计算机专业英语课后答案(清华大学出版社第二版)

第一章Computer system overview(操作系统概述)
I. Pre-reading Questions
1. What is a digital computer?
The digital computer is a digital system that performs various computational tasks.
The word “digital” implies that theinformation in the computer is represented by
variables that take a limited number of discrete values. These values are processed
internally by components that can maintain a limited number of discrete states. Digital
computer is also called electronic computer or computer.
2. Are there any differences between the binary number system and the common
decimal number system?
The decimal digits has ten digits: 0,1,2,?, and 9. The binary number system has two
digits: 0 and 1. The binary numbers use a base 2. The decimal digits use a base 10.
3. How many types of computers do you know? Name at least four of them.
Computers are usually classified into four broad categories: microcomputers,
minicomputers, mainframe computers and supercomputers.
II Fill in the following blanks.
1. Application software is designed to accomplish real-world tasks in fields.
2. An 8-bit signed integer can have any value between -128 and 127
3. System software controls the computer and enables it to run the hardware and
applications software.
4. A computer system consists of hardware system and software system .
5. List four types of computers: microcomputers, minicomputers , mainframe
computers,and supercomputers .
III True or False.
1. The software system is the physical equipment that you can see and touch. 1.F
2. Typically, a data value is set to zero to represent FALSE and 1 value forTRUE. 2.
F
3. In the earliest general-purpose computer, most input and output media were
magnetic disks. 3. F
4. Supercomputers are largest, fastest, and most expensive computer available.4.T
5. A computer system consists of hardware system and software system. 5. T IV
Matching terms.
1、(b) CPUThe processing unit is at the heart of a computer.
2、(c) bit A unit of information conveyed by a single binary digit.
3
、
(a) integrated circuit (IC)A complete electronic circuit that packages transistors and
other electronic components on a small silicon chip.
4、(d) ASCII A system for encoding characters as binary digits.
V Translating Terms.
(1) coding techniques
编码技术
(2) application software 应用软件
(3) floating point data 浮点数据
(4) timesharing 分时，分时技术
(5) storage capacities 存储容量
VI Choose the best one of the four answers given to fill in each blank.
This chapter introduces digital computer, data types, the evolution of computers, and
types of computers. 1 is known to all, it’s hard to find a field in 2
computers are not being used. Digital computer, also called electronic computer or
computer, is a digital system that 3 various computational tasks. Digital
computers use the 4 number system, which has two digits: 0 and using

various coding 5 , groups of bits can be made to represent not only binary
numbers 6 other discrete symbols, such as decimal digits or letters of the
alphabet. A computer system consists of hardware system and software system.
Programs tell the hardware what to do. 7 software is designed to accomplish
real-world tasks in fields such as accounting, entertainment, and engineering.
Computers are usually 8 into four broad categories: microcomputers,
minicomputers, mainframe computers, and supercomputers. It’s hard to give a 9
definition to each type because computer speeds and storage 10 change rapidly.
1. A. As B. It C. As it D. That
2. A. what B. which C. where D. when
3. A. performs B. carries C. makes D. integrates
4. A. decimal B. binary C. Arabian D. American
5. A. technique B. Technology C. techniques D. technologies
6. A. instead of B. rather than C. but also D. as well
7. A. Application B. System C. Word D. Excel
8. A. put B. made C. conducted D. classified
9. A. precious B. progress C. proceeding D. precise
10. A. capacities B. capable C. capabilities D. capacity
1.A 2. B 3. A 4. B 5. C
6. C 7. A 8. D 9. D 1 0.C
VII. Translate the following into English.
1. By using various coding techniques, groups of bits can be made to represent not
only binary numbers but also other discrete symbols.
通过应用各种编码技术。一组二进制不但可以表 示二进制数据，而且还可以表示其他离散符
号，如十进制数字或字母表中的字母。
2. System software includes not only the complex programs used by technicians to
create application software in the first place but also the organizational programs
needed to start up the computer and govern its use of other programs. 另一方面，系
统软件控制计算机系统，它不仅包括专业人员用于创建应用软件的复杂程序，而
且 还包括用于启动计算机和提供给其它程序使用的管理程序。
3. Data are numbers and other binary-code information that are operated on to achieve
required computational results. 数据是数字和其他二进制代码信息，这些二进制代
码信息是可操作并能满足要求的计算机结果。
4. 4. Rather than arithmetically or logically manipulating characters, a computer may
concatenate strings of characters, replace some characters with others, or otherwise
manipulate character strings. 计算机能将若干字符连成串，而不是 用算术方法或逻
辑方法处理字符，用串代替其它字符或另行处理字符串。
5. Software applications like word processing, electronic spreadsheets, database
management programs, painting and drawing programs, desktop publishing, and so
forth became commercially available, giving more people reasons to use a com puter.
软件应用像文字处理、电子表格、数据库管理程序、画图程序及桌面印刷等等起
到 一定的商业效力，使更多的人去使用计算机。

