学术英语翻译

Text 4 云计算的安全利益
1. 网络的未来
现在，我们可以很 容易地注意到网络的本质从被用来读网页的地方变为允许用户
运行软件应用程序的环境。
诺瓦提出了一个有趣的类比，以如下的形式描述了网络的进化：
1）web 1.0 是只读的，被用来创造几乎静态的网页，比如个人网页、报纸、购
物应用程序等。
2）web 2.0 引入了读和写的内容——出版变成了参与，网页变成博客，博客聚
集在一起变成大的汇总。对于 网络内容而言，现在互动与合作非常普遍。
Executable: 可执行的
Execute: v. 运行，执行
3）web 3.0 将允许读、写和执行操作， 所以内容将变成可执行的网络
The future belongs to the Web 3.0, also called the intelligent web, which is the
next stage of the Internet evolution based on the services for data mining, artificial
intelligence, independent agents, speech recognition and new computing models
(distributed, grid and cloud).
未来属于web 3.0, 也被称为智能网络，它是互联网进化的下一阶段，这种进化
以数据挖掘、人工智能、独立代理 人、言语识别和新的计算模式（分配计算、网格计
算和云计算）为基础。
The Web 3.0 can be seen as a new way of creating and using applications that
can run on different devices, like mobile phones or PDAs, and having the data
stored into the cloud.
Web 3.0可以被 视为一种新的创造和使用应用程序并且让数据存储在云中的方
式，这些程序可以在不同的设备上运行，比 如手机或掌上计算机。
2. 云计算的基本原则
Simply speaking, the cloud means the Internet. The term is derived from the
way in which the Internet is often represented into the network diagrams. Cloud
computing represents a new paradigm of the Internet computing in which the
software is seen as a service and the applications and data are stored on multiple
servers that can be accessed from the Internet.
简单地说，云意味着网络，这个术语来自 于网络图表中网络常常被代表的方式。
云计算代表着一种新的网络计算范例，其中软件被看作是一种服务 ，应用程序和数据
被储存在多个服务器中，这些服务器可以从网络进入。
The current cloud computing architecture involves the existence of data

centers that are able to provide services to the clients located all over the world. In
this context, the cloud can be seen as a unique access point for all the requests
coming from the customersclients.
目前云计算技术涉及这样一个数据中心的存在，这个中心能够为全世界用户提供
服务。在这个背景下， 云可以被看作是对于所有来自顾客或客户请求的独特的进入点。
移动电话或掌上计算机可以成功地扮演 云客户的角色。由于这个原因，移动设备
可以在安卓或iphone 平台上运行。同时，网页浏览器，比如谷歌浏览器，毫无疑问
也可以是云客户。
云客户可以是 普通的电脑，移动手机，掌上计算机或其他任何类似的设备。基本
上，客户是从数据中心租用或直接进入 数据中心获取所需的数据处理能力。服务的品
质是云计算成功的关键因素。
要注意客户可以是硬件设备和（或）软件应用程序，比如浏览器。
Cloud computing allows to move the processing effort from the local devices to
the data center facilities. In such a way, any phone, for example, could be able to
solve complex differential equation systems by simply passing the specific
arguments to a data center service that will be capable to give back the results in a
very short time. In these conditions, the security of data and applications becomes
a very major issue.

云计算允许把数据处理的过程从当地设备移动到数据中心设施。这样的话，举 个
例子，任何电话都可以解决复杂的微分方程系统，只要把特定的自变量传到数据服务
中心，这 项服务可以在很短的时间内返回结果。在这些条件下，数据和应用程序的安
全性变成了一个重要的问题。

云计算的主要优势如下：
1）没必要下载或安装特定的软件，软件的使用成为很快、很简单的任务
2）费用很低，在某些情况下，甚至是免费的，客户只需支付他们实际使用的资
源费用
3）如果客户电脑崩溃，因为一切都储存在云中，几乎不会丢失什么
4）当一些新的安装包被释放时，没必要升级本地系统
5）云计算可以被用在有最小硬件需求的客户端上面，如移动电话或掌上计算机
6）给不同的软件包授予许可证的问题转到了数据中心层面
7）硬件升级不需花费（或花费很少）
8）用户不用依靠他们的个人电脑，因为他们可以使用 任何其他设备，只要这些

设备能够连接上互联网并有一些基本的软件。

当然，也有一些缺点，比如：
1）为了能够进入和使用云，网络连接是必要的，这种对网络的 依赖性使离线模
式不可能。另一方面，一些应用程序需要高速网络连接，所以网络速度会影响整体的表现。
2）从长期看，服务的用户费比购买硬件的费用更贵
3）很难整合公司内部现有的基础设施，同时，从云又回到公司内部的模式会很
难。
4）现在，在这个领域没有足够的大供应商
5）令人担忧的一个非常大的问题是数据安全，因 为数据和软件位于遥远的服务
器，而这些服务器可以在没有任何额外警告的情况下崩溃或消失。在这种背 景下，服
务质量非常重要，备份的需求也是至关重要的。
3. 安全优势
云计算为个人和公司提供了一些主要的安全优势，比如:
1) Centralized data storage ---- this goes to reduced effects of loosing some
hardware items, like a laptop, for example. While the main part of the applications
and data is stored into the cloud, loosing a client is not a big issue anymore--- there
are no sensitive data lost and a new client can be connected to the cloud very fast;
1) 集中的数据存储——这就减少了由于没有硬件如手提电脑带来的影响。应 用
程序和数据的主要部分被储存在云端，失去客户端放松不再是一件严重的事情——没
有敏感的 数据丢失，新的客户端可以很快被连接到云端。
2）对数据获取的监控变得更简单，因为只要监控一个 地方就够了，而不是一家
大公司的成千上万台电脑
3）不确定性的增加——小偷几乎不可能决定为了得到一种数字资产究竟该偷哪
一个实体成分。
Virtualization allows a rapid replacement of a compromised server located into
the cloud without major costs or damages. Also, the downtime for computers in the
cloud could be substantially reduced because it is very easy to create a clone by
using an image.

