you must. ---No, you needn’t. 或 No, you don’t have to.（不必）。

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初中英语语法精讲

2. mustn’t 表示禁止 “千万别…” “一定不可以…” “不许做...”
3. must 表示肯定的推测，即“一定…”“必定…” 这种推测要肯定得多。否定的推测常用can’t be

四、need
1. need 用作情态动词只用于否定句和疑问句 (needn’t do Need sb. do...? )
You need not water the flowers, because I watered just now.
---Need I come?
---Yes, you must. (No, you needn’t.)
2. need 用作实义动词时有动词的全部形式(need, needs, needed)，后跟带to的不定式。
(need to do, don’t need to do)
You need to water the flowers .
You don’t need to water the flowers.
3. need to be done=need doing(主动表被动)
Your hair needs cutting.
The room needs cleaning. It is too messy.

五、可能性的表示
1. 情态动词 can, may, may not, must, can’t, should (can不肯may不问，must肯定不否问)
2. 形容词 possible, impossible
3. 副词 maybe, perhaps (句首) probably (助动词后)

六、will would, shallshould
1. Will 表示请求或建议
Will Would you please...? (would 表委婉语气，用would提问，仍用will回答)

2. Shall we I...? 征求意见(用于第一人称)
3. should表示劝告或建议





第九讲 非谓语动词

英语中，一个主谓结构只能有一个谓语动词，再出现动词时，要变成非谓语形式。
非谓语动词有动名词，动词不定式和分词三种。在句中不能做谓语而作其它成分。

非谓语的基本语法特征：
动名词： 具有名词功能
动词不定式：表将来具体某一次
现在分词： 表主动和正在进行
过去分词： 表被动和已完成

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初中英语语法精讲

一、动名词
1. 作主语 表示经常性的动作。
①直接放在主语位置。Seeing is beliving. Watching films is a good way to learn English.
②在下列结构中做主语 no use no good
It’s useless fun +doing
a shame a waste of time a task
2. ※ 作宾语
① 在介词后作宾语
② 只能接动名词的动词
advise, allow, avoid, consider, dislike, enjoy, finish, imagine, keep, mind, miss, practise, risk, suggest,
③ 一些常用的接动名词的短语或结构
can’t help, give up, keep on, go on, take up,
look forward to, pay attention to, get used to, prefer doing to doing,
feel like
have troubledifficultyfun (in) doing
spend... (in) doing
be busy doing
be worth doing
stop sb. (from) doing
HowWhat about doing...
3. 作定语 （表示功能、作用）
swimming pool sleeping bag waiting room drinking water

二、动词不定式
1. 作主语 表示特定具体某一次。 To solve this problem is very difficult.
常用it作形式主语。
It is +adj. + for sb. to do (形容词是形容to do的, important, neccessary, possible, dificult, easy )
It is +adj. + of sb. to do (形容词是形容人的，kind, nice, helpful, polite, rude, foolish )
2. ※ 作宾语
afford, agree, believe, choose, decide, determine, expect, fail, hope, manage, need, offer, promise, plan, refuse,
want, would like, wish,
谓语是find, think等词，常用it 作形式宾语。
I found it difficult to learn English. Do you think it interesting to travel abroad?
3. ※ 作宾补 （~ sb. to do ）
advise, allow, ask, encourage, expect, tell, wish, want, warn, 后面接 sb. (not) to do
4. 作定语
①the way后面常用不定式作定语。 the way to help him=the way of helping him
②不定式是不及物动词，后面要加必要的介词。 She is a nice person to work with.
若不定式修饰的词是place, way, time，则介词可省。
e.g. The Greens have a comfortable house to live in.
The wild animals have no place to live (in).

5. 作表语 （表示将来某一次） My job is to collect letters.
6. ※ 作目的状语
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初中英语语法精讲

to=in order to=so as to so as to不能放句首
To catch the early bus, I had to get up early.

★既可接动名词又可接不定式作宾语的区别
forget to do remember to do stop to do
forget doing remember doing stop doing
try to do regret to do mean to do
try doing regret doing mean doing
used to do like to do
beget used to doing like doing
be used to do

★有些动词接动名词和不定式差别不大
begin, start, continue, prefer,

★使役动词
使役动词have,make,let 后接省to的不定式 (被动语态中还原to, let除外)
have make let sb. do 但get sb. to do

★感官动词
感官动词see, watch, notice, hear, 等后接doing做宾补，强调动作正在进行中。
后接不定式作宾补，强调动作的全过程，或强调事实。

★不定式to的省略
had better why not

★ 不定式的固定短语
have (got) to
used to
be supposed to do=should do
prefer to do rather than do=would rather do than do

★疑问词+不定式 相当于名词的作用。
I don’t know what to do.
Please show me how to make noodles.
Have you decided when to leave?

★不定式to的否定
在to前加not tell sb. not to do had better not do





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初中英语语法精讲

第十讲 动词的时态

动词的基本形式
动词有五种基本形式，动词原形、第三人称单数、过去式、过去分词、动词- ing形式


动词的单三变化规则

情况
一般情况
以s, x, sh, ch或o结尾
辅音字母+y结尾
不规则变化



-s
-es
变y为i ，再加-es

变化规则 例词
works says plays comes
passes fixes pushes watches does goes
carry--carries cry--cries try--tries
hurry--hurries fly--flies study—studies
be—is was have--has
动词过去式和过去分词变化规则
情况
一般情况
以e结尾
辅音字母+y
重读闭音节
末尾一个辅音字母

（不规则变化见不规则动词表。）


-ed
-d
变y为i再加-ed
双写辅音字母再加-ed
变化规则 例词
looked washed watched
stayed called listened
hoped liked lived
study—studied
stop—stopped
读音
在清辅音后读 t
在元音和浊辅音后 d