第二章Computer System Organization
I. Pre-reading Questions
1. What is a computer system?
A computer system consists of hardware system and software system. The hardware

of the computer is usually divided into three major parts or three primary subsystems:
the CPU, the memory subsystem, and the IO subsystem. The software system can be
divided into two broad categories: application software and system software..
2. How many levels of memory hierarchy do you know? Name at least three of them.
The memory hierarchy system consists of three are a cache ,the main
memory and the auxiliary memory.
3. Identify the types of data transfer modes.
Data transfer has three modes: programmed IO, interrupts, and direct memory access
(DMA).
II Fill in the following blanks.
1. The computer hardware consists of three major parts which are the CPU, the
memory subsystem, and the IO subsystem.
2. There are two major types of memory: Random Access Memory (RAM) and Read
Only Memory (ROM).
3. The cache memory in personal computers is constructed from SRAM
4. input-output interface (IO interface) provides a method for transferring
information between internal storage and external IO devices.
5. Data transfer between the central computer and IO devices may be handled in a
variety of modes. These modes are programmed IO, interrupts, and direct memory
access (DMA).
III True or False.
1.F The data bus always receives data from the CPU, and the CPU never reads
the data bus.
2.T Main memory holds whatever programs and data are available for immediate
use by the CPU.
3.F Dynamic RAM does not have to be refreshed.
4.F Dot-matrix printer work by squirting tiny droplets of liquid ink at the paper.
5.F The auxiliary memory is very small, relatively expensive, and has very high
access speed.
IV Matching terms.
1、 E2PROM an electrically erasable PROM
2、DMAA transfer mode that can be improved is the transfer of data between memory
and IO devices.
3、ALU The unit which performs most arithmetic and logical operations
4、RAM Memory that is erased when the computer is turned off.
ating Terms.
1. system buses 系统总线
2. virtual memory 虚拟存储器
3. computer architecture 计算机体系结构
4. instruction set 指令集
5. direct memory access 直接存储器存取
VI. Choose the best one of the four answers given to fill in each blank.
A computer system 1 of hardware system and software system. The
hardware of the computer is usually divided into three major parts or three 2
subsystems: the CPU, the memory subsystem, and the IO 3 . The CPU is
made up of three major parts, Register Set, the 4 logic unit, or ALU, and
Control Unit. It performs many operations and controls computer. Memory is also
known as 5 memory or main memory, which is cataloged into two major
types of memory: Random Access Memory (RAM) and Read Only Memory (ROM).It

refers to the 6 in the computer that hold whatever programs and data are
available 7 immediate use by the CPU, along with the program’s data.
Computer systems include special hardware 8 between the CPU and
peripherals to supervise and synchronize all input and output transfers. These
components are called 9 units because they interface between the
processor bus and the peripheral device. The IO subsystem allows the CPU to
10 with input and output devices.
1. A. Consists B. makes up C. Constitutes D. comprise
2. A. premier B. Primary C. preliminary D. elementary
3. A. system B. machine C. subsystem D. device
4. A. mathematic B. authorative C. Arithmetic D. authoritative
5. al or C. Interior D. internal
6. A. circuits B. wires C. lines D. hardware
7. B. for C. with D. in
8. re B. setting C. listing D. components
9. A. singular C. interface D. compact
10. B. interact C. respond D. link
1. A 2. B 3. C 4. C 5. D
6. A 7. B 8. D 9. C 10. B
VII Translate the following into English.
1. By asserting these internal and external control signals in the proper sequence, the
control unit causes the CPU and the rest of the computer to perform the operation
needed to correctly process instructions.
为了保证内部和外部控制信号的序列正确，控制单元保证CPU和计算机的其他
部件提供需要正确执行 的指令操作。
2. In a computer with virtual memory, less-used parts of programs are shifted from
RAM to a hard disk and are moved back only when needed.
在使用了虚拟存储器的计算机中，很少使用的程序从RAM被移到硬盘中 ，仅当
需要时才被移回来。
3. A technique used to compensate for the mismatch in operating speeds is to employ
an extremely fast, small cache between the CPU and main memory whose access time
is close to processor logic clock cycle time.
为了弥补操作速度的不匹配，在CPU和主存之间采用非常快的小缓存，它的存
取时间接近于处 理器的逻辑时钟周期。
4. The data transfer rate of peripherals is usually slower than the transfer rate of the
CPU, and consequently, a synchronization mechanism may be needed.
外设的数据传输速率通常比CPU的传输速率慢，因此就需要一个同步装置。
5. In some computers the interrupt vector is an address that points to a location in
memory where the beginning address of the IO service routine is stored.
在一些计算机中，中断向量是一个地址，它指向存储器中存储IO服务程序起始
地址的单元。