4）虚 拟化允许位于云端中的受损服务器得到快速替换，而不会有大的破坏或损
失。同时，在云中电脑的停机时 间可以大大降低，因为通过使用一个图像，很容易创
造一个一模一样的东西。

5）日志——更多的记录可以被激活，因为云空间足够大，可以储存大量汇总的
数据
6）安全变化可以很容易被测试和实施

云计算还处在起步阶段，所以还会有很多新的优点出现在这一清单中。

4. 结论
现在，信息基础设施正在向一个简单而创新的概念发展，它就叫做云计算。有很
多应用程序都能 利用云技术，而且很快会有更多的应用程序加入到队伍当中来。
许多设备都是云兼容的，比如传统的计 算机，掌上计算机，移动电话，甚至浏览
器（google 浏览器），在这个前提下，云计算有潜力能够提供大的安全优势。
Text 8 纳米技术如何工作
How Nanotechnology Works
There's an unprecedented multidisciplinary convergence of scientists dedicated
to the study of a world so small, we can't see it -- even with a light microscope. That
world is the field of nanotechnology, the realm of atoms and nanostructures.
Nanotechnology is so new, no one is really sure what will come of it. Even so,
predictions range from the ability to reproduce things like diamonds and food to the
world being devoured by self-replicating nanorobots.
有很多致力于研究小到我们无法看见的世界的科学家。他们从事不同学 科，但是
他们史无前例地会聚在一起，他们研究的世界小得连借助精致的显微镜都看不见。那
个 世界就是纳米技术的世界，一个由原子和纳米结构组成的领域。纳米技术是如此新
以至于没人能够确定它 会给我们带来什么。即便如此，各种预言却都有，比如说复制
钻石和食物，又比如说世界会被自我复制的 纳米机器人毁灭。
In order to understand the unusual world of nanotechnology, we need to get an
idea of the units of measure involved. A centimeter is one-hundredth of a meter, a
millimeter is one-thousandth of a meter, and a micrometer is one-millionth of a
meter, but all of these are still huge compared to the nanoscale. A nanometer (nm)
is one-billionth of a meter, smaller than the wavelength of visible light and a
hundred-thousandth the width of a human hair
为了了解纳米技术不同寻常的世界，我们需要了解所涉及的测量单位，一厘米是一米的百分之一，一毫米是一米的千分之一，一微米是百万分之一米，但是和纳
米级相比，这些 都还是巨大的数字。一纳米是十亿分之一米，比可见光的波长还要小，

还不到人类一根头 发宽度的十万分之一。

As small as a nanometer is, it's still large compared to the atomic scale. An
atom has a diameter of about 0.1 nm. An atom's nucleus is much smaller -- about
0.00001 nm. Atoms are the building blocks for all matter in our universe. You and
everything around you are made of atoms. Nature has perfected the science of
manufacturing matter molecularly. For instance, our bodies are assembled in a
specific manner from millions of living cells. Cells are nature's nanomachines. At
the atomic scale, elements are at their most basic level. On the nanoscale, we can
potentially put these atoms together to make almost anything.
尽管纳米很小 ，但是和原子水平比起来依然很大。原子的直径大约是0.1纳
米。原子的核更是小得多——大约0.0 0001纳米。原子是宇宙所有物质的基石。你和
你身边的一切都是由原子组成的。自然界从分子水平上 完善了制造物质的科学。比如，
我们的身体是从千百万个活细胞以特定的方式聚集在一起的。细胞是自然 界的纳米机
器。在原子的层级，各种元素都处在最基本的水平。在纳米层面，我们可以把这些原
子放在一起做成几乎任何一种物质。
In a lecture called
winner Dr. Horst Stoermer said that the nanoscale is more interesting than the
atomic scale because the nanoscale is the first point where we can assemble
something -- it's not until we start putting atoms together that we can make anything
useful.
在一次名为“小小的奇观：纳米科学的世界” 的讲座中，诺贝尔奖得主Horst
Stormer 博士说纳米级别比原子级别更有趣，因为纳米级 是我们可以把东西放在一起
的最初的起始点——直到我们开始把原子放在一起，这个东西才变得有价值。
Nanotechnology is rapidly becoming an interdisciplinary field. Biologists,
chemists, physicists and engineers are all involved in the study of substances at
the nanoscale. Dr. Stoermer hopes that the different disciplines develop a common
language and communicate with one another. Only then, he says, can we
effectively teach nanoscience since you can't understand the world of
nanotechnology without a solid background in multiple sciences.纳米技术正在迅速
变成一个跨学科的领域。 生物学家、化学家、物理学家和工程师 们都要参与纳米层
面物质的研究。Stormer博士希望不同学科可以发展出相同的语言，可以彼此交 流。
他说，只有那时我们才能有效地教授纳米科学，因为如果没有多学科科学的扎实背景，
你无 法理解纳米技术的世界。

One of the exciting and challenging aspects of the nanoscale is the role that
quantum mechanics plays in it. The rules of quantum mechanics are very different
from classical physics, which means that the behavior of substances at the
nanoscale can sometimes contradict common sense by behaving erratically. You
can't walk up to a wall and immediately teleport to the other side of it, but at the
nanoscale an electron can -- it's called electron tunneling. Substances that are
insulators, meaning they can't carry an electric charge, in bulk form might become
semiconductors when reduced to the nanoscale. Melting points can change due to
an increase in surface area. Much of nanoscience requires that you forget what you
know and start learning all over again.
纳米尺度最令人激动和最具挑战性的方面之一就是量子力学在其中起 的作
用。量子力学的规则非常不同于经典物理学。这意味着在纳米层面，物质的有时表现
的不稳 定，而产生与常识相违背的现象。你不能走向一面墙，马上又穿墙而过到达墙
的另一边，但是在纳米水平 电子就可以——这被称为电子隧道效应。绝缘体物质，其
含义是不能携带电荷，但是当降低到纳米水平时 ，如果大批存在也许会变成半导体。
因为表面面积的增加物体的熔点也会变化。所以大部分纳米材料要求 你忘记你所了解
的知识，开始重新学习。
So what does this all mean? Right now, it means that scientists are
experimenting with substances at the nanoscale to learn about their properties and
how we might be able to take advantage of them in various applications. Engineers
are trying to use nano-size wires to create smaller, more powerful microprocessors.
Doctors are searching for ways to use nanoparticles in medical applications. Still,
we've got a long way to go before nanotechnology dominates the technology and
medical markets.
这一切意味着什么？现在，这意味着科学家们正在用纳米 水平的物质试验，
以了解它们的性质，以及在不同的应用领域我们如何能利用好它们。工程师们正在尝< br>试用纳米大小的金属线来创造更小、更强大的微处理机，医生们正在寻找在医疗应用
领域使用纳米 颗粒的方式。但是，在纳米技术统治技术和医疗市场之前还有很长的路
要走。
In the world of Trek,machines called replicators can produce
practically any physical object, from weapons to a steaming cup of Earl Grey tea.
Long considered to be exclusively the product of science fiction, today some
people believe replicators are a very real possibility. They call it molecular
manufacturing, and if it ever does become a reality, it could drastically change the