在 t d 后读 Id

动词-ing形式变化规则
情况
一般情况
以不发音e结尾
重读闭音节末尾一个辅音字母
少数以-ie结尾的单音节词




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变化规则
-ing
去e加-ing
双写末尾辅音字母加-ing
变ie为y 再加-ing
例词
doing looking going
having making typing
run—running stop-stopping
swim-- swimming
die--dying
lie--lying

初中英语语法精讲

动词的时态一览表










一、一般现在时
概念：①表示经常、反复发生的动作或现在的某种状况；②客观真理；③主将从现。
时间状语：（频度副词）
always, usually, often, sometimes, regularly, every week (day, year, month…), once a week, on Sundays,
基本结构：
① be动词（表状态） I’m a teacher.
② 行为动词（表动作） She always goes to school by bus.
否定形式：
① amisare+not;
② 谓语动词若为行为动词，则在其前加don't, 如主语为第三人称单数，则用doesn't，同时还原行为动词。
一般疑问句：
①把be动词或情态动词放于句首；
②用助动词do提问，如主语为第三人称单数，则用does，同时，还原行为动词。


二、一般过去时
概念：过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态；过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。
时间状语：（过去的时间点）
①含有ago, yesterday, last 的时间状语
②in 1989, just now, at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once upon a time, etc.
基本结构：
① be动词的过去式was或were； Yesterday I was at the butcher’s.
② 行为动词的过去式 Last week my father went to Shanghai on business.
否定形式：
① waswere + not;
② 在行为动词前加didn't，同时还原行为动词。
一般疑问句：
①was或were放于句首；
②用助动词do的过去式did 提问，同时还原行为动词。

三、一般将来时
概念：表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。
时间状语：tomorrow, next day(week, month, year…), soon, in a few minutes,
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初中英语语法精讲

基本结构：
① willshall + do.(shall 用于第一人称, will 用于所有人称)
② be going to + do；
否定形式：
① willshall + not+ do
② be + not + going to do;
③ be + not + about to do
一般疑问句：① willshall提到句首。 ② be放于句首；

★shallwillbe going to 区别：
﹡shall往往用于第一人称, will可用于任何人称。
﹡will常用于表邀请或命令时以及带有意愿色彩。
﹡be going to do:
①计划打算安排要做某事。 I’m going to go to Shanghai next week.
②预见性。 It is going to rain. 天要下雨了。

★瞬间动词的现在进行时表示将来
I am leaving. 我要走了.
The poor dog is dying. 这只可怜的狗快要死了。

四、现在进行时
概念：表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。
时间状语：now, at this time, these days, at present, etc.
基本结构：amisare + doing
否定形式：amisare + not + doing.
一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首。

五、过去进行时
概念：表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。
时间状语：①at this time yesterday, at that time， at six yesterday
②以whenwhileas引导的时间状语从句等。
基本结构：waswere + doing
否定形式：waswere + not + doing.
一般疑问句：把was或were放于句首。

六、现在完成时
概念：①过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果；
②或从过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。
时间状语：just, already, yet, never, ever, recently, lately, before,
since… for…, in the past few years, during the last 3 years
by now, so far, up till now, up to now
基本结构：havehas + done
否定形式：havehas + not +done.
一般疑问句：把have或has提至句首。
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初中英语语法精讲

★现在完成时和一般过去时的区别：
共同点： 动作都在过去。
不同点：1.时间点是否明确。一般过去时有明确的过去时间点，现在完成时的时间不明确；
2.和现在有无关系。(动作与现在有关的用现在完成时，与现在无关的用一般过去时)
★have gone to have been tohave been in
﹡have gone to+地点,表示“去了某地”。（人已走，尚未回。只用于第三人称。）
They have gone to Europe. (They are not here.)
﹡have been to+地点,表示“去过某地”。（人已回）
I have been to Europe. (I am not in Europe now.)

﹡have been in+地点+时间段,表示“在来某地多久”。
I have been in Europe for three weeks.(I am now still in Europe .)

★瞬间动词和延续性动词
瞬间动词有come, go, leave, arrive, become, get, start, begin, finish, buy, borrow, die, join, meet, 等等。
若句中出现时间段，则必须使用延续性动词。
瞬间动词和延续性动词转换关系如下：
buy
borrow
get to know
catch a cold
fall ill
fall asleep
die
get married
have
keep
know
have a cold
be ill
be asleep
be dead
be married
join
open
close
beginstart
finishend
leave
arrive
become
be in be a member of
be open
be closed
be on
be over
be away
be in
be

七、过去完成时
概念：
①表示过去某一时间或动作以前已经发生或完成了的动作，它表示动作发生的时间是“过去的过去”
②表示从过去某一时间延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态

时间状语：by the end of last year before引导的过去时句子
基本结构：had + done
否定形式：had + not +done.
一般疑问句：把had提至句首。

*By the end of last term, we had learned 5,000 new words.

*Before she left the house, she had already done some cooking.

*When I arrived to the station, the train had left.



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初中英语语法精讲

第十一讲 被动语态

一
、被动语态的概念
语态是动词的一种形式，用以表示主语和谓语之间的关系。
英语动词有主动和被动两种语态。
主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。

三、被动语态的构成

主语(动作的承受者)+be +动词过去分词+(by sb.)+其他

*by sb.—动作的执行者，介词by后必须用宾格
*by sb.在句中的位置
1.可放在谓语动词后其它状语前，也可放在句末。
2.诸如we, someonesomebody, everyoneeverybody, people等表泛指的主语在被动中省略。
3.当不强调动作的执行者时可以省略by sb.