第三章Computer system architecture
I. Pre-reading Questions
1. How many types of parallel processing do you know? Name at least four of them.?
There are a variety of ways that parallel processing can be classified. One
classification introduced by M. J. Flynn considers the organization of a computer
system by the number of instructions and data items that are manipulated
simultaneously. Flynn’s classification divides computers into four major groups as

follows:
1、Single instruction stream, single data stream (SISD).
2、Single instruction stream, multiple data stream (SIMD).
3、Multiple instruction stream, single data stream (MISD).
4、Multiple instruction stream, multiple data stream (MIMD).
2. What is a pipelining?
Pipelining is a technique of decomposing a sequential process into suboperations,
with each subprocess being executed in a special dedicated segment that operates
concurrently with all other segments.
3. What is a RISC?
RISC processors exclude these instructions, opting for a smaller instruction set with
simpler instructions.
II Fill in the following blanks.
1. It is characteristic of pipelines that several computations can be in process in
distinct segments at the same time.
2. The overlapping of computation is made possible by associating a register with
each segment in the pipeline.
3. The vector instruction includes the initial address of the operands, the length of the
vector, and the operation to be performed.
processors have fewer and simpler instructions than CISC processors.
5. The sequence of instructions read from memory constitutes an instruction
operations performed on the data in the processor constitutes a data
stream.
III True or False.
1. Shift registers operate in serial fashion all the bits of the word at a time.1.F
2. RISC processors have larger instruction sets that often include some particularly
complex instructions.2. F
3. SIMD represents an organization that includes many processing units under the
supervision of a common control unit.3. T
4. Parallel processing is established by distributing the data among the multiple
functional units.4. T
5. RISC is a complex instruction set computer.5. F
IV Matching terms.
(a) SISD (b) SIMD
(c) MISD (d) MIMD
1.c_______ multiple instruction stream, single data stream
2.b_______ single instruction stream, multiple data stream
3.d_______ multiple instruction stream, multiple data stream
4.a_______ single instruction stream, single data stream


V Translating Terms.
1. parallel processing 1.并行处理
2. pipeline processing 2流水线处理
3. vector processing 3. 向量处理
4. scalar processor 4. 标量处理器
1. 5. backward compatibility 5. 向下兼容
VI. Choose the best one of the four answers given to fill in each blank.
In computer engineering, computer architecture is the ___1___ design and

fundamental operational structure of a computer system. It is a ___2___ and
functional description of requirements, especially speeds and interconnections, and
design implementations for the various parts of a computer —___3___ largely on the
way by which the central processing unit (CPU) performs internally and accesses
addresses in memory. Computer system architecture ___4___ the design of the four
___5___: parallel processing, pipelining, vector processing and RISC. Parallel
processing system is used to provide simultaneous data-processing tasks for the
purpose of increasing the ___6__ speed of a computer system and is able to perform
___7___ data processing to achieve faster execution time. A pipeline is a set of data
processing elements connected in series, so that the output of one element is the input
of the next one. The elements of a pipeline are often ___8___ in parallel or in
time-sliced fashion. A vector processor, is a CPU design that is able to run
mathematical operations on multiple data elements simultaneously. Computers with
vector processing capabilities are in demand in 9___ applications. RISC
processors have fewer and __10___ instructions than CISC processors. As a result,
their control units are less complex and easier to design.
1. A. lastest B. conceptual C. ideal D. simple
2. A. plan B. design C. blueprint D. concept
3. A. relying B. depending C. attaching D. focusing
4. A. refers B. speaks C. involves D. interacts
5. A. ingredients B. types C. kinds D. lists
6. A. computational B. computer
C. computation D. computing
7. A. current B. compound
C. concurrent D. massive
8. A. displayed B. carried
C. accomplished D. executed
9. A. special B. specialized C. specific D. especial
10. A. simple B. simplifying C. singular D. Simpler
1. B 2. C 3. D 4. C 5. A
6. A 7. C 8. D 9. B 10.D
VII. Translate the following into English.
1. The purpose of parallel processing is to speed up the computer processing
capability and increase its throughput, that is, the amount of processing that can be
accomplished during a given interval of time.
1. 并行处理的目的是加快计算机的处理速度并增加其吞吐量，所谓吞吐量是指
在规定的时间 间隔内所完成的指令。
2. It is characteristic of pipelines that several computations can be in process in
distinct segments at the same time.
2. 流水线的特征就在于在同一时间里可以在不同的子过程中处理几个不同的运
算。
3. To achieve the required level of high performance it is necessary to utilize the
fastest and most reliable hardware and apply innovative procedures from vector and
parallel processing techniques.
3. 只有采用最快和最可靠的硬件并应用向量处理和并行处理等新技术才能获得
这些高性能的处理能力。
4. In general, the greater the number of instructions in an instruction set, the larger the
propagation delay is within the CPU.
4. 一般来说，指令集中的指令数量越多，CPU内部的传播延迟时间就越长。

5. Although CISC processors are more complex, this complexity does not necessarily
increase development costs.
5. 虽然CISC处理器更为复杂，但这并不一定必然会导致开发成本的增加。