world.
在《星际迷航》的世界里，被称为复制者的机器可以生 产几乎任何物体，从
武器到一杯冒着热气的格雷伯爵茶。长久以来复制者被认为是科幻小说专属的产品，
可是现在有些人相信这些机器是非常真实的并且有可能存在的。人们把它称为分子制
造者，如果 这些机器真的变为现实，它们将极大地改变世界。
Atoms and molecules stick together because they have complementary
shapes that lock together, or charges that attract. Just like with magnets, a
positively charged atom will stick to a negatively charged atom. As millions of these
atoms are pieced together by nanomachines, a specific product will begin to take
shape. The goal of molecular manufacturing is to manipulate atoms individually and
place them in a pattern to produce a desired structure.
原子和分子粘在一起是因为它们有互补的形状，这样的形状锁 在一起，或者
它们的电荷互相吸引。就像磁铁一样，带正电的原子会粘住带负电的原子，千百万这
样的原子由纳米机器粘在一起，一个特殊的产品就将成形。分子制造的目标就是控制
单个的原子，把它 们按照某种样子放置，这样就可以生产出想要的结构。
The first step would be to develop nanoscopic machines, called assemblers,
that scientists can program to manipulate atoms and molecules at will. Rice
University Professor Richard Smalley points out that it would take a single
nanoscopic machine millions of years to assemble a meaningful amount of material.
In order for molecular manufacturing to be practical, you would need trillions of
assemblers working together simultaneously. Eric Drexler believes that assemblers
could first replicate themselves, building other assemblers. Each generation would
build another, resulting in exponential growth until there are enough assemblers to
produce objects
第一步是研发纳米机器，也被称为装配器。这样科学家可以按照自己的意愿
让 这些装配器控制原子和分子。莱斯大学的Richard 教授指出要组装一定数量的物
质，一台纳米装 配器要花上几百万年的时间。为了让分子制造变得更实际一些，你需
要让无数的装配器同时工作。Eri c 相信，装配器首先要复制自己，建造其它的装配
器，每一代会建造另一代，以指数方式增长，直到有 足够的装配器生产物品。
Assemblers might have moving parts like the nanogears in this concept
drawing. Trillions of assemblers and replicators could fill an area smaller than a
cubic millimeter, and could still be too small for us to see with the naked eye.
Assemblers and replicators could work together to automatically construct products,
and could eventually replace all traditional labor methods. This could vastly

decrease manufacturing costs, thereby making consumer goods plentiful, cheaper
and stronger. Eventually, we could be able to replicate anything, including
diamonds, water and food. Famine could be eradicated by machines that fabricate
foods to feed the hungry.
在 上述描绘的概念中，装配器可能有移动的零件比如纳米齿轮，无数的装配
器和复制者可以填满一个比立方 毫米还要小的区域，并且依然还是太小以至于我们的
肉眼看不见。装配器和复制者可以一起工作，这样可 以自动建造产品，可以最终取代
所有传统的劳动力方法。这可以大大降低制造费用，从制造更多，更便宜 ，功能更强
的消费品。最终，我们能够复制任何东西，包括钻石、水和食物。饥荒会被消除，因
为有机器制造食物来喂养饥饿的人。
Nanotechnology may have its biggest impact on the medical industry.
Patients will drink fluids containing nanorobots programmed to attack and
reconstruct the molecular structure of cancer cells and viruses. There's even
speculation that nanorobots could slow or reverse the aging process, and life
expectancy could increase significantly. Nanorobots could also be programmed to
perform delicate surgeries -- such nanosurgeons could work at a level a thousand
times more precise than the sharpest scalpel. By working on such a small scale, a
nanorobot could operate without leaving the scars that conventional surgery does.
Additionally, nanorobots could change your physical appearance. They could be
programmed to perform cosmetic surgery, rearranging your atoms to change your
ears, nose, eye color or any other physical feature you wish to alter.
对于医疗工业纳米技术可能有最大的影响。 病人会喝下含有纳米机器人的液
体，这些纳米机器人会按照程序设定来攻击癌细胞和病毒的并且重建它们 的分子结
构。甚至有猜测说纳米机器人可以减缓或逆转衰老的过程，寿命预期会大大增加。纳
米 机器人也可以被设定用来做精密的手术——这样的纳米外科医师的工作水平可以
比最尖锐的解剖刀还要精 准一千倍。通过在这样小的水平上工作，纳米机器人在工作
时可以不留 下常规手术中会有的伤口。此外 ，纳米机器人还可以改变你的外貌。它
们可以被设定来做美容手术，重新安排你的原子，来改变你的耳朵 、鼻子、眼睛的颜
色，或者任何你希望改变的外貌特点。
Nanotechnology has the potential to have a positive effect on the
environment. For instance, scientists could program airborne nanorobots to rebuild
the thinning ozone layer. Nanorobots could remove contaminants from water
sources and clean up oil spills. Manufacturing materials using the bottom-up
method of nanotechnology also creates less pollution than conventional

manufacturing processes. Our dependence on non-renewable resources would
diminish with nanotechnology. Cutting down trees, mining coal or drilling for oil may
no longer be necessary -- nanomachines could produce those resources.
纳米 技术有潜力对环境产生积极的影响。比如，科学家们可以让空中的纳米
机器人重建正在变薄的臭氧层。纳 米机器人可以移除水源中的污染物，清扫溅出的油。
使用纳米技术从细节开始的方法来制造材料，相比常 规的制造过程产生的污染更少。
拥有纳米技术后我们对于不可再生资源的依赖性会降低。砍树、采煤或钻 井勘探石油
也许不再必要——纳米机器可以生产这些资源。
Many nanotechnology experts feel that these applications are well outside
the realm of possibility, at least for the foreseeable future. They caution that the
more exotic applications are only theoretical. Some worry that nanotechnology will
end up like virtual reality -- in other words, the hype surrounding nanotechnology
will continue to build until the limitations of the field become public knowledge, and
then interest (and funding) will quickly dissipate.
许多纳米技术专家觉得这些应用都不在可能实施的 领域里，至少在可预见的
未来是这样。他们提示说更奇异的应用只是理论性的。有些人担心纳米技术最终 会是
虚拟现实——换句话说，围绕在纳米技术周围的炒作将继续增强，直到这个领域的局
限性成 为公共知识，然后兴趣（和资助）会很快消散。
The most immediate challenge in nanotechnology is that we need to learn
more about materials and their properties at the nanoscale. Universities and
corporations across the world are rigorously studying how atoms fit together to form
larger structures. We're still learning about how quantum mechanics impact
substances at the nanoscale. Nanotechnology will definitely continue to impact us
as we learn more about the enormous potential of the nanoscale.