四、主动语态变被动语态方法
口诀： 宾变主,主变宾,前加by; 动变被,看清be, 结构分别be+ pp
1. 找宾语 ----即动作的承受者---（做被动语态的主语）
2. 看时态决定被动语态的时态--- 时态不变
3. 确定be的形式--- be, being, been, isamare, waswere
4. 修改谓语的形式 -------即把原句动词改为过去分词
5. 修改原句的主语 -------即by+ 主语人称代词宾格

We speak English.

English is spoken by us.


五、被动语态在不同时态中的变化形式

不同时态情态
一般现在时
一般过去时
一般将来时
过去将来时
现在进行时
过去进行时
现在完成时
过去完成时
含情态动词的被动语态

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被动语态的基本形式
am is are + done
was were + done
am is are going to
will shall + be + done
would + be + done
am is are + being + done
waswere +being +done
have has + been + done
had + been + done
情态动词 + be + done

初中英语语法精讲

六、特殊情况
★ 含有双宾语的句子的被动语态
①直接宾语(物)做被动语态主语, 即 sth.+be+p.p.+to for sb.
②间接宾语(人)做被动语态主语, 即 sb.+ be +p.p.+sth.

Some foreign friends gave me these stamps.
被动：These stamps were given to me by some foreign friends.
被动：I was give these stamps by some foreign friends.

★ 含有复合宾语(宾语补足语)的被动语态
① make, have等使役动词 在主动语态中后跟省to的不定式，变被动时要加to（let除外）
② hear, see, watch, notice等感官动词在主动语态中后跟省to的不定式，变被动时要加to 或doing

The teacher made him copy the words for ten times.
被动：He was made to copy the words for ten times.

★ 短语动词的被动语态
短语动词相当于一个整体词，在被动语态中不可拆分。The old are taken good care of in China.

★ 无被动语态的情况
①及物动词有被动语态，不及物动词没有被动语态。
belong to , happen, take place last, come true, come out, remain, succeed, fall, die, arrive, 等。
This house belongs to my parents.
Great changes have taken place in China in the past few ten years.

②表静态的及物动词、祈使句无被动语态；

★ 主动表被动的情况
①有些动词与副词well, smoothly等连用，表示事物属性和特征，用主动形式表被动含义。
(write, sell, wear, wash, ride, read, open, lock, shut, eat, dry, clean)
This kind of books sells well.
The pen writes smoothly.
This shirt washes well.

②need, require, want, deserve, be worth 后接动词-ing形式的主动结构表被动含义。
Your hair needs to be cut.=needs cutting

③某些系动词feel, prove, smell, look, taste, sound 后接形容词做表语，也用主动语态表被动含义。
This piece of music sounds beautiful.
These flowers smell good.




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初中英语语法精讲


第十二讲 特殊句式--- 祈使句、倒装句、反意疑问句、感叹句
祈使句
祈使句用来表示命令、建议、劝告或请求。
祈使句的肯定式：动词原形开头
祈使句的否定式：①Don’t+动词原形
②No + doing名词
③Neve+动词原形
There be句型
There be句型表示某地有某物或某人，是一种存在关系，所以又叫“存在句”。
Have got 表示某人有...， 是一种拥有关系。
There be 中be的单复数遵循“就近原则”，即靠近be的名词的数。
There be 有多种时态。There iswasarewere will be is going to be can’t behave(has) been...
倒装句
英语的自然语序是主语在前 ，谓语在后，但为了强调句中的某一部分，可以把原来的语序重新调整。通常
把要强调的部分放在主语之 前，这就叫倒装语序。
完全倒装：将主语和谓语完全颠倒过来。
Here are my answers to your questions.
Here comes the bus.
He has been to Beijing. So have I.
Tom can’t dance. Neither can I.
部分倒装：只把助动词或情态动词放在主语之前，或将主动词放在主语之前，情态动词放在主语后。
The more you eat, the fatter you will become.
反意疑问句
1. 反意疑问句的定义：
当我们陈述了一个事实，而又不是很有把握 ，就可以在陈述句后加一个简短问句，需要对方证实。翻译为“是
吗？” 、“不是吗？” 称为反意疑问句。 例：
①She is a student, isn’t she?
②They speak Chinese, don’t they?

2. 反意疑问句的构成：
由两部分组成：陈述句+简短疑问句（be助动词情态动词+与主语一致的人称代词）
两部分的人称时态应保持一致， 前肯后否 前否后肯
语调前降后升，若坚信陈述部分可用降调。

3. 反意疑问句的回答
回答时，不管问题的提法如何，要跟事实相符。
若事实是肯定的就要用Yes, 事实是否定的就要用No。即肯肯或否否。
注意陈述部分是否定形式时，回答的翻译和中文不同。例如：
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初中英语语法精讲

You were moved by your students, weren’t you?
--Yes, I were. 是的，我被感动了。
-- No, I weren’t. 不，我没有（被感动）。
He isn’t a driver, is he?
--Yes, he is. 不，他是。
--No, he isn’t. 是的，他不是。
四、反意疑问句的解答步骤
1). 找动（找句子的助动词：be用be,动词原形do，三单does，过去did，完成have）
2). 判定（判断该用肯定还是否定）
3). 换代（将主语换为人称代词主格）
五、一般形式的反意疑问句
be助动词情态动词+与主语一致的人称代词

六、特殊形式的反意疑问句
陈述部分
have表示拥有
have got
have是实义动词时
have to 不得不
had better
There be 句型
肯定祈使句
否定祈使句
Let’s
Let us
主语是thisthat
主语是thesethose
主语是表示物的不定代词 -thing
主语是表示人的不定代词 -body
有never, seldom, hardly, few, nothing
有untidy, impossible等否定意义的词
one作主语
I am 或I’m
I wish…
used to 过去常常...
must
haven’t...?
do的适当形式
do的适当形式
hadn’t...
is are here?
will you? (要求) won’t you? (邀请)
will you?
shall we?
will you?
it
they
it
he或they
肯定形式
否定形式
one(正式) you(非正式)
aren’t I? am I not?
may I?
usedn’t... ? didn’t...?
①表示必须 mustn’t
②表示必要性 needn’t
③表推测 用实际情况的三词
与邻近的分句保持一致
与主句保持一致
与宾语从句保持一致
反意部分
haven’t don’t...?





