第四章Algorithms and Data Structure
I. Pre- reading Questions
1. What is an algorithm?
An algorithm is an ordered set of unambiguous, executable steps, defining a
terminating process.
2. Name at least four of algorithmic techniques.
(1) Brute-force Algorithms (2) Divide-and-Conquer Algorithms
(3) Dynamic Programming (4) Greedy Algorithms
3. How many classes of data structures do you know? Name at least four of them.
The data structures have five classes. They are the array, list, linked list, stacks and
queues, a tree.
II. Fill in the following blanks.
1. Each primitive consists of two parts: its syntax and its semantics.
2. A pseudocode is a notational system in which ideas can be expressed informally
during the algorithm development process.
3. The running time is refer to the computational time required by an algorithm.
4. We define the worst case running time of an algorithm to be the maximum running
time of that algorithm over all possible inputs of size n.
5. A list is one of the most fundamental data structures used to store a collection of
data items.
III. True or False.
1. A number of different algorithms can exist for solving a computational problem,
and each of these algorithms could have a same running time complexity. F
2. The divide-and-conquer algorithm is a bottom-up technique that usually begins by
solving the smallest subproblems, the dynamic programming solves problems in a
top-down fashion. F
3. An important property of arrays is that their size and shape are constant. T
4. If all of the elements stored in a list are of the same type, then the list is said to be
heterogeneous. However, if different types of elements are stored in the list, then the
list is said to be homogeneous. F
5. A queue is a dynamic set that obeys the LIFO property. F
IV. Answer the following question.
1. List the steps involved in a divide-and-conquer algorithm.
1. The steps involved in a divide-and-conquer algorithm can be summarized as
follows: First，divide the original problem into a number of subproblems. Next, solve

(i.e., conquer) the subproblems. If the subproblems are small enough, they should be
solved directly; otherwise, they should be solved recursively. Finally, combine the
solutions to the subproblems to produce the final solution.
2. List approach that is often used to solve optimization problems.
Brute-force Algorithms
Divide-and- conquer Algorithms
Dynamic Programming
Greedy Algorithms
Randomized Algorithms
3. Describe differences between a binary tree and a tree.
The essential differences between a binary tree and a tree as follows:
A binary tree can be empty, whereas a tree cannot.
Each node in a binary tree has exactly two subtrees (one or both of these subtrees
may be empty). Each node in a tree can have any number of subtrees.
The subtrees of each node in a binary tree are ordered. The subtrees in a tree are
unordered.
V Translating Terms.
1. parallel algorithm 1.并行算法
2. exhaustive search 2. 穷举搜索
3. dynamic programming 3. 动态规划
4. doubly-linked list 4. 双向链表
5. two- dimensional array 5. 二维数组
VI. Choose the best one of the four answers given to fill in each blank.
Algorithms are essential to the way computers process information, because
a computer program is 1 an algorithm that tells the computer what specific
2 to perform in certain order in order to carry out a specified task, such as
calculating employees’ paychecks or printing students’ report cards. Thus, an
algorithm can be considered to be 3 sequence of operations that can
be performed by a turning-complete system. In fact, a data structure is a way of
4 data in a computer so that it can be used efficiently. Often a carefully 5
data structure will allow the 6 efficient algorithm to be used. The choice of
the data structure often begins from the choice of an 7 data type. A
well-designed data structure allows a variety of critical operations to be performed,
using as few resources, both execution time and memory space, as possible. Data
structures are implemented by a 8 language as data types and the
references and operations they provide. Moreover, different kinds of data structures
are 9 to different kinds of applications, and some are highly specialized to
certain tasks. For example, B-trees are particularly well-suited for implementation of
databases, 10 networks of machines rely on routing tables to function.
1. A. essentially B. essential C. partially D. mainly
2. A. methods B. steps C. plans D. exercises
3. A. some B. a C. the D. any
4. A. receiving B. storing C. input D. output
5. A. chosen B. made C. programmed D. picked
6. A. very B. most C. more D. less
7. A. abstract te C. special D. certain
8. A. basic B. running C. programming D. advanced
9. A. comforted B. suited C. compared D. hooked

10. A. therefore B. with C. when D. While
1. A 2. B 3. D 4. B 5. A
6. B 7. A 8. C 9. B 10. D
VII Translate the following into English.
1. In short, communication problems arise when the language used for an algorithm's
representation is not precisely defined or when information is not given in adequate
detail.
1. 简单的讲，算法描述所采用的语言不具有精确的定义或者信息不够详细也会使
交流产生问题。
2. Another common algorithmic structure involves that the need to continue executing
a statement or sequence of statements as long as some condition remains true.
2. 另一种常见的算法结构是当条件为“真”时，循环执行一条语句或者语句序列。
3. In many algorithms, running time will vary not only for inputs of different sizes,
but also for different inputs of the same size.
3. 在众多算法中，影响运行时间的不仅有不同长度的输入，也包括相同长度的不
同输入。
4. Thus, dynamic programming is a bottom-up technique that usually begins by
solving the smallest subproblems, saving these results, and then reusing them to solve
larger and larger subproblems until the solution to the original problem is obtained.
4. 因此，动态规划方法是一种自下而上的方法，这 种方法通常先解决最小的子问
题，并保存其解，之后利用这些解对较大问题的求解，一步一步地进行直至 得到
原问题的解。
5. 5. Although CISC processors are more complex, this complexity does not
necessarily increase development costs.
5. 虽然CISC处理器更为复杂，但这并不一定必然会导致开发成本的增加。



第五章PROGRAMMING and LANGUAGES
I. Pre- reading Questions
1. What is a program?
A program is a list of instructions that the computer must follow to process data into information.
The instructions consist of statements written in a programming language.
2. Name at least four of the programming languages.
Traditionally, computer programming languages are divided into five levels or generations, which
are as follows: (1) First generation—— machine language, (2) Second generation—— assembly
language, (3) Third generation—— high-level languages, (4) Fourth generation——
very-high-level languages, (5) Fifth generation—— natural languages.
3. How many important terminology of object-oriented programming do you know?
The object-oriented programming have many important are class, objects,
inheritance, message passing, dynamic binding and polymorphism.
II Fill in the following blanks.
1. In programming, the documentation is classified user documentation , operator
documentation and programmer documentation
2. A program is a list of instructions or statements for directing the computer to perform a
required data-processing task.
3. The lowest level of programming languages is machine language.