纳米技术领域现在面临的挑战 是我们需要了解更多有关纳米层面的材料和它
们的性质的知识。全世界的大学和企业正在仔细地研究原子 如何连在一起以构成更大
的结构，我们还正在学习量子力学如何在纳米水平影响物质。当我们了解更多纳 米水
平巨大的潜力后纳米技术肯定会继续影响我们。

Text 10 全球变暖
Global warming is about much more than hotter summers, winter floods, and farting
cows. There is absolutely no question that the earth is warming up fast, and few
climate scientists would argue with this. The dispute lies in whether or not the

warming we are now experiencing simply reflects a natural turnabout in the recent
global temperature trend or results from the polluting impact of human activities
since the Industrial Revolution really began to take hold.
全球变暖远远不止 是更热的夏天，冬天的洪水，还有放屁的牛。毫无疑问地球正在快
速变暖，几乎没有气候科学家会对此有 争议。这一争论的焦点在于：我们正在经历的
变暖仅仅反映了最近全球气温变化趋势的自然转变，还是工 业革命真正开始以来人类
活动造成污染影响的结果。
预测气候变化时极其困难的，这也解释了 为什么未来气温升高和海平面变化的模型要
经常进行修订。但是现在的证据无可辩驳：人类行为正在推动 现在的行星变暖周期。
尽管有一些特立独行的科学家，石油公司的支持者，还有世界最大污染国的总统， 但
是压倒性的一致意见是如果没有减少温室气体的排放，情况真的会变得很糟。
Amazingly，this prospect is still played own and intentionally hidden by some, most
recently by Danish statistician, Bjorn Lomborg. In his widely savaged book,
The
Skeptical Environmentalist
, Lomborg denigrates global warming and its future
impact, while at the same time, through highly selective references to scientific
research, coming to the conclusion that all is right with the world.
但令人惊讶的是，这种可能性依然被淡化，并且被人有意隐藏，最近被丹麦统计 学家
比约恩.隆伯格隐藏。在他广受抨击的一书《令人怀疑的环境学家》中，隆伯格诋毁
全球变 暖和它未来的影响。与此同时，通过对科学研究成果十分有选择性地查阅，他
得出结论说，世界一切都好 。


过去的70年间，地球比上个千年的任何时间都要热，就在过去几十年间这种
变暖一直在急剧加速。毫无疑问每个人都至少有一位更年长的亲戚，他经常回想过去
某个时候， 那时夏天更热，天空更蓝。
Meteorological records show, however, that this is simply a case of
selective memory, and in fact 19 of the hottest years on record have occurred since
1980s, with the late 1990s seeing the warmest years of all across the planet as a
whole.
但是气象记录显示，这仅仅是选择性记忆的情况。实际上，记录中19个最热
的年份发生在1980年 之后，而二十世纪九十年代末期见证了整个星球上最暖的年份。
地球现在比它46亿年历史上90%多 的时间都要暖。到21世纪末我们的星球
将经历比过去15万年来任何时候都更高的温度。

上升的气温趋势不仅仅是气候的小问题，也不能完全由太阳输出的变化来解< br>释。尽管太阳输出很显然对气候有显著影响。
Rather, it is a consequence of two centuries of pollution, which is now
enclosing the earth in an insulating blanket of carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous
oxide, and other greenhouse gases.
实际上，这是两 个世纪污染的结果，这种污染现在把地球包围在一个由二氧
化碳、甲烷、一氧化二氮，还有其他温室气体 构成的隔热毯子当中。
自从18世纪晚期以来，我们的种族一直在从事一项巨大的星球试验，最终会< br>有什么样的结果我们也只能仅仅靠猜测。不幸的是，对于我们而言，现在试验进入了
失控的阶段， 由于内在的惯性，我们不能马上停下来，只能放慢速度。即使我们今天
能够使温室气体的排放稳定下来， 气温和海平面依旧会继续上升几百年。我们时代的
大问题是：我们有决心做这些吗？或者我们会避开这个 问题，让情况恶化到落后者遭
殃的境地？


We know from studies of polar ice cores that before the hiss of steam and
grinding of metal on metal that heralded the arrival of the industrial world, the
concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere had been pretty much
constant since the glaciers retreated at the end of the last Ice Age
我们从极地冰核的研究中知道，自从上一次冰川时代结束时冰川不断消融以来，
大气中 温室气体的浓度一直非常稳定。这些都是在预示着工业世界的到来的嘶嘶的
蒸汽声和金属之间的摩擦声出 现之前的状况。
但是，自前工业时代以来，大气中的二氧化碳水平增加了30%，其它温室气体
的含量也急剧增加，尤其是甲烷和一氧化二氮。现在大气中二氧化碳的含量比持续
了42万年的水平要 高，过去两千万年来也没有被超出过。气体的增加的速度也是
前所未有的，过去100年的增加率比过去 两万年的任何时候要高。
As these gases have accumulated in the earth’s atmosphere so they have,
quite literally, caused it to act in the manner of a greenhouse, allowing heat from
the sun in but hindering its escape back into space. In fact, our atmosphere has
operated in this way for billions of years, moderating temperature swings and
extremes, but our pollution is now strongly enhancing this greenhouse effect, with
the result that the earth has been progressively warming up for most of the last
hundred years.

因为这些气体在地球大气中积累，所以，不夸 张地说，它们使得大气变得像一
个温室一样工作，让来自太阳的热量进来，但阻止热量重新返回太空。实 际上，我
们的大气一直以这种方式运转了几十亿年，减缓气温的改变和减少极端气温的出
现，但 是我们现在的污染大大增强了这种温室效应，结果是过去的一百年来大部分
时间地球温度一直在逐步升高 。


但是，因为气候机器如此复杂，没有一种单独的影响力可以被孤立出来，还< br>有许多其他因素会影响全球气温。尤其是太阳的输出，也是随着时间而变化。太阳有
一个有规则变 化的11年活动周期，被称为太阳黑子周期，在这期间太阳输出的变化
大约是0.1%。太阳的输出在更 长的期间内也会变化，从几百年到几万年。这些变化
在让行星变凉或变暖方面都起着重要的作用。


火山喷发也对地球气候起着重要作用。尽管详细的情况更加复杂，大规模的
爆炸性的喷发会将大量的二氧化硫或其它含硫气体喷射到平流层，这会产生广泛的冷
却效应，因为这可 以减低太阳辐射到达地球表面的水平。有时火山和太阳的共同作用
可以引起更长久的气候变化。

Attempting to pin down the true variation in global temperatures over the
past thousand years is difficult, not least because records prior to the last couple of
hundred years are far from reliable. A further complication arises from the fact that
while one part of the world might be heating up, another might be cooling down.
One argument that is still used by opponents of anthropogenic warming is that the
world underwent a pronounced cooling between 1946 and 1975, thereby
invalidating the idea that elevated levels of greenhouse gases must automatically
result in global warming.
想要 对过去千年来全球气温的真实变化下定论是困难的，尤其是因为近几百
年以前的记录很不可靠。一个更复 杂的现象是当世界的一个地方可能变暖的同时，而
另一个地方则是在变凉。反对地球因人为变暖的观点的 人们有一个论点，就是世界在
1946年至1975年间曾经历过一次明显的降温过程，因而证明了温室 气体排放水平
的升高一定会自动导致全球变暖这一观点是错误的。