并列句
主句+从句
否定前移

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初中英语语法精讲

*反意疑问句精练*
1. You live in a small town, ?
2. The girl makes lots of friends, ?
3. You have no class tomorrow, ?
4. She doesn’t like pop music, ?
5. They’ve heard of him, ?
6. You have never been to Beijing, ?
7. He didn’t say anything about your mistakes, ?
8. Tom can swim very well, ?
9. All of your friends will come to your party, ?
10. There is nothing in the fridge, ?
11. There will be a paper factory near my home in about 2 years, _________ _?
12. Open your books, ?
13. Don’t go across the road now, ?
14. Let’s wait, __________ ?
15. Let us have a rest, ?
16. They usually have a walk after supper, ?
17. He was hardly twelve then, ?
18. There are few people in the street, ________ ?
19. He has few friends in the school, ？
20. They have never been to the USA, ?
21. You’d better come back early, ?
22. We have to do it again, ?
23. They had lunch in a restaurant just now, ?
24. Something is wrong with my radio, ?
25. It is impossible to learn English well without more practice, ?
26. Swimming is great fun, ?
27. He said that that film was worth seeing, ?



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感叹句

定义：用来表达说话时的惊异、喜悦、气愤等情绪。
结构： What+名词
How+形容词副词句子
否定疑问句
What + aan + adj.+ 可数名词单数+主+谓！What a clever boy he is！
What + adj. + 可数名词复数+主+谓！ What an important meeting it is！
What + adj. + 不可数名词+主+谓！ What lovely children they are！
What + aan + 可数名词+主+谓！ What a mess! What a pity!
How + adj.+ 主+谓！ How interesting the film is！
How + adv. + 主+谓！ How fast he runs！
How +主+谓！ How I miss you! How time flies!

感叹句解题步骤：1.提—核心词 2.加—引导词 3. 补—主谓
感叹句的省略： 感叹句在口语中常用省略句 Wonderful! Good idea!

*练习*
1. delicious the dish is!
2. strange clothes he is wearing!
3. an interesting subject it is!
4. foggy(有雾的) it was yesterday!
5. a careless boy you are!
6. Look! ____ beautiful that lake is!
7.---Hi, Mary, ________beautiful day! ---Yes, it is.
8. ________nice computers!
9. well she dances!
10. quiet the park is!
11. hard his father works!
12. strong wind!
13. ______ delicious soup!
14. ______ heavy snow!
15. old bike Li Lei is riding!
16. exciting moment it is!
17.______ nice supper we’re having today!
18. fine weather it is today!
19. fast the boys are running!
20. Look! beautiful that lake is!
21. surprising news it is!
22. ____ time we’re having today!
23. useful information it is!
24. beautiful flowers they are!
25. lovely a girl she is!
26. they love their country!
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Well done! My god!

初中英语语法精讲


第十三讲 宾语从句

一、句子分类：
句子从结构上可以分为简单句，并列句，复合句。
简单句---只有一套主谓结构。
并列句--- 把几个简单句连接起来（并列连词；分号；分号及连接副词）。
复合句---包含两套以上主谓结构

二、宾语从句的概念
在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句。（即一个句子在另一个句子里做宾语）

三、句型结构：
主句（主+谓）+连接词+从句（主+谓+其他成分）

常用来引导宾语从句的动词有：
say, tell, ask, think, know, believe, expect, understand, wonder
He says that he feels tired.
He thinks that he has got a cold.
He knew that he needed a haircut.
He believed that he could repair the car.
He understood that he that he wanted a licence.
常用来引导宾语从句的形容词有：
sorry, glad, sure afraid, certain, please, happy, satisfied, surprised
1. I am sorry I am late.
2. I am glad that you can join us.
3. I am sure I will pass the exam.
4. I’m afraid that this green dress is too small.

四、宾语从句三要素
1. 连接词 陈述句----that(无意义，不作成分，可省略)
一般疑问句 ----ifwhether（“是否”，不可省略， if 不可与or not连用）
特殊疑问句---- 连接代词：what which who whom whose
连接副词：when where why how

2. 语序 陈述语序 （主语在前，谓语在后的语序）
3. 时态： 1）主现从不限（主句一般现在时或将来时，从句不限时态，可以用任何时态）
2）主过去从过去相应（主句一般过去时，从句过去的相应时态）

? 从句说明的是一般真理、客观事实、自然现象时，仍用一般现在时。
? Dad told us that it is better to do than to say.
? He told the boy that three and three is six.
? He told me the earth moves around the sun.
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根据主句时态确定从句时态

主句时态 从句时态

连接前 连接后

一般现在时 时态保持不变

一般现在时 一般过去时

一般过去时
一般过去时 过去完成时

一般将来时 过去将来时

现在进行时 过去进行时


现在完成时 过去完成时

否定转移
主句的谓语动词是think ,believe, imagine, suppose, consider, expect, fancy, guess等，并且主句的主语是第一人
称而且 为一般现在时，从句的否定词一般要转移到主句上来，其反义疑问句一般与宾语从句一致.