4. Very- high-level languages are often called 4GLs
l languages allow questions or commands to be framed in a more conversational way or
in alternative forms.
III. True or False.
1. The computer hardware recognizes only assembly language instruction. F
2. A program written in the assembly language of one microprocessor can run on a computer that
has a different microprocessor. F
3. Assembly languages are platform-independent, but high-level languages are not
platform-independent. F
4. The 4GLs are also called nonprocedural languages. T
5. Each assembly language instruction corresponds to one unique machine code instruction. T
IV Answer the following question.
1. List the five steps of programming.
1. Programming is traditionally a five-step problem-solving process. The five steps are as follows:
The first step: Problem definition
The second step: Program design
The third step: Program coding
The fourth step: Program testing
The fifth step: Program documentation and maintenance
2. How many types of programming languages do you know?
Traditionally, computer programming languages are divided into five levels or generations, which
are as follows.
First generation—— machine language
Second generation—— assembly language
Third generation—— high-level languages
Fourth generation—— very-high-level languages
Fifth generation—— natural languages
3. List differences between compilation process and assembly process.
High-level language programs are compiled, and assembly language programs are assembled.
High-level languages are platform- independent. The same high-level source code can be compiled
to run on different microprocessors and operating systems, or computing platforms. Assembly
language programs usually run on only one platform.
A high-level language statement is usually converted to a sequence of several machine code
instructions. Each assembly language instruction corresponds to one unique machine code
instruction.
V. Translating Terms.
1. derived class 派生类
2. Inheritance 继承
3. markup languages 标记语言
4. Hyperlinks
5. Java virtual machine
超链接
Java虚拟机
VI. Choose the best one of the four answers given to fill in each blank.
A total computer system includes both hardware system and software system. Hardware consists
of the 1 components and all associated equipment. Software refers to the programs

that are 2 for the computer. It is possible to be familiar with various
3 of computer software without being concerned with details of how the computer
hardware operates.A programming language is a language used to write computer programs,
which involve a computer 4 some kind of computation or algorithm and possibly
control over 5 devices such as printers, robots, and so on. Programming languages
differ from 6 languages in that natural languages are only used for interaction between
people, while programming languages also allow humans to communicate 7 to
machines. Some programming languages are used by one device 8 control another. A
prominent 9 of programming languages is to provide instructions to a computer.
Thousands of different programming languages have been 10 , and new languages are
created every year.
1. A. mental
2. A. design
3. A. parts
B. possible ial D. physical
B. spoken C. writtenD. made
B. kinds D. aspects
4. meB. to perform C. performing D. performs
5. l B. external C. inside D. outside
6. A. natural
7.
8. A. to
9. A. show
10. A. creatingB. created
B. Human C. computer D. artificial
B. instructionsC. codes D. calls
B. for C. with D. over
B. research
C. to create
C. purpose D. study
D. Creation
1. 2. C3. D4. C5. B
6. A7. B8. A9. C10. B

VII. Translate the following into English.
1. Documentation is needed for everyone who will be involved with the program—— users,
operators, and programmers.
1. 文档是每个涉及程序的人——用户、操作员和程序员都需要的。
2. Rather, programs written in a high-level language or assembly language are converted to
machine language, which is then executed by the computer.
2. 当然，用高级语言或汇编语言编写的程序先被转化为机器语言，然后再让计算机执行。
3. The corresponding programs set forth precise procedures, or series of instructions, and the
programmer has to follow a proper order of actions to solve a problem.
3. 相应的程序设立了精确的过程，或一系列的代码，程序员必须遵照合理的处理顺序才能
解决问题。
4. 4GLs may not entirely replace third- generation languages because they are usually focused on
specific tasks and hence offer fewer options.
4. 4GLs可能不会完全取代第三代语言，因为它们通常着重于特定的任务，选择余地较小。
5. Inheritance is the means by which objects of a class can access member variables and functions
contained in a previously defined class, without having to restate those definitions.
5. 继承是指一个类的对象可以访问包含在以前定义的类中的成员变量和成员函数，而不必
重 新定义这些变量和函数。