但是，这当然根本不是试验的意图。实际上，直到最近几十年人们才明确想
到人类行为对全球 环境会产生污染效应。这个大的试验只是我们人类总是渴望得到更
多而引发的副作用，我们渴望更多增长 ，更多商品，更多财富。现在很明显我们搞砸
了，我们很不情愿地承认，因为地球会有自然反应，我们别 无选择只能停止试验。
Vested interest groups who opposed to proposals to lessen global warming
have ensured that, although now ratified, the Kyoto Protocol falls far short of
achieving its goal of a 5.2 percent reduction (below 1990 levels) in global
greenhouse gas emissions by December 2008. This failure is primarily due to
countries such as the United States and Australia refusing to sign or make even the
called-for tiny cutbacks in emissions. With reductions in emissions needing to be of
the order of 60 percent if a real dent is to be made in the ever-climbing
concentrations of atmospheric greenhouse gases, prospects look bleak indeed.
反对减轻全球变暖提案的既得利益集团已经确定，虽然《京都议定书》现已
正 式生效，但它远未实现其到2008年12月全球温室气体排放减少5.2%（低于1990
年水平）的 目标。原因主要是美国和澳大利亚等国拒绝签署议定书，或者根据倡议对
碳排放做出微小的削减。如果要 真的要在日益升高的大气温室气体的浓度中按照规定
减少60%的温室气体排放，前景的确很黯淡。


即便我们恢复理性，在未来几年对碳排放进行大幅削减，未来的几个世纪气
温和海平面将会继续升高。所以，我们将不可避免地面临环境的急剧变化——有时变
好，大部分情况下 变得更糟。可以肯定的是我们的孩子和他们的后代将会发现地球的
模样变大不一样。
= Text 11 核电的危险

RISKS OF NUCLEAR POWER
Bernard L. Cohen, Sc.D.
Professor at the University of Pittsburgh


Radiation
The principal risks associated with nuclear power arise from health effects of
radiation. This radiation consists of subatomic particles traveling at or near the
velocity of light--- 186,000 miles per second. They can penetrate deep inside the

human body where they can damage biological cells and thereby initiate a cancer.
If they strike sex cells, they can cause genetic diseases in progeny.

辐射
与核电相联系的主要危险来自辐射对健康的影响。这种辐射包括亚原子颗粒以光
速或接近光速 运行——每秒186000英里。它们可以深深穿透到身体内部，在体内它
们可以损伤生物细胞，然后引 发癌症。如果它们攻击性细胞，它们可以导致子孙后代
的基因疾病。
Radiation occurs naturally in our environment; a typical person is, and always
has been struck by 15,000 particles of radiation every second from natural sources,
and an average medical X-ray involves being struck by 100 billion. While this may
seem to be very dangerous, it is not, because the probability for a particle of
radiation entering a human body to cause a cancer or a genetic disease is only one
chance in 30 million billion (30 quintillion).
辐射在我们环 境中自然地发生；通常每个人每秒钟受到来自自然源的15000个粒
子的辐射，而一次普通的医疗X光 检查则带有1，000亿个粒子的辐射。可能这看起
来会非常危险，其实不会，因为一个辐射粒子进入人 体引发癌症或基因疾病的可能性
是三十拍分之一。
Nuclear power technology produces materials that are active in emitting
radiation and are therefore called These materials can come into
contact with people principally through small releases during routine plant
operation, accidents in nuclear power plants, accidents in transporting radioactive
materials, and escape of radioactive wastes from confinement systems. We will
discuss these separately, but all of them taken together, with accidents treated
probabilistically, will eventually expose the average American to about 0.2% of his
exposure from natural radiation. Since natural radiation is estimated to cause about
1% of all cancers, radiation due to nuclear technology should eventually increase
our cancer risk by 0.002% (one part in 50,000), reducing our life expectancy by less
than one hour. By comparison, our loss of life expectancy from competitive
electricity generation technologies, burning coal, oil, or gas, is estimated to range
from 3 to 40 days.
核电技术生产的材料可以非常活跃地释放辐射，所以被称为“放射性的 ”。这些材料
主要通过发电厂常规运行时的少量释放物，核电站事故，放射性材料运输事故、以及
放射性废料从隔离系统中泄漏而与人体发生接触的。我们将分开讨论这些问题，但是

所 有这些因素加在一起，从可能性的角度对待这些事故，最终会让普通美国人接触到
来自天然辐射0.2% 的辐射量。因为自然辐射预计会引发1%的癌症，核技术产生的
辐射最终会增加0.002%的患癌几率 （5万分之一），减少预期寿命不到1小时。相比
之下，因为竞争性的发电技术、燃烧煤、油或气导致的 预期寿命损失预计有3到40
天。
There has been much misunderstanding on genetic diseases due to radiation.
The risks are somewhat less than the cancer risks; for example, among the
Japanese A-bomb survivors from Hiroshima and Nagasaki, there have been about
400 extra cancer deaths among the 100,000 people in the follow-up group, but
there have been no extra genetic diseases among their progeny. Since there is no
possible way for the cells in our bodies to distinguish between natural radiation and
radiation from the nuclear industry, the latter cannot cause new types of genetic
diseases or deformities (e.g., bionic man), or threaten the raceOther
causes of genetic disease include delayed parenthood (children of older parents
have higher incidence) and men wearing pants (this warms the gonads, increasing
the frequency of spontaneous mutations). The genetic risks of nuclear power are
equivalent to delaying parenthood by 2.5 days, or of men wearing pants an extra 8
hours per year. Much can be done to avert genetic diseases utilizing currently
available technology; if 1% of the taxes paid by the nuclear industry were used to
further implement this technology, 80 cases of genetic disease would be averted
for each case caused by the nuclear industry
因为辐射引发遗传病，对这一 点人们一直有很多误解。其风险略小于患癌症的风险；
比如，在日本广岛和长崎原子弹爆炸中幸存的人， 在随访病例中，10万人会多出400
例癌症死亡病例。但是在他们的后代中，并没有更多的遗传疾病。 既然我们人体内的
细胞不能辨别自然辐射与来自核工业的辐射，后者则不会导致新型的遗传疾病或身体< br>畸形（比如，生化人），或威胁“人类”。其他遗传病的原因包括父母晚育（晚育父母所
生孩子有 更大风险）和穿裤子的男士（这让性腺受热，增加了自发突变的频率）。而
核电造成的基因风险等同于推 迟生育2.5天，或者男士每年多穿8小时裤子。在利用
现有技术预防遗传性疾病方面还有很多事可以做 ；如果利用核工业纳税款的1%来进
一步实施这项技术，那么每一种由核工业造成的疾病中有80例遗传 疾病都将得到防
止。
Reactor accidents