I don’t think he will come to my party.而不能说成I think he won’t come to my party.
我认为他不会来我的舞会.
I don’t believe that man is killed by Jim, is he?
我认为那个人不是Jim所杀的，是不是?
如果宾语从句中有某个含有否定意义的形容词或副词，其反义疑问句要用肯定形式。
We find that he never listens to the teacher carefully, does he?
我们发现他从来不仔细听老师讲课，是不是?

*宾语从句练习* (排除法---语序、时态、引导词)
1. I don’t know they have passed the exam.
A. what B. if C. when D. where
2. I hardly understand he has told me.
A. that B. what C. which D. who
3. She asked Lucy she needed some more tea.
A. if B. where C. what D. that
4. --Do you know the girl in red is? --I’m not sure. Maybe a teacher.
A. when B. how C. where D. what
5. Could you tell me where ?
A. are you study B. you are study C. do you study D. you study
6. She asked Linda if go and get some water.
A. she will B. she would C. she can D. she may
7. Linda said the moon round the earth.
A. travelled B. has travelled C. travels D. had travelled
8. Miss Green didn’t tell us in 2012.
A. where does she live B. where she lives C. where did she live D. where she lived
9. we don’t konw when he . He will call us when she .
A. will come; comes B comes; will come C. comes; comes D. will come; will come
10. Nobody knows .
A. where does he work B. where he works C. where did he work D. where he work
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初中英语语法精讲


第十四讲 定语从句
一、概念:
在复合句中充当定语，修饰名词或代词的句子叫定语从句. (相当于形容词的作用)

二、图解先行词和关系词
















? 先行词：被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。
? 关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。
? 先行词、关系词对等关系。

关系词的作用：
①引导定语从句 ②指代先行词 ③在定语从句中充当某种成分

三、关系代词的用法
先行词
who
whom
whose
that
which

注：关系代词在从句中作宾语时可以省略。

★定语从句的关系代词的判断
1. 看指代 （指代人还是物）
2. 看成分 （作主语, 宾语, 定语, 表语或状语）
指代
人
人
人物
人物
人物
在从句中作的成分
宾语
定语
主语宾语
主语宾语
例句




主语宾语（代替whom） This is the man who was hurt badly.
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初中英语语法精讲

★只能用that的情况 (序--高--代--双---特)
① 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时
② 先行词被every, some, any, no, all, little, few, much等修饰时。
③ 先行词是everything, something, anything, nothing, all, little, much等不定代词时
④ 当先行词同时含有人和物时
⑤ 主句已有who或which时
⑥ 先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last修饰时。
★只能用who的情况
当先行词指人，是one, ones, someone, anyone或those时用who
★只能用that的情况
在非限定性定语从句中只能用which
★介词提前
关系代词前有介词时 (介词提前)， 指人只用whom, 指物只用which
注意: 固定动介词组不可分割,介词不能提前. 例如: look after, look at , look for …
1. Do you like the book she spent $$10?
2. Do you like the book she paid $$10?
3. Do you like the book she learned a lot?
4. Do you like the book she often talks?
5. He bought a new pen he could write.
6. The boy I spoke last night is good at art.

*定语从句精练*
1、Do you know the man is talking with your father?
2、The boys the teacher talked to are from Class One.
3、Those want to go to the museum must be at the school gate at 7 tomorrow morning.
4、Is this the factory _ a lot of students visited yesterday?
5、Please show me the book _ you bought yesterday.
6、The man was here just now is a doctor.
7、There is a seat in the corner is still free.
8、A child parents are dead is called an orphan.
9、The boy composition won the first prize is the youngest in the group.
10、Australia is no longer the place it used to be.
11、 There are lots of things I need to prepare before the trip.
12、--What do you usually do in your free time?
--I enjoy reading in the library I lose myself in a world of good books.
13、 The girl won the gold medal comes from Beijing Sunshine Secondary School.
14、 --Have you found the information(信息) about the famous people _____ you can use for the report?
--Not yet. I’ll search some on the Internet.
15、 Jamie is a young cook____ wants to improve school dinners.
16、 I still remember the park _____we first met.
17.I can’t forget the time ______the earthquake(地震) happened in Wenchuan.
18. The TV play is about a true story ____ _happened in Mianyang in 1998.
19. That’s the man ______ house was destroyed in the storm.
20. The girl______ I just talked with is Ben’s sister.
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初中英语语法精讲

第十五讲 状语从句
一、时间状语从句
引导词
when
while
as
as soon as
until
含义
当...时候
当...时候

一...就...
直到...才
用法
接短暂动词或延续性动词；突然...
接延续性动词，动作同时发生；表分工；表对比、转折
主句从句动作几乎同时发生；表示随时间推移

肯定形式untiltill，延续性动词，till不能放句首；
否定形式，只能用not...until... 瞬间动词



before 在...前
after 在...后
since 自从...

二、原因状语从句
引导词
because
as
since
for


三、结果状语从句（如此...以致于...）
so...that...
such...that...

四、目的状语从句（为了...）
in order that +句子 可以放句首
in order to +动词原形
so that +句子 不可以放句首
so as to +动词原形

五、条件状语从句（假设）
if 如果...
unless 如果不...=if not
as long as 只要

※ 时态： “主将从现”。

用法
根本原因，语气最强，不能与so连用。
只能用because回答why问句；用于强调句型时；被not否定时。
because of 是介词短语，不能接句子。
已知原因。从说话人的角度，原因很明显，但并非句中的重心。
已知原因。since比as 正式一些。
不是直接原因，而是表示从结果推断的原因，即倒果为因。（并列句））
*because引导的从句如果放在句末且有逗号隔开，可以用for代替。
从句中通常有情态动词can, could, will, would, may