第六章Operating system

I. Pre-reading Questions
1. What is an operating system?
The operating system (OS), the most important system software component, consists of the master
programs, called the supervisor, that controls the execution of application programs and acts as an
interface between the user of a computer and the computer hardware.
2. What are functions of operating system?
An functions of operating system are consists of the file management, memory management, IO
management, the scheduler, and process management.
3. How many operating systems do you know? Name at least four of them.
Common operating systems used on microcomputer are DOS, Windows, OS2, UNIX and Linux.
II. Fill in the following blanks.
1. The portion of an operating system that defines the interface between the operating system and
its users is often called the shell .
2. An operating system’s kernel consists of the file management,memory management , IO
management, and the scheduler.
3. Process control block contains all the information that is required by the operating system to
manage the process, including its current state, resources allocated to it, priority and other relevant
data.
4. A Blocked process is waiting for the completion of some event, such as an IO operation.
5. There are three general approaches to dealing with deadlock: prevention, detection and
avoidance
III True or False.
1. A blocked process is one that is not currently executing but that is ready to be executed as soon
as the operating system dispatches it. F
2. Semaphores are used for signaling among processes and can be used readily to enforce a
mutual-exclusion discipline. T
3. A consumable resource is one that is not depleted or destroyed by use, such as an IO channel or
a region of memory. F
4. Windows 3.x are support for longer filenames and Plug and Play. F
5. UNIX is a multi-user, multitasking operating system with built-in networking capability. T
IV. Answer the following question.
1. How many parts of system software?
The software system can be divided into two broad categories: application software and system
software.
2. List the objectives and functions of the operating system.
The objectives and functions of the operating system are as follows:
The operating system as a usercomputer interface.
The operating system as resource manager.
3. What is a deadlock? Are there three general approaches to dealing with deadlock?
Deadlock is the blocking of a set of processes that either compete for system resources or
communicate with each other.
There are three general approaches to dealing with deadlock: prevention, detection, and avoidance.
Deadlock prevention guarantees that deadlock will not occur by assuring that one of the necessary
conditions for deadlock is not met. Deadlock detection is needed if the operating system is always

willing to grant resource requests; periodically, the operating system must check for deadlock and
take action to break the deadlock. Deadlock avoidance involves the analysis of each new resource
request to determine if it could lead to deadlock, and granting it only if deadlock is not possible.
4. What are the major achievements of operating systems?
The major achievements of operating systems are as follows:
Process management,Mutual exclusion,Deadlock,Memory management,Uniprocessor scheduling
Multiprocessor and real-time scheduling,IO management,File management
V. Translating Terms.
1. graphical user interface (GUI)
3. mutual exclusion4. Semaphores
4. Semaphores
. 图形用户界面
互斥
原语（信号量）
2. process control block 进程控制块
5. concurrent processes 并发处理
VI. Choose the best one of the four answers given to fill in each blank.
An operating system is the software component of a computer system that is responsible
1 the management and coordination of activities and the 2 of the resources
of the computer. The operating system (OS) acts as a host for application programs that are run on
the machine. As a host, one of the purposes of an operating system is 3 the details of
the operation of the hardware. This relieves application programs 4 having to manage
these details and makes 5 easier to write applications. Almost all computers, including
hand-held computers, desktop computers, supercomputers, and 6 modern video game
consoles, use an operating system of some ing systems offer a number of services to
application programs and users. Applications access these services through application
programming 7 (APIs) or system calls. By 8 these interfaces, the
application can request a service from the operating system, pass parameters, and receive the
results of the operation. Users may also 9 with the operating system by typing
commands or using a graphical user interface (GUI).
Common contemporary operating systems include Windows XP, Mac OS X, Amiga OS, Linux
and Solaris. Microsoft Windows has a significant majority of market 10 in the desktop
and notebook computer markets.
1 A. in B. with C. over D. for
2. A. Sharing B. using C. commanding D. controlling
3. A. handling B. to handle C. handle D. handled
4. A. to B. from C. since D. due
5. A. that
6. A. more
B. which C. this D. it
B. even C. great D. so
B. to invoke C. invoking D. invoked
B. interact C. interactive D. nteraction
B. place C. strategy D. share
7. A. internet B. indications C. interfaces D. interchange
8. A. invoke
9. A. interacted
10. A. part
1. D 2. A 3. B 4. B 5. D6. B 7. C 8. C 9. B 10. D
VII. Translate the following into English.
1. The majority of an installation’s utility software consists of programs for performing activities
that are fundamental to computer installations yet not included in the operating system.

1. 安装的工具软件的大部分由实现操作系统中未提供的基本功能的程序组成。
2. Modern shells perform this task by means of a graphical user interface (GUI) in which objects
to be manipulated, such as files and programs, are represented pictorially on the monitor screen as
icons.
2. 现代的外壳程序是通过图形用户界面（GUI）来完成这一工作的，在 图形界面中用户是通
过操纵显示在计算机屏幕上的图形化对象诸如文件和程序等的图标来完成工作的。
3. The basic technique for a time-sharing system is to have multiple users simultaneously using
the system through terminals, with the operating system interleaving the execution of each user
program in a short burst, or quantum, of computation.
3. 分时系统的基本技术是要有多个用户通 过终端同时使用这一系统，操作系统通过在每一
个短暂的时间片内插入对每一用户程序的执行来实现计算 过程。
4. A real-time process or task is one that is executed in connection with some process or function
or set of events external to the computer system and that must meet one or more deadlines to
interact effectively and correctly with the external environment.
4. 实 时的进程或任务是指那种运行时要与一些处理或函数或者计算机系统以外的一系列事
件相联系,且要求必 须满足一个或多个时间限制来与外部环境有效和正确地交互作用
5. Providing a similar interface to Windows 9x, it is a multitasking, multiprocessing operating
system with built-in support for large networks of computers——that is, Windows NT is a
multi-user system.
5. 它提供了与Windows 9x类似的用户界面，是一个多任务、多进程的操 作系统，它在系统
内就提供了对大型计算机网络的支持－－这就是说，Windows NT 是一个多用户系统。