The nuclear power plant design strategy for preventing accidents and mitigating

their potential effects is
system to limit the harm done, if that system should also fail there is another
back-up system for it, etc., etc. Of course it is possible that each system in this
series of back-ups might fail one after the other, but the probability for that is
exceedingly small. The Media often publicize a failure of some particular system in
some plant, implying that it was a close call
point of defense in depth which easily takes care of such failures. Even in the Three
Mile Island accident where at least two equipment failures were severely
compounded by human errors, two lines of defense were still not breached---
essentially all of the radioactivity remained sealed in the thick steel reactor vessel,
and that vessel was sealed inside the heavily reinforced concrete and steel lined

call on disaster to the surrounding population. The Soviet Chernobyl reactor, built
on a much less safe design concept, did not have such a containment structure; if it
did, that disaster would have been averted.
反应堆事故
为了防止事故和减缓事故的潜在影响，核电厂的设计策略是“深度防卫”——如果
出现故障，有一个备份 系统以限制故障带来的损伤，如果这个备份系统也出了问题，
它也有另一个备份系统。当然，有可能在这 一系列的备份系统中每个系统都接连地坏
了，但是这种可能性异乎寻常地小。媒体经常宣传某个工厂某个 特定的系统出了问题，
暗示说这是侥幸脱离了灾难。他们完全不理解深度防卫的意义，深度防卫可以很容 易
地解决这些问题。即使在三里岛核事故当中，至少两次设备故障都因人为失误而加重，
但是两 条防卫线依然没有被破坏——最根本的是所有的辐射能都被封存在厚厚的钢
反应堆容器里，那个容器又被 封存在高度增强的混凝土和钢铁围成的“遏阻”建筑物
内，这栋建筑物甚至都还没有发挥它的作用。很显 然这对于周围的人来说并不是侥幸
逃脱了灾难。苏联的切尔诺贝利反应堆，它的设计观念则欠缺虑安全性 ，并没有这样
一个遏阻结构；如果有的话，那次事故本来可以避免。
Risks from reactor accidents are estimated by the rapidly developing science of

plant (at a cost of $$5 million) but we give typical results here: A fuel melt-down
might be expected once in 20,000 years of reactor operation. In 2 out of 3
melt-downs there would be no deaths, in 1 out of 5 there would be over 1000
deaths, and in 1 out of 100,000 there would be 50,000 deaths. The average for all
meltdowns would be 400 deaths. Since air pollution from coal burning is estimated

to be causing 10,000 deaths per year, there would have to be 25 melt-downs each
year for nuclear power to be as dangerous as coal burning.

来自核反应堆事故的风险被迅速发展的“概率风险分析”科学所预测 。对于每一个核
电站都要单独做概率风险分析（花费5百万美元），但是我们可以在这里给出典型的结果：预计反应堆的运转2万年中可能有一次燃料熔毁，三次熔毁中两次不会有死亡，
五次中有一次 会导致1000人死亡，十万次中有一次会导致5万人死亡，所有熔毁事
故平均死亡人数为400人。因 为烧煤导致的空气污染预计每年导致一万人死亡，核
电每年要发生25次熔毁才能和烧煤一样危险。

Of course deaths from coal burning air pollution are not noticeable, but the same
is true for the cancer deaths from reactor accidents. In the worst accident
considered, expected once in 100,000 melt-downs (once in 2 billion years of
reactor operation), the cancer deaths would be among 10 million people, increasing
their cancer risk typically from 20% (the current U.S. average) to 20.5%. This is
much less than the geographical variation--- 22% in New England to 17% in the
Rocky Mountain states.
当然烧煤引发的空气污染造成的死亡并不是很明显，但是核反应堆事故引发的癌
症死亡病例 也不明显。假设在最糟糕的事故中，也就是10万次熔毁事故中有一次（核
反应堆运转20亿年中有一次 ），导致的癌症死亡率是1千万人中，风险通常从20%
（现在美国的平均值）上升到20.5%，这远 比地理差异要小得多——新英格兰22%，
洛基山脉各州17%。

Very high radiation doses can destroy body functions and lead to death within 60
days, but such deaths would be expected in only 2% of reactor
melt-down accidents; there would be over 100 in 0.2% of meltdowns, and 3500 in 1
out of 100,000 melt-downs. To date, the largest number of noticeable deaths from
coal burning was in an air pollution incident (London, 1952) where there were 3500
extra deaths in one week. Of course the nuclear accidents are hypothetical and
there are many much worse hypothetical accidents in other electricity generation
technologies; e.g., there are hydroelectric dams in California whose sudden failure
could cause 200,000 deaths.
高剂量的辐射会摧毁身体机能并在60天内导致死 亡，但这种“明显的”死亡仅仅
在2%的核反应堆熔毁事故中能够被预料到，在0.2%的熔毁事故中会 超过100天，

而在1100,000的熔毁事故中会超过3，500天。迄今为止，因 为烧煤引发的明显的
死亡事件中最大数字发生在一次空气污染事故中（伦敦，1952年），在那次事故 中，
一周内多出了3500名死亡病例。当然这些核事故是假设的，在其他的发电技术领域
有严 重得多的事故，比如，在加州有水电大坝，如果突然出故障会导致20万人死亡。

Radioactive Waste

The radioactive waste products from the nuclear industry must be isolated from
contact with people for very long time periods. The bulk of the radioactivity is
contained in the spent fuel, which is quite small in volume and therefore easily
handled with great care. This
and emplaced in the natural habitat of rocks, deep underground. The average
lifetime of a rock in that environment is one billion years. If the waste behaves like
other rock, it is easily shown that the waste generated by one nuclear power plant
will eventually, over millions of years (if there is no cure found for cancer), cause
one death from 50 years of operation. By comparison, the wastes from coal burning
plants that end up in the ground will eventually cause several thousand deaths from
generating the same amount of electricity.
放射性废料
来自核工业的放射性废料产品一定要和人们的接触隔 离开来，而且要隔离非
常长得时间，放射性的大部分都包含在已用过的燃料中，而这些已用过的核燃料体 积
很小，所以在非常小心的情况下很容易处理。这种“高等级的废料”会被转化成岩石一
样的形 式，然后会被安放在岩石的天然所在地，也就是地下很深的地方。在那样的环
境下一块岩石的平均寿命是 十亿年。如果核废料像其它岩石一样，很容易发现一个核
电厂产生的废料最终会在几百万年后（如果这期 间没有发现治愈癌症的方式），导致
核电厂50年的运转中有一例死亡病例。相比之下，烧煤的工厂产生 的废料最终会放
在地下，如果与核电厂产生同样的电力，这些煤废料会导致几千人死亡。
The much larger volume of much less radioactive (low level) waste from
nuclear plants will be buried at shallow depths (typically 20 feet) in soil. If we
assume that this material immediately becomes dispersed through the soil between
the surface and ground water depth (despite elaborate measures to maintain waste
package integrity) and behaves like the same materials that are present naturally in
soil (there is extensive evidence confirming such behavior), the death toll from this
low level waste would be 5% of that from the high level waste discussed in the