从句中通常有情态动词can, could, will, would, may

六、让步状语从句
though, although, even if, even though, 不能与but连用, 但可以和yet连用。

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初中英语语法精讲

第十六讲 主谓一致

定义：谓语动词在人称和数上要和主语一致。
主谓一致原则：①语法一致 ②意义一致 ③就近原则

（一）语法一致原则
1. 主单—谓单； 主复—谓复
To study English well not easy.
What he said very important for us all.
Reading in the sun bad for your eyes.
2. 由连接词and或both … and…连接起来的合成主语后面,要用复数形式的谓语动词。
Lucy and Lily twins.
Both she and he Young Pioneers.
3. 若and所连接的两个词是指同一个人或物时,它后面的谓语动词就应用单数形式。
The writer and artist (be) 26.
The writer and the artist (be)26.
Fork and knife (be) used instead of chopsticks.
4. 主语+干扰成分。
主语后有with, including, except, like, as well as, besides, 等干扰成分时,谓语动词与其主语一致。
The teacher with two students ____ at the meeting . (was were)
E-mail, as well as the telephones, ________ playing an important part in daily communication.
5. either, neither, each, every 或no +单数名词和由some, any, no, every构成的复合不定代词,都作单数看待。
Each of us a new book.（have）
Everything around us matter.
由each, every, no, many a所修饰的词，即使用 and连接作主语，谓语动词一般用单数。
e.g. Each man and woman ____ the same rights.
6. 如果集合名词指的是整体,谓语动词用单数;如果指个体,其谓语动词就用复数形式。
这些词有group, team, family, class, club, crowd, population等.
My family very poor when I was young.
The class talking when the teacher came in.
注意：people, police, 一般都用作复数。
7. a number of许多复数名词,谓语用复数; A number of apples _ on the table.
the number of的数量谓语用单数。 The number of apples large.

(二)意义一致原则
1. what, who, which, any, more, all等代词可以是单数,也可是复数,主要靠意思来决定。
Which your bag?
Which your bags?
All going well.
2.表示“时间、重量、长度、价值、金钱等复数名词作主语时, 看作整体时，谓语动词用单数
Thirty minutes enough for the work.
A million pounds a large sum of money.
A hundred miles covered in a single night.
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初中英语语法精讲

3. 一些学科名词是以 -ics 结尾,如:mathematics, politics, physics 以及news, works等 ,都属于形式上是复数
的名词,实际意义为单数名词,它们作主语时,其谓语动词要用单数形式。
The paper works built in 1990.
I think physics easy to study.
4. trousers, glasses, clothes, shoes, 等由两部分构成的物体名词作主语时,谓语用复数。
但如果这些名词前有a(the)pair of等量词修饰时,谓语动词用单数。
5. 形容词表示某一类人时, 动词用复数。
6. the half the rest most 分数词 + of+名词作主语，谓语动词应根据这些名词所指代的单复而定。
7. kindsort type of 作主语，谓语动词按kindsorttype的单复而定。
This kind of car is expensive. These kinds of cars have their use.
复数名词+this kindsorttype作主语， 谓语动词用复数。
Questions of that kind are very difficult.

(二) 就近原则
谓语动词该用单数还是用复数形式，取决于最邻近它的名词、代词或其它词的单复数。
Either…or… 或者…或者…， 不是…就是， 要么…要么…
并列主语 Neither…nor… 既不…也不…
Not only…but also… 不但…而且…
Not…but… 不是…而是….
There be…… 某地有…


*主谓一致精练*
1. Both boys (have) their own hobbies.
2. The class busying writing English passages.
3. Neither you nor I wrong .
4. The novelist and poet going to Europe next year.
5. The novelist and the poet going to Europe next year
6. My family very poor when I was a little girl.
7. Every man and woman at work now.
8. None of us ______ (have) got a TV.
9. Neither of us ______ been to New York.
10. The rich _______(have) much money.
11. (be) there any police around?
12. His family (be) not large.
13. His family very well.
14.
15. No news good news.
16. Be quiet! Here (come) the teacher.
17. One or two days enough to see the city.
18. Neither my wife nor I myself ____ able to persuade my daughter to change her mind.
19. The number of the students in our school 1200.
20. The boy with the two dogs sleeping when the earthquake rocked the city.

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初中英语语法精讲

第十七讲 情景交际


Greetings:问候
--Good morning!
--Nice to meet you.
--How do you do?
---How are you?
道歉
---Sorry.
---I’m so sorry.


提醒注意
Don't’ forget…
Remember to…
Look out!
Be careful.



答语
--Good morning!
--Nice to meet you, too.
--How do you do?
---Fine, thanks, and you?
答语
---Never mind.
---That’s all right.
---It doesn’t matter.

祝愿
Have a good time!
Enjoy yourself!
Have fun!
Congratulations!
Good luck!
Best wishes to you!
Wish you success.
Thanks 致谢
---Many thanks.
---Thanks a lot.

语言交际困难
Pardon?
=Pardon please?
=I beg your pardon.
=I can’t catch it.
同意
Sure.=OK.= All right.
=Certainly.=Of course.
I agree.=No problem.
I think so.=Exactly.
Good idea.
Souds great!
Why not..
答语
---That’s all right.
---Not at all.
---My pleasure.

I don’t understand.
Sorry, I can’t follow you.
Could you say that again?
Can you repeat that?
不同意
No way.
I don’t agree.
I’m afraid not.
I don’t think so.



---Thank you(very much). ---You are welcome.


问路
Excuse me. Where is the …?
=Can you tell me the way to …
=Can you tell me how to get to…
=How can I get to…
问询时刻
What time is it?=What’s the time?
=Can I have your watch?
问询天气气候
What’s the weatherclimate like?
=How is the weatherclimate?

问询数量
How many+复数名词
How much+不可数名词

好消息
I’m glad to hear that.
Congratulations.
That’s great!


问询职业
What’s your job opportunity?
=What do you do?


问询星期几
What day is today?