第七章Application software
I. Pre-reading Questions
Application software is the software designed to help you solve problems specific to business or
perform specific business tasks. Application software then is the layer of software closest to you.
2. Are there any differences between the systems software and the applications software?
(open)
3. How many types of applications software do you know?
(1) Word processing(2)Spreadsheet applications(3) Personal finance(4) Presentation graphics
(5) Database managers(6) Group collaboration(7) Desktop and personal information management
(8) Integrated applications(9) Web browsers
II Filling Blanks
processing software allows you to create and edit documents.
2. Scrolling is a activity of moving quickly upward or downward through the text or other screen
display.
3. The software which is the layer of software closest to the user is application software .
4. Microsoft Excel and Lotus 1-2-3 are the principal Spreadsheet programs.

are is software that is used on a network and serves a group of users working together
on the same project.
III. True or False.
1. Word processing and database management system are two most popular applications. F
2. Electronic spreadsheet software enables you to perform “what-if ” calculations. T
3. A worksheet is composed of fields, records, and files. T
F
F
4. You can access the World Wide Web using multimedia authoring software.
5. OLE is used to collect information from the user and display helpful messages.
IV. Matching the terms.
(A) Cell (B) Macro (C) Workflow software(D) Function(E) Integrated software
1._B The feature that allows you to use a single keystroke, command, or toolbar button to
automatically issue a predetermined series of commands.
2.A_ The place where a row and a column intersect in the spreadsheet software.
3.D_The built-in formulas that perform common calculations in the spreadsheet software.
4.C_ Software that can help workers understand and redesign the steps that make up a particular
process.
5._E Software that combine the features of several applications programs——such as word
processing, spreadsheet, database, graphics, and communications——into one software package.
V. List four types of applications software..
1. productivity software
2. business and specialty software
3. entertainment software
ionreference software
VI. Choose the best one of the four answers given to fill in each blank.
Application software is the software designed to help you solve problems specific to
business or perform specific business tasks. It is a 1 of computer software that
employs the capabilities of a computer directly and 2 to a task that the user wishes to
perform. This should be 3 with system software which is involved in integrating a
computer's various capabilities, but typically does not 4 apply them in the
performance of tasks that benefit the user. The exact definition between system software 5
as operating systems and application software is not precise, however, and is occasionally subject
6 controversy. An application thus differs from an operating system which runs a computer,
a utility which performs maintenance or general-purpose chores, and a programming language
7 which computer programs are created. 8 on the work for which it was
designed, an application can manipulate text, numbers, graphics, or a combination of these
elements. Some application packages offer 8 computing power by focusing on a
single task, such as word processing; others, called 10 software, offer somewhat less
power but include several applications, such as a word processor, a spreadsheet, and a database
program.
1. A. subclass
2. A. thorough
3. A. compared
4. A. indirectly
5. A. such
B. class C. kind

D. type
B. thoroughly C. through D. although
B. comparing C. contrasted D. contrasting
B. mainly C. directly D. necessarily
B. so C. much D. in

6. A. to B. in C. with D. under
7. A. for
8. A. Depend
9. A. considerate
10. A. whole
B. with
B. To depend
B. consider
B. single
C. in D. on
C. Depended D. Depending
C. consideration D. considerable
C. integrated D. mass
1. A 2. B 3. C 4. C 5. A
6. A 7. B 8. D 9. D 10.C
VII. Translate the following into English.
1. Application software is the software designed to help you solve problems specific to business or
perform specific business tasks.
1. 应用软件是用来帮助人们解决特定业务领域问题或执行特殊的业务操作的软件。
2. Although applications software packages differ in their use of specific commands and functions,
most of them have some features in common.
2. 虽然应用软件包在各自特定指令和功能的使用不同，但它们大部分有一些共同的特征。
3. Many applications software programs allow you to copy an item from one document and then
paste it into another document or application, or copy an item and place the copy in another part of
the same document.
3. 许多应用软件程序允许用户从一个文 档上复制文件，然后粘贴到另外的一份文档或者应
用程序中，或在相同的文件另外的部分中复制一个项目 或设置副本
4. The user can do all these manipulations on screen, in “wysiwyg” fashion, before printing out
hardcopy.
4. 在印出硬拷贝之前，在所见即所得（wysiwyg）的功能下，用户都能在屏幕上操作以上所
有处理。
5. It’s worth noting that word processing programs (and indeed most forms of applications
software) come from the manufacturer with default settings.
5. 值得一提的是字处理软件（并且大部分的应用软件）都会由厂家提供的基本格式。


第八章 An Introduction to database system
I. Pre-reading Questions
1. What are the major disadvantages in a file-processing system?
(1) Data redundancy and inconsistency. (2) Difficulty in accessing data.
(3) Data isolation. (4) Integrity problems. (5) Atomicity problems.
(6) Concurrent-access anomalies. (7) Security problems.
2. What are the two levels of data independence? Describe each of them.
There are two levels of data independence:
Physical data independence is the ability to modify the physical schema without causing
application programs to be rewritten. Modifications at the physical level are occasionally
necessary to improve performance.
Logical data independence is the ability to modify the logical schema without causing application
programs to be rewritten. Modifications at the logical level are necessary whenever the logical
structure of the database is altered (for example, when money- market accounts are added to a
banking system).
3. What are the functions of the structured query language (SQL)?