previous paragraph.
更大体积而放射性小得多的（低等级的）核电厂废料会被埋在土壤中更浅的地方（通常是20英尺）。如果我们假定这种材料很快分散在土壤中，这些土壤位于地
表和地下水深 度之间（尽管有复杂的措施维持废料包的完整）。它们的反应就像土壤
中天然存在的同样材料一样（有广 泛的证据确认这样的反应），由这种低等级废料造
成的死亡人数是上段讨论的高等级废料造成的死亡人数 的5%。
Other Radiation Problems

The effects of routine releases of radioactivity from nuclear plants depend
somewhat on how the spent fuel is handled. A typical estimate is that they may
reduce our life expectancy by 15 minutes.

Potential problems from accidents in transport of radioactive materials are largely
neutralized by elaborate packaging. A great deal of such transport has taken place
over the past 50 years and there have been numerous accidents, including fatal
ones. However, from all of these accidents combined, there is less than a 1%
chance that even a single death will ever result from radiation exposure.
Probabilistic risk analyses indicate that we can expect less than one death per
century in U.S. from this source.


Mining uranium to fuel nuclear power plants leaves
chemical processing of the ore, which lead to radon exposures to the public.
However, these effects are grossly over- compensated by the fact that mining
uranium out of the ground reduces future radon exposures. By comparison, coal
burning leaves ashes that increase future radon exposures. The all-inclusive
estimates of radon effects are that one nuclear power plant operating for one year
will eventually avert a few hundred deaths, while an equivalent coal burning plant
will eventually cause 30 deaths.
其他辐射问题
核电厂辐射性的 常规释放作用在一定程度上取决于用过的燃料是如何处置
的。通常预计它会减低人们的预期寿命15分钟 。
辐射材料运输事故的潜在问题很大程度上被复杂的包装抵消了。过去50年来
有很多辐射材 料的运输过程，也有很多次事故，包括致命的事故。但是，综合所有这

些事故，有不到1 %的机会接触辐射会导致一例死亡。概率风险分析说明在美国每个
世纪因为辐射材料的运输导致的死亡人 数不到1人。
开采铀给核电厂提供燃料留下了“工厂尾料”，这是对于矿石的化学加工产生的
残渣，会导致大众接触到氡。但是，从地上开采铀降低了未来接触氡的风险，这从总
体上大大补偿了前面 提到的问题。相比之下，烧煤留下的灰增加了未来接触氡的机会。
关于氡的影响，总体的估计量是一个核 电站运转一年最终会避免几百人死亡，而相等
的烧煤发电厂最终会导致30人死亡。

If you want to spark a heated debate at a dinner party, bring up the topic of
genetically modified foods. For many people, the concept of genetically altered,
high-tech crop production raises all kinds of environmental, health, safety and
ethical questions. Particularly in countries with long agrarian traditions -- and vocal
green lobbies -- the idea seems against nature.如果你想在某次晚宴上挑起一场激
烈的争论， 那就提出转基因食品的话题吧。对许多人来说，高科技的转基因作物生产
的概念会带来诸如环境、健康、 安全和伦理等方面的各种问题。特别是在有悠久的农
业生产传统和主张环保的游说集团的国家里，转基因 食品的主意似乎有悖自然。

In fact, genetically modified foods are already very much a part of our lives. A third
of the corn and more than half the soybeans and cotton grown in the US last year
were the product of biotechnology, according to the Department of Agriculture.
More than 65 million acres of genetically modified crops will be planted in the US
this year. The genetic is out of the bottle.事实上，转基因食品已经成为我们生活重要
的一部分。根据农业 部的统计，美国去年所种植玉米的1／3，大豆和棉花的一半以
上都是生物技术的产物。今年，美国将种 植6500多万英亩的转基因作物。基因妖怪
已经从瓶子里跑出来了。

Yet there are clearly some very real issues that need to be resolved. Like any new
product entering the food chain, genetically modified foods must be subjected to
rigorous testing. In wealthy countries, the debate about biotech is tempered by the
fact that we have a rich array of foods to choose from -- and a supply that far
exceeds our needs. In developing countries desperate to feed fast-growing and
underfed populations; the issue is simpler and much more urgent: Do the benefits
of biotech outweigh the risks?但是，显然还有 一些非常现实的问题需要解决。就像
任何一种要进入食物链的新食品一样，转基因食品必须经过严格的检 验。在富裕的国

家里，由于有大量丰富的食品可供选择，而且供应远远超过需求，所以关 于生物技术
的争论相对缓和一些。在迫切想要养活其迅速增长而又吃不饱的人口的发展中国家，
问题比较简单，也更加紧迫：生物技术的好处是否大于风险呢?

The statistics on population growth and hunger are disturbing. Last year the world's
population reached 6 billion. And by 2050, the UN estimates, it will probably near 9
billion. Almost all that growth will occur in developing countries. At the same time,
the world's available cultivable land per person is declining. Arable land has
declined steadily since 1960 and will decease by half over the next 50 years,
according to the International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-Biotech
Applications (ISAA A).关于人口增长和饥饿的统计数字读来令人感到不安。去年，世
界人口达到了60亿。联合国预测， 到2D0年，这个数字很可能将接近90亿，而增
加的人口几乎都来自发展中国家。与此同时，世界人均 耕地正在减少。国际农业生物
工程应用技术采购管理局(ISAAA)称，自1960年以来，耕地面积 一直持续下降，并
将在今后50年减少一半。

The UN estimates that nearly 800 million people around the world are
undernourished. The effects are devastating. About 400 million women of
childbearing age are iron deficient, which means their babies are exposed to
various birth defects. As many as 100 million children suffer from vitamin A
deficiency, a leading cause of blindness. Tens of millions of people suffer from
other major ailments and nutritional deficiencies caused by lack of food.联合 国估
计，世界上有近8亿人口营养不良。它产生的效应是破坏性的。大约有4亿的育龄妇
女体内 缺铁，也就是说，她们的婴儿将可能有各种天生的缺陷。数量多达1亿的儿童
缺乏维生素A，这是导致失 明的主要原因。还有数千万的人患有因食物匮乏而导致的
其他严重疾病和营养不良症。