问询价钱
What’s the price of...?
=How much is it?
=How much does it cost?
问询时段
How long... （一段时间）
How soon... (将来时)

坏消息
I’m sorry to hear that.
What a pity!=What a shame!
That’s too bad.
Bad luck.
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问询国籍
What nationality are you?
=What’s your nationality?


问询日期
What’s the date today?

问状况
What’s the matter with you?
What’s wrong with you?
What’s up?
问询频度
How often...
问询距离
How far…
鼓舞，安慰
Don’t worry.
Take it easy.
Take your time.

初中英语语法精讲

第十八讲 词义辨析



1. 方位介词 on, over, above
on: 表面接触 There is a ship the river.
over: 在垂直的正上方 <反> under There is bridge the river.
above: 高于，不一定垂直 <反> below There is a plane flying the bridge.

2. in, on, to +方位名词
in: 在范围内的某个方向 Beijing is the North of China.
on: 两个平等的范围相互搭界 Hunan is the south of Hubei.
to: 两个平等的范围不搭界 Japan is the east of China.

3. in front of , in the front of
in front of: 在…前面(范围之外)
in the front of: 在…的前部(范围之内)
There is a car the house and Tom sits the car.

4. cross , across, through
cross: v. 穿过，越过 Don’t the street when the light is red.
across: prep. 从表面横穿 Be careful when walking the street.
through: prep. 从内部空间穿 The girl swam the English Channel last month.
Huangpujing runs Shanghai city.

5. in the tree, on the tree
in the tree: 不是树上结的东西 There are two birds and a monkey the tree.
on the tree: 树上长的 There are many big apples the tree.

6. with, in, by, through
with: 用工具 with a pen with a hammer
in: 用语言、材料、书写的方式 in English in ink in paint in Large Letters in shorthand
by: 用方式、方法、手段 by bus by hand by teaching
through: 通过…途径 through hard work

7. in future, in the future
in future: =from now on 从今以后的全部将来
in the future: 将来的某一时刻
I must study hard in future and I will succeed in the future.

8. sound, noise, voice
sound: 泛指一切声音
noise： 噪音
voice： 嗓音

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初中英语语法精讲

9. job, work
job: n. 可数。 工作,职业,任务,职责。
work: v. & n. 不可数。

10. accept, receive
accept: 主动接受。强调主观。
receive: 收到。强调客观情况

11. alone, lonely
alone adj.
adv.
lonely adj.
表语
状语
表语
定语
独自的，一个人的
单独地，独自地
孤独的，寂寞的
偏僻的，荒凉的，孤独的
客观

主观

I was travelling alone in the lonely mountain. I didn’t feel lonely though I was alone.

12. 穿戴
put on
wear
dress
后接衣服 强调穿的动作 Put on the coat.
后接衣服 强调穿戴的状态
She is wearing a blue dress and a mink coat.
后接人 dress sb. (动作) 给别人穿衣服
dress oneself (动作) 给自己穿衣服
be dressed in +衣服 (状态)
强调状态 She is in a red dress.
The Emperor had nothing on at all.
in
have on

13. 花费
take
spend
cost
pay
后接颜色或衣服

时间
金钱时间
金钱时间
金钱
主语it或物
主语人
主语物
主语人
It takes sb.+时间+to do sth.
sb.+ spend+金钱时间+on sth.
+(in) doing sth.
sth.+ cost + sb.+金钱时间
sb.+ pay+金钱+for sth.

14. say, speak, tell, talk, chat
say
speak
tell
talk
vt. 说，讲。强调说的内容。
vi. 和…说。 say to sb.
vt. 讲某种语言
vi. 侧重讲的动作。speak to sb.
vt. 告诉,讲述(story, lie, joke, truth)
tell sb. Sth.=tell sth. to st.
vi. 谈话,谈论 talk about
talk withto sb.









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初中英语语法精讲

15. 制造
be made of+原材料(看得见) Wine is made grapes.
be made from+原材料(看不见多种材料混合) This car is made Germany.
be made in+产地 Cotton is made clothes.
be made by+制造者 The house is made wood.
be made into+成品 My kite is made Uncle Tom.

16. borrow, lend, keep
borrow sth. from sb. 借入，往里借
lend sth to sb. 借出，向外借
keep + 时间段 持有

17. steal, rob
steal sth. from . 从某人某地那里偷某物
rob sbsp. of sth. 抢某人某地 某物

18. used to
used to do 过去常常做某事
beget used to doing 习惯做某事
be used to do 被用来做…
My father used to (drive) to work, but now he is used to (walk).

19. look, see, watch, read
look: 看，(动作) vi. look at
see: 看见(结果)
watch: 观看(电视，戏剧，比赛，演出)
read： 阅读(书报杂志)

20. listen, hear
listen: 听(动作) vi. listen to
hear: 听见(结果)

21. look for, find, find out
look for: 寻找(动作)
find: 发现(结果)
find out: 通过调查发现、查明事实，真相
一言辨异：
She looked for her lost ring everywhere, but she didn’t find it. The next day she found out that a boy had stolen it.

22. discover, invent
discover: 发现。 偶然原本就存在的东西或事实真相。 Columbus discovered New Continent.
invent: 发明。 原本没有的，创造出来的 Edison invented the light.


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初中英语语法精讲

23. sleep, asleep, sleepy
sleep: n. & v. 睡觉 go to sleep; sleep a good sleep
asleep: adj. （表语） fall asleep be asleep
sleepy: adj. 困倦的 feel sleepy
sleeping: n. （定语） sleeping bag sleeping car a sleeping baby

24. 睡觉
go to bed 上床，就寝。强调动作
go to sleep 入睡，睡着了。强调结果
fall asleep 自然而然，不知不觉睡着。 强调动作
be asleep 睡着了的。强调状态

24. be strict in, be strict with
be strict in sth. : 对某事(工作、学习)严格要求
be strict with sb.: 对某人严格要求。
Students must be strict their study and teachers must be strict their students.