(1) Data-definition language (DDL). (2) Interactive data-manipulation language (DML).
(3) Embedded DML. (4) View definition. (5) Authorization. (6) Integrity. (7) Transaction control.
II. Fill in the following blanks.
1. data model software allows you to create and edit documents.
2. Database System (DBS)is a activity of moving quickly upward or downward through the text or
other screen display.
3. The software which is the layer of software closest to the user is database administrator .
4. The collection of information stored in the database at a particular moment is called an instance
of the database.
5. The ability to modify a schema definition in one level without affecting a schema definition in
the next higher level is called data independence. There are two levels of data independence, they
are physical data independence and logical data independence
III. True or False.
1. The primary goal of a DBMS is to provide an environment that is both convenient and efficient
to use in andretrieving storing database information. T
2. Ensuring backup and recovery of a database is not one of the functions of a database
administrator. F
3. The use of key fields makes it easier to locate a record in a database. T
4. Physical data independence is more difficult to achieve than logical data independence. F
5. Data redundancy may lead to higher storage and access cost. In addition, it may lead to data
inconsistency. T
IV. Matching the terms.
（A）data dictionary (B) data independence (C) data model
(D) database management system （E) data-manipulation language (DML)
1. D A collection of interrelated files and a set of programs that allow users to access and
modify thes e files.
2. C A collection of conceptual tools for describing data, data relationship, data semantics,
and consistency constraints.
3 B The ability to modify a schema definition in one level without affecting a schema
definition in the next higher level.
4. A A file that contains metadata—— that is, data about data.
5. E A language that enables users to access or manipulate data as organized by the
appropriate data model.
V. List three levels of data abstraction.
1. Physical level 2. Logical level 3. View level
VI. Choose the best one of the four answers given to fill in each blank.
Database systems are designed to manage large bodies of information. The management of
data involves both the definition of structures for the storage of information 1 the
provision of mechanisms for the manipulation of information. In 2 , the database system
must provide for the safety of the information stored, despite system crashes or attempts at 3
access. The importance of information in most organizations, 4 determines the value of
the database, has led to the development of a large body of concepts and techniques for the
efficient management of data. The four most 5 types of organizations are the
hierarchical, network, relational and object models. The 6 structure depends on the

natural organization of the application's data, and 7 the application’s requirements
which include transaction rate (speed), reliability, maintainability, scalability, and cost. The
strengths of relational DBMS are great flexibility in 8 to ad hoc queries, power to
combine information from different sources, simplicity of design and maintenance, and the 9
to add new data and records without disturbing existing programs and applications. However,
these systems are 10 slower because they typically require many accesses to the data
stored on disk to carry out the select, join, and project commands.
1. A. or
2. A. add
3. A. illegal



B. as well as
B. addition


C. and
C. adding
D. yet
D. additive
B. unauthorized C. legal
C. how
C. better




D. authorized
4. A. which B. what
5. A. common B. good
6. A. good
7. A. in
8. A. about
9. A. able




D. which
D. best
D. optional
D. with
B. optimal
B. about
B. with
B. capacity
C. option
C. on


C. regard D. over
C. capability D. ability
10. A. how
1. A 2. B
6. C 7. A
B. what
3. A 4. B
8. D 9. D
C. somehow D. Somewhat
5. C
10.C
VII. Translate the following into English.
1. Since the files and application programs are created by different programmers over a long
period, the various files are likely to have different formats and the programs may be written in
several programming languages.
1. 由于文件和 程序是由不同的程序员创建的，因此不同的文件可能采用不同的格式，不同
的程序也可能是采用不同的计 算机语言来编写。
2. In what follows, we shall see the concepts and algorithms that have been developed for database
systems to solve the problems mentioned.
2. 接下来看一看数据库系统为了解决上述问题而提出的概念和算法。
3. Despite the use of simpler structures at the logical level, some complexity remains, because of
the large size of the database.
3. 尽管在逻辑层使用了比较简单的结构，但由于数据库的规模巨大，所以仍存在一定程度
的复杂性。
4. Returning to the customer-record type definition, note that, in declaring the type customer, we
have not declared any variables.
4. 再回过头来看一下customer记录类型的定义。注意，我们只是定义了customer类 型而没
有定义任何变量。
5. Ensuring the atomicity and durability properties is the responsibility of the database system
itself——specifically, of the transaction-management component.
5. 原子性和持久性的保证则是数据库系统自身的任务，更确切一些，是事务管理器的任务。