How can biotech help? Biotechnologists have developed genetically modified rice
that is fortified with beta-carotene -- which the body converts into vitamin A -- and
additional iron, and they are working on other kinds of nutritionally improved crops.
Biotech can also improve farming productivity in places where food shortages are
caused by crop damage attribution to pests, drought, poor soil and crop viruses,
bacteria or fungi.生物技术对此能做些什么呢?生物技术专家 已经培育出了含有β—胡
萝卜素(身体可将之转化为维生素A)和更多铁元素的转基因水稻，目前正在研 究培育

其他一些增进营养成分的农作物。生物技术还可以帮助提高因虫害、干旱、土壤贫 瘠
和作物病毒、细菌或真菌导致作物减产而出现食物匮乏的地区的农业生产率。

Damage caused by pests is incredible. The European corn borer, for example,
destroys 40 million tons of the world's corn crop annually, about 7% of the total.
Incorporating pest- resistant genes into seeds can help restore the balance. In trials
of pest-resistant cotton in Africa, yields have increased significantly. So far, fears
that genetically modified, pest- resistant crops might kill good insects as well as bad
appear unfounded.虫害带来的损失令人难以置信。例如，欧洲玉米螟每年毁 掉4000
万吨玉米，占世界玉米总产量的7％。把抗虫害的基因植入种子可以帮助避免这一损
失。在非洲进行的抗虫害棉花试验中，棉花的产量已大幅度提高。有人担心，抗虫害
的转基因作物不仅将 害虫杀死，而且有可能连益虫也一起杀死，但到目前为止，这种
担心似乎没有根据。

Viruses often cause massive failure in staple crops in developing countries. Two
years age, Africa lost more than half its cassava crop -- a key source of calories --
to the mosaic virus. Genetically modified, virus-resistant crops can reduce that
damage, as can drought-tolerant seeds in regions where water shortages limit the
amount of land under cultivation. Biotech can also help solve the problem of soil
that contains excess aluminum, which can damage roots and cause many
staple-crop failures. A gene that helps neutralize aluminum toxicity in rice has been
identified.病毒常常在发展中国家造成主要粮食作物的大面积歉收。两 年前，花叶病
毒使非洲损失了超过一半的木薯，而这种作物是当地人的主要食物。转基因的抗病毒
作物可以减少这种损失，就像抗干旱种子在可耕地面积因缺水而受到限制的地区起到
的作用一样。含铝 过高的土壤会损伤作物的根系并使许多主要作物歉收，对于这种问
题生物技术也能帮助解决。目前，研究 人员已经识别出一种有助于中和水稻里铝的毒
性的基因。

Many scientists believe biotech could raise overall crop productivity in developing
countries as much as 25% and help prevent the loss of those crops after they are
harvested.许多科学家认为，生物技术能够把 发展中国家的农业总产量提高25％，并
且帮助防止作物收割后遭受损失。

Yet for all that promise, biotech is far from being the whole answer. In developing

countries, lost crops are only one cause of hunger. Poverty plays the largest role.
Today more than 1 billion people around the globe live on less than ' 1 a day.
Making genetically modified crops available will not reduce hunger if farmers
cannot afford to grow them or if the local population cannot afford to buy the food
those farmers produce.尽管具有这么多潜力，生 物技术还远远不能解决全部问题。
在发展中国家，作物歉收只是造成饥饿的一个原因。贫穷才是罪魁祸首 。今天，全世
界有超过10亿人口每天靠不到1美元维持生计。如果农民没钱种植转基因作物或当
地人买不起农民种出的粮食，培育转基因作物就无法减少饥饿。

Nor can biotech overcome the challenge of distributing food in developing countries.
Taken as a whole, the world produces enough food to feed everyone -- but much of
it is simply in the wrong place. Especially in countries with undeveloped transport
infrastructures, geography restricts food availability as dramatically as genetics
promises to improve i t.此外，生物技术也无法克服在发展中国家分配粮食的难题。从
整体上看，世界生产的粮食足够养活所 有人，但大部分粮食却不是在需要的地方。尤
其在运输基础设施落后的国家，地理条件对食物供给的限制 正如遗传学为食物供给带
来的希望一样大。

Biotech has its own problems. Private-sector biotech companies in
the rich countries carry out much of the leading-edge research on genetically
modified crops. Their products are often too costly for poor farmers in the
developing world, and many of those products won't even reach the regions where
they are most needed. Biotech firms have a strong financial incentive to target rich
markets first in order to help them rapidly recoup the high costs of product
development. But some of these companies are responding to needs of poor
countries. A London-based company, for example, has announced that it will share
with developing countries technology needed to produce vitamin-enriched
rice生物技术也面临 自身的“分配”问题。许多转基因作物方面的尖端研究都是富国的
私营生物技术公司进行的。对发展中国 家的穷苦农民来说，这些公司的产品通常显得
过于昂贵，而且这些产品中的大部分甚至无法到达最需要的 地区。强大的经济刺激促
使生物技术公司把富裕国家的市场作为第一目标，以便能够尽快回收产品开发的 高额
成本。不过，有些公司已开始对贫穷国家的需要做出反应。例如，一家总部在伦敦的
公司已 经宣布，它愿意和发展中国家一起分享生产维生素增强型的“金水稻”所需的技
术。

More and more biotech research is being carried out in developing countries. But to
increase the impact of genetic research on the food production of those countries,
there is a need for better collaboration between government agencies -- both local
and in developed countries -- and private biotech firms. The ISAAA, for example, is
successfully partnering with the US Agency for International Development, local
researches and private biotech companies to find and deliver biotech solutions for
farmers in developing countries.发展中国家正在进行越来越多的生物技术研究。但
是，为扩大遗传学研究对这些国家的粮食生产的影响，政府各部门(包括当地政府部
门和发达国家的政府 部门)与私营生物技术公司之间需要更好的合作。例如，国际农
业生物工程应用技术采购管理局目前正与 美国国际发展署、当地的研究人员以及私营
的生物技术公司进行成功的合作，以帮助发展中国家的农民寻 求生物技术方面的解决
办法。

Will
to transform agriculture in many developing countries. If that promise is not fulfilled,
the real losers will be their people, who could suffer for years to com e.“弗兰肯食品”
能养活世界吗?生物技术虽不是万灵药，但它确实有希望改造许多发展中国家的农业 。
如果这种希望不能实现，真正的受害者将是这些国家的人民，他们可能会在未来的岁
月里遭受 苦难。