25. bring, take, fetch, carry
bring 带来 从别处带到说话人这里
take 带走 从说话人这里带到别处
fetch 去取 =go and get
carry 拿，运送，肩扛手提，不标明方向

26. die, dead, dying, death, die of , die from
die
dead
dying
death
die of
die from
vi.
adj.
现在分词
n.


死。瞬间动词
无生命的,死的
垂死的,要死的
死亡
死于…(疾病,衰老)
死于…(地震,事故)




内部原因
外部原因

27. have gone to, have been to, have been in, have been away
have gone to: 去了某地
have been to: 去过某地
have been in: 在某地呆着（一段时间）
have been away 离开某地（一段时间）

28. …enough to…, too…to…
…enough to… 足够…而能够(做)
too…to… 太…而不能(做)

29. be famous for, be famous as
be famous for 因…而著名(不同概念) China is famous the Great Wall.
be famous as 作为…而出名(同一概念) China is famous an ancient country.
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初中英语语法精讲

30. besides, except, except for,
besides: 除了…之外(还) ，附加关系 +法 =in addition to
except: 除了…之外， 排除关系 -法 不可放在句首,用except for 代替

English, they also study maths, physics and chemistry.
He goes to school Sunday.
He answered all the questions the last one.

31. some time, sometime, some times, sometimes
some time 一段时间 It took me to finish the report.
sometime adv.某时 We will meet next week.
some times 几次，几倍 We have been to the Great Wall .
sometimes 偶尔，有时 She goes to school on foot.

口诀: 分开是“一段” 相聚在“某时” ； 分开s是“倍次” 相连s是”有时“

32.
How many
How much
How long
How soon
How far
How often
多少？对数量提问(可数)
多少？对数量提问(不可数)
多长时间？对for+时间段提问
多久以后？对将来时中in+时间段提问
多远？对距离提问
多长时间一次？对频率提问

33. hear ofabout, hear from
hear of about: 听说。间接听到或听说某人某事。
hear from: 收到…来信

34. manage to, try to, try doing
manage to do: 设法做成某事
try to do: 企图，设法去做某事
try doing : 尝试做某事

35. 参观，拜访
visit spsb. 光顾、参观某地; 看望、拜访某人
call at sp.
call on sb.
drop in at sp.
drop in on sb.

36. forget, leave, lose
forget 记不起，忘记了
leave 把某物落在某地，
lose 丢了，找不到了
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初中英语语法精讲


37. 到达
arrive 不及物 arrive inat
get 不及物 get to
reach 及物

38. a number of, the number of
a number of: 大量，许多，后接复数名词,谓语动词用复数
the number of: …的数量。中心词是number,谓语动词用单数
A number of teachers are present today, the number of them is 300.

39. much too, too much, too many
much too: 太,非常，后接形容词或副词。 He can’t write on a card.
too much: 太多, 后接不可数名词,或修饰行为动词,置于句末。There is water here.
too many: 太多，后接复数名词 There’re apples on the tree.

40. compare to, compare with
compare …to…: 把…比作… (有相似性) He often compares the world to a stage.
compare…towith…: 把…和…相比较 (有对比性) Don’t compare my plan with others.

41.
It is+ adj.+ for sb. to do 对某人来说做某事是…...的。强调客观。 easy, hard, difficult, possible, impossible
It is+ adj.+ of sb. to do 某人是…的去做某事。 强调主观。 good, kind, nice, honest, clever

42.
What is he like? 他是个什么样的人？ 指内在特征。kind, nice, clever, honest, shy, polite, quiet, frank,
What does he look like? 他长的什么样子？ 指外在特征。beautiful, pretty, smart, handsome, tall, short, fat,
How do you like...? = What do you think of...? 你认为...怎么样？ 问观点，看法。
















50

初中英语语法精讲

附录 动词短语
be away
be back
be in out
be on
be over
be up to

fall off
fall down
fall over
fall into
fall behind


be made of
be made from
be made in
be made into
be made by
be made up for


turn on
turn off
turn up
turn down
turn to sb. for help

do some cleaning
do some washing
do some cooking
do one’s best
do sb. a favor


have a cold
have a fever
have a toothache
have a rest
have a look
have a good time
break down
break into
break out
burst out



get to
get on off
get intoout of
get over
get on along with
get through

pay for
pay back
pay off

pick up
pick out
pick off

set up
set off out
set about
show off
show sb. around

go shopping
go swimming
go climbing
go fishing
go skating
go sightseeing

have fun


help...with...
help...out
can’t help doing
call on
call at
call for
call out
call off


give up
give in
give away
give out
give off


put up
put on
put out
put off
put away
put down
put up with

send up
send for
send out
send off


go for a holiday
go wrong
go over
go out



get up
wake up
warm up
grow up
tidy up
make up
come out
come up with
come around
come on
come true
come across

look at
look for
look like
look after
look out (for)
look over

take off
take up
take down
take out
take over
take away

agree with
agree to
agree on



make sure
make up
make progress
make a decision
make a mistake

stay up
dress up
save up
clean up
clear up
use up
cut in
cut into
cut down
cut off
cut up


look around
look into
look up
look down on
look through
look forward to

take place
take care of
take after
take one’s advice
take one’s time.
Take it easy.

catch up with
keep up with
catch hold of
catch sight of


make a noise
make a speech
make a promise
make film
make the bed

find out
sell out
point out
hand out
run after
run out of
take one’s temperature take medicine
make up one’s mind make friends
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初中英语语法精讲